Solution Exercises – Chapter 1 part 2.

Lecturer: Audrey Dalmasso audrey.dalmasso@skema.edu

II. Augmented Matrices

Exercise 11. Systems with 2 equations
Solve the following systems, using augmented matrix.
Objective:
[
𝑟 𝑡 𝑣
| ] [1 0| 𝑎]
𝑠 𝑢 𝑤 0 1 𝑏
Find a and b, two real numbers.

𝑥 − 𝑦 = −2 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1) 1 −1 −2 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 1)
a) (S1) {  [ | ]
2𝑦 = 4 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2) 0 2 4 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 2)

1 −1 −2 1
[ | ] R2/2 replaces R2. R2  R2
0 2 4 2
Note:
0/2 =0 ; 2/2 = 1 ; 4/2 =2

[
1 −1 −2
| ] R1 + R2  R1
0 1 2
Note:
1 +0 = 1 ; -1+1 = 0 ; -2 + 2 =0
1 0 0
[ | ]
0 1 2
Conclusion: x = 0 and y = 2.

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 1 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1) 3 2 1 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 1)
b) (S2) {  [ | ]
𝑥 = −3 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2) 1 0 −3 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 2)

3 2 1 Interchange R1 and R2
[ | ]
1 0 −3

[
1 0 −3
| ] -3R1 + R2  R2
3 2 1
Note:
-3(1) + 3 = 0 ; -3(0)+2 = 2 ; -3(-3)+1=10

[
1 0 −3
| ] R2 / 2  R2
0 2 10
Note:
0/2 = 0 ; 2/2 = 1 ; 10/ 2 =5
1 0 −3
[ | ] Conclusion: x = -3 and y = 5.
0 1 5

1
 −𝑥 + 𝑦 = −2 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1) −1 1 −2 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 1)
c) (S3) {  [ | ]
−5𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2) −5 3 6 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 2)

[
−1 1 −2
| ] (-1)R1  R1 and -5R1 + R2  R2
−5 3 6
Note:
-1(-1) =1 ; 1(-1) =-1 ; -2(-1) = 2
-5(-1) -5 =0: -5(1) +3 = -2 ; -5(-2)+6 = 16

[
1 −1 2
| ] R2 / (-2)  R2
0 −2 16
Note:
0 / (-2) = 0 ; -2/(-2) = 1 ; 16/(-2) = -8

[
1 −1 2
| ] R1 + R2  R1
0 1 −8
Note:
1+0 = 1 ; -1 + 1 = 0; 2 - 8 = -6
1 0 −6
[ | ]
0 1 −8
Conclusion: x = -6 and y = -8.

2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1) 2 −3 6 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 1)
d) (S4) { 1  [ | ]
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 2 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2) 3 4 1/2 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 2)

2 −3 6 1 1
[ | ] R1 replaces R1. R1  R1
2 2
3 4 1/2

[
1 −3/2 3
| ] (-3)R1 + R2  R2
3 4 1/2

−3/2 3 2
[
1
| ] R2  R2
17
0 17/2 −17/2

1 −3/2 3 3
[ | ] R2 + R1  R1
0 2
1 −1
1 0 3/2
[ | ] Conclusion: x = 3/2 and y = -1.
0 1 −1

2
 1 5 3 1 5 3
−4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −4 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1) − −4 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 1)
e) (S5) {  [ 4 2 | ]
𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 2 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2) 1 5 2 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 2)

1 5 3
[−4
−
2 | 4] -4R1  R1
1 5 2
1 −10 3 R1 - R2  R2
[ | ]
1 5 2
1 −10 3
[ | ] R2/(-15)  R2
0 −15 1

1 −10 3
[ | ]
0 1 −1/15 10R2 + R1  R1

1 0 7/3
[ | ]
0 1 −1/15

Conclusion: x = 7/3 and y = -1/15.

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Exercise 12. Systems with 3 equations
Solve the following systems, using augmented matrix.

To solve the linear system of equations:

𝑟 𝑠 𝑡  1 0 0 𝑎
[𝑢 𝑣 𝑤 | 𝛼 ] [0 1 0 | 𝑏]
𝑘 𝑙 𝑚  0 0 1 𝑐
Find a, b and c, three real numbers.

𝑥=3 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1) 1 0 0 3 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 1)

a) (S1) { −x + y = 1 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2)  [−1 1 0 | 1] (𝑅𝑜𝑤 2)
3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 4 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3) 0 3 −2 4 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 3)

1 0 0 3 R1 + R2  R2
[−1 1 0 | 1]
0 3 −2 4
1 0 0 3
[0 1 0 | 4] -3R2 + R3  R3
0 3 −2 4
1 0 0 3
[0 1 0 | 4 ] R3 /(-2)  R3
0 0 −2 −8
1 0 0 3
[0 1 0 | 4]
0 0 1 4
Conclusion: x = 3, y = 4, z = 4

𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = −2 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1) 1 3 −1 −2 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 1)
b) (S2) {y = 5 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2)  [0 1 0 | 5 ] (𝑅𝑜𝑤 2)
𝑧 = −1 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3) 0 0 1 −1 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 3)

1 3 −1 −2 R1 - 3R2  R1
[0 1 0| 5]
0 0 1 −1
1 0 −1 −17
R1 + R3  R1
[0 1 0| 5 ]
0 0 1 −1
1 0 0 −18
[0 1 0| 5 ]
0 0 1 −1

Conclusion: x = -18, y = 5 and z = -1.

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 𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 𝑧 = −11 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1) 1 5 −1 −11 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 1)
c) (S2) { 𝑧 = 12 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2)  [0 0 1 | 12 ] (𝑅𝑜𝑤 2)
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 8 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3) 2 4 −2 8 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 3)

To solve the linear system of equations:

1 5 −1 −11 1 0 0 𝑎
[0 0 1 | 12 ] [0 1 0 | 𝑏]
2 4 −2 8 0 0 1 𝑐
Find a, b and c, three real numbers.

1 5 −1 −11 Interchange R2 and R3

[0 0 1 | 12 ]
2 4 −2 8

1 5 −1 −11 (-2)R1 + R2  R2
[2 4 −2| 8 ]
0 0 1 12
Note:
-2(1)+2 =0 ; -2(5)+4 = -6 ; -2(-1)-2 =0
and -2(-11) + 8 = 30

1 5 −1 −11 R2
[0 −6 0 | 30 ]  R2
(−6)
0 0 1 12
Note:
0/(-6) =0 ; -6/(-6)=1 ; 0 / (-6) =0
and 30/(-6) = -5

1 5 −1 −11 (-5)R2 + R1  R1
[0 1 0 | −5 ]
0 0 1 12
Note:
-5(0)+ 1= 1 ; -5(1)+5 = 0 ; -5(0) -1 = -1
and -5(-5) - 11 = 14

1 0 −1 14 R1 + R3  R1
[0 1 0 | −5]
0 0 1 12
Note:
1 +0 =1 ; 0 + 0 =0 ; -1 + 1=0
and 14 + 12 = 26
1 0 0 26
[0 1 0| −5] Conclusion: x = 26, y = -5 and z = 12.
0 0 1 12

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 8𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 1 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1) 8 −6 4 1 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 1)
d) (S4) { −8𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 0 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2)  [−8 8 0 | 0] (𝑅𝑜𝑤 2)
2𝑥 + 𝑧 = 1 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3) 2 0 1 1 (𝑅𝑜𝑤 3)

8 −6 4 1 R1 /8  R1
[−8 8 0 | 0] R1 + R2  R2
2 0 1 1

1 −3/4 1/2 1/8 R2 / (2)  R2

[0 2 4 | 1 ] 2R1 - R3  R3
2 0 1 1

1 −3/4 1/2 1/8 Interchange R2 and R3

[0 1 2 | 1/2 ]
0 −3/2 0 −3/4

1 −3/4 1/2 1/8

[0 −3/2 0 | −3/4] (-2/3)R2  R2
0 1 2 1/2

1 −3/4 1/2 1/8

[0 1 0 | 1/2] R2 - R3  R3
0 1 2 1/2

1 −3/4 1/2 1/8

[0 1 0 | 1/2] R1 + (3/4)R2  R1
0 0 −2 0 R3 /(-2)  R3
1 0 1/2 1/2
[0 1 0 | 1/2] R1 - R3 /2  R1
0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1/2
[0 1 0 | 1/2]
0 0 1 0
Conclusion: x = 1/2, y = 1/2 and z = 0.

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 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1)
e) S5) {2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −2 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2)
5𝑥 + 2y + 𝑧 = 5 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3)

1 −1 3 1 2R1 - R2  R2
[2 3 −2 | −2] 5R1 - R3  R3
5 2 1 5

1 −1 3 1 R2 / (-5)  R2
[0 −5 8 | 4] R3 / (-7)  R3
0 −7 14 0

1 −1 3 1 R2 - R3  R3
[0 1 −8/5 | −4/5]
0 1 −2 0
1 −1 3 1 (5/2)R3  R3
[0 1 −8/5 | −4/5]
0 0 2/5 −4/5

1 −1 3 1 R1 - 3R3  R1
[0 1 −8/5 | −4/5] R2 + (8/5) R3  R3
0 0 1 −2
1 −1 0 7
[0 1 0| −4] R1 + R2  R1
0 0 1 −2

1 0 0 3
[0 1 0| −4]
0 0 1 −2

Conclusion: x = 3, y = -4 and z = -2.

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 5𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −5 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1)
f) (S6) { −9𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 5 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2)
15𝑥 − 10y + 3𝑧 = 1 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3)

5 −5 3 −5 R1 /5  R1
[−9 5 −5 | 5 ] 9R1 + 5R2  R2
15 −10 3 1 3R1 - R3  R3

1 −1 3/5 −1 R2 /(-20)  R2
[0 −20 2 | −20] R2 - 4R3  R3
0 −5 6 −16

1 −1 3/5 −1 R3 / -22  R3
[0 1 −1/10 | 1 ]
0 0 −22 44

1 −1 3/5 −1
[0 1 −1/10 | 1 ] R1 + R2  R1
0 0 1 −2 R2 + R3 /10  R3
1 0 1/2 0
[0 1 0 | 4/5] R1 - R2/2  R1
0 0 1 −2

1 0 0 1
[0 1 0 | 4/5]
0 0 1 −2

Conclusion: x = 1, y = 4/5 and z = -2.

General Procedure to Solve an Augmented Matrix

1 0 𝑎
For a 2 × 2 matrix: [ | ]
0 1 𝑏
For a 3 × 3 matrix:

1 0 0 𝑎
[0 1 0 |𝑏]
0 0 1 𝑐

8
III. Inverse Matrix
III.1. Determinant
III.2. Inverse of a Square Matrix
Exercise 13. Inverse matrix 2×2
2 3
Let M be the matrix [ ].
1 2
a) Prove that the inverse matrix of M exists.
b) Find the M-1.
a) det(M) = |M| = 2(2) -1(3) = 4 – 3 = 1 ≠ 0
Hence, the inverse matrix of M exists.
b) Transform the augmented matrix such as:
[M |In ] [In | M-1]

[𝑀 |𝐼2 ] = [2 3 1 0 Interchange R1 and R2.

| ]
1 2 0 1
1 2 0 1 (-2)R1+ R2  R2
[ | ]
2 3 1 0
1 2 0 1 (-1)R2  R2
[ | ]
0 −1 1 −2

[
1 2 0 1
| ] (-2)R2 + R1  R1
0 1 −1 2
1 0 2 −3
[ | ] = [I2 | M-1]
0 1 −1 2

2 −3
Conclusion: The inverse matrix is M-1 =[ ]
−1 2

To check your result:

If M M-1 = In then it means there is no mistake.
2 3 2 −3 1 0
Here, [ ][ ]=[ ]
1 2 −1 2 0 1

Exercise 14. Inverse of a matrix 2×2

9 −5
Let M be the matrix [ ].
−3 4
c) Compute det(M). Prove that the inverse matrix of M exists.
d) Find the M-1.
e) Check your result. Hint: M M-1 = In

9
a) det(M) = |M| = 9(4) –(-3)(-5) = 21 ≠ 0
b) Transform the augmented matrix such as:
[M |In ] [In | M-1]

[𝑀 |𝐼2 ] = [ 9 −5| 1 0] R1/9  R1.

−3 4 0 1 R1+ 3R2  R2
1 −5/9 1/9 0
[ | ]
0 7 1 3
R2 / 7  R2
1 −5/9 1/9 0
[ | ] R1 + (5/9) R2  R1
0 1 1/7 3/7

1 0 4/21 5/21 (-2)R2 + R1  R1

[ | ]
0 1 1/7 3/7

1 0 4/21 5/21
[ | ] = [I2 | M-1]
0 1 1/7 3/7

4/21 5/21
Conclusion: The inverse matrix is M-1 =[ ].
1/7 3/7

9 −5 4/21 5/21
3. M M-1 = [ ][ ] = I2
−3 4 1/7 3/7
Exercise 15. Inverse matrices
Compute the determinant and find the inverse of the following matrices, if it is possible.
4 −2
1) 𝐴 = [ ]
10 0

−2 5 0
2) 𝐵 = [ 0 −1 2]
6 0 3

Short answers:

1) Det(A) = 20
4 −2 1 0
2) [𝐴 |𝐼2 ] = [ | ] R2  R1
10 0 0 1
10 0 0 1
[ | ] R1/10 => R1
4 −2 1 0
1
1 0 0
[ | 10] R2 + (-4)R1  R2
4 −2 1 0
1
1 0 0 10
[ | ] R2/-2 => R2
0 −2 1 − 2
5

10
 1
0
1 0 10]
[ |
0 1 1 1
−
2 5

0 1/10
𝐴−1 = [ ]
−1/2 1/5

−2 5 0
2) det[ 0 −1 2] = (−2) ∙ (−1) ∙ 3 + 5 ∙ 2 ∙ 6 + 0 ∙ 0 ∙ 0 − 0 ∙ (−1) ∙ 6— (−2) ∙ 2 ∙ 0
6 0 3
−5 ∙ 0 ∙ 3 = 66

−2 5 0 1 0 0
[𝐵 |𝐼3 ] = [ 0 −1 2| 0 1 0] R1/-2 => R1 and R3+3 R1=> R3
6 0 3 0 0 1
5 1
1 −2 0 −2 0 0
[𝐵 |𝐼3 ] = [0 −1 2| 0 1 0] R3+15 R2=> R3
0 15 3 3 0 1
5 1
1 −2 0 −2 0 0
[𝐵 |𝐼3 ] = [0 −1 2 | 0 1 0] R3/33 => R3 and R2/-1 => R2
0 0 33 3 15 1
1
5
1 −2 0 −2 0 0
5
[𝐵 |𝐼3 ] = [0 1 −2| 0 −1 0] R2+2 R3=> R2 and R1+ 2R2=> R1
1 5 1
0 0 1 11 11 33

1 0 0 −1/22 −5/22 5/33

[𝐵 |𝐼3 ] = [0 1 0| 2/11 −1/11 2/33]
0 0 1 1/11 5/11 1/33

−1/22 −5/22 5/33

−1
𝐵 = [ 2/11 −1/11 2/33]
1/11 5/11 1/33

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IV. Business Applications with Augmented Matrix
Exercise 16. Applications (Widgets/Shims) Part 2 of Example 24
Now, suppose each model A requires 10 widgets and 14 shims and each model B requires 7
widgets are 10 shims. The factory can obtain 800 widgets and 1130 shims each hour.
How many cars of each model can it produce while using all the parts available?

a) What are the meanings for the unknowns x and y?

b) Determine the system of equations (S). Then, give the augmented matrix associated with (S).
c) Solve the system using the augmented matrix. Conclude.

Solution:

a) Use the question to identify x and y: "How many cars of each model can it produce
while using all the parts available?"
There are 2 possible models: either model A or model B.

It is why x represents the number of Model A automobiles produced each hour.

y represents the number of Model B automobiles produced each hour.

b) "Now, suppose each model A requires 10 widgets and 14 shims and each model B
requires 7 widgets and 10 shims. The factory can obtain 800 widgets and 1130 shims
each hour."

In other words,
Each model A requires 10 widgets. Each model A requires 14 shims.
Each model B requires 7 widgets. Each model B requires 10 shims.
The factory can obtain 800 widgets each hour.The factory can obtain 1130 shims each hour.

To summarize:
Model A Model B Total
10 widgets 7 widgets 800 widgets each hour
14 shims 10 shims 1130 shims each hour

𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑠)

(S) {
𝟏𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟎 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑚𝑠)

10 7 800
The associated augmented matrix is: [ | ]
14 10 1130

12
 f)

[
10 7
|
800
] R1/10  R1
14 10 1130
7
80 R2 - 14R1  R2
[1 10 | 1130]
14 10
7
1 5R2  R2
[ 10 | 80]
1 10
0
5
7 -7/10R2 + R1  R1
80
[1 10 | 50]
0 1
1 0 45
[ | ]
0 1 50

Therefore, x = 45 and y = 50.

It can be produced each hour 45
automobiles of model A and 50 of model B

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14