Negros Oriental State University

College of Engineering and Architecture

Main Campus II, Bajumpandan, Dumaguete City

ENS 241
Dynamics of
Rigid Bodies
Prepared by:

Engr. John Ronald R. Fortuito

fortuitojohnronald@gmail.com
 DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
DYNAMICS – the branch of mechanics that deals with bodies in motion.

BRANCHES OF DYNAMICS:

Kinematics
- The geometry of motion. This term is used to define the motion of a
particle or body without consideration of the forces causing the
motion.
Kinetics
- The branch of mechanics that relates the force acting on the body
to its mass and acceleration.
 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
1. A body at rest will remain to be at rest or in motion will remain in
motion along a straight path unless acted upon by an unbalanced
force.
2. A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force system has an
acceleration in line with and directly proportional to the resultant of
the force system and inversely proportional to its mass.

a = k F/M or F = Ma (k=1)

3. In every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction.

 MOTION OF BODIES
I. TRANSLATION
The motion of a rigid body in which a straight line passing through any
two of its particle always remain to be parallel to its initial position.

II. ROTATION
The motion of a rigid body in which the particles move in circular paths
with their centers on a fixed straight line called the axis of rotation.

III. PLANE MOTION

The motion of a rigid body in which all particles in the body remain at a
constant distance from a fixed reference plane.
 TRANSLATION MOTION
Elements:
S = distance vo = initial velocity
v = velocity t = time
g = acceleration due to gravity
g = 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2
a = acceleration

A. RECTILINEAR TRANSLATION – travels in a straight path

Case 1: UNIFORM MOTION (a = 0)

S=Vt
 RECTILINEAR TRANSLATION
Case 2: NON UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION (variable acceleration)

dS = V dt Where a may be a function of velocity v,

dV = a dt time t, or distance s, and v may be a
VdV = a dS function of time t or distance s

Case 3: UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION (constant acceleration)

v = vo + at

s = vot + ½ at2
v2 = vo2 + 2as
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A train moving with constant acceleration travels 24 ft during the 10th sec of its motion
and 18 ft during the 12th sec of its motion. Find its initial velocity and its constant
acceleration.

Given: v1 = 24 fps ; t1 = 10 s 10th 12th

secs secs
v2 = 18 fps ; t2 = 12 s
vo v1 v2
[ SOLUTION]
v = vo + at

24 fps = vo + a(10s) 10s 2s

-18 fps = vo + a(12s)
6fps = 0 + (-2a)

a = -3 fps2
vo = 54 fps
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Katherine was walking in a constant velocity at the park when she saw a taxi and waves
her hand. Find the constant velocity of Katherine if the taxi is 4 meters away from the
point of the road that is 5 meters ahead of her. And if the taxi decelerates at a rate of -
0.72 m/s2 so that they’ll arrive at the same time.

taxi
Given: st = 4 m ; a = -0.72 m/s2
sk = 5 m ; a = 0

[ SOLUTION] 4m
ttaxi = tKatherine

v2 = vo2 + 2as K
5m
v = vo + at S=Vt
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
[ SOLUTION]

0 = vo2 + 2(-0.72 m/s2 )(4m)

vo = 2.4 m/s

taxi
0 = 2.4 m/s – 0.72 m/s2 (t)
t = 3.33 sec

5m/s = v(3.33s) 4m

v = 1.5 m/s
K
5m
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
The velocity of an automobile starting from rest is given by ds/dt = 90t/(t+10) ft/sec.
Determine its acceleration after an interval of 10 seconds (in ft/sec)?

[ SOLUTION]
V = ds = 90t
dt t+10

a = dV = (t+10)(90) – 90t(1) = 900

dt (t+10)2 (t+10)2

when t = 10 seconds

a = 900
(10+10)2

a = 2.25 ft/s2
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
A mango falls from a branch 5 meters above the ground. With what speed in meters per
second will it strike the ground? Assume g = 10 m/s2

[ SOLUTION]

v2 = vo2 + 2gh (vo = 0) for free fall

v2 = 02 + 2(10)(5)

v = 10 m/s

H=5m
 TRANSLATION MOTION
B. CURVILINEAR TRANSLATION – travels in a curved path.
Projectile Motion
- is a type of curvilinear motion that has an
elliptical or parabolic path or what we call
the trajectory.
- air resistance is negligible.
- the equations for this motion is as same as
the formulas in rectilinear motion only in a
two-dimensional plane (x- and y-
component).
- the acceleration of the object is constant
(9.81 m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2 ) over the range of
motion and is directed downward.
- the velocity of the object in x-component, Vx
is constant (ax = 0)
 PROJECTILE MOTION
- θ is the firing angle of the projectile above
the x-axis then we have
Vox = Vo cos θ
Voy = Vo sin θ
- the y-component of the velocity is zero at
the peak of the path
- the x-component of the velocity remains
constant because there is no acceleration in
the x direction.
- the final velocity of the projectile is

Vf2 = Vfy2 + Vfx2

 PROJECTILE MOTION
At any point B in the projectile:

x = Vox t

Vy = Voy – gt

y = Voy t – ½ gt2

Vy2 = Voy2 - 2gy

y = x tan θ – g x2 / (2Vo2 cos2 θ)

 PROJECTILE MOTION
At the highest point A: (Vy = 0)

H = Voy2 / 2g

t = Voy /g

Maximum horizontal Range through the plane

where it was fired, at point C: (y = 0)

R = (Vo2 sin 2 θ )/ g

t = 2 Voy / g

NOTE: Vy is positive if directed upward and negative if directed downward.

At any point D below the origin O, the sign of y is negative.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A projectile is fired with an initial velocity of 50 m/s upward at an angle of 45° to
the horizontal from a point 70 meters above a level plain. What horizontal
distance will it cover before it strikes the plain?

Given: Vo = 50 m/s
θ = 45°
y = 70 m

[Solution] y = x tan θ – g x2 / (2Vo2 cos2 θ)

-70 = (x) tan 45° - (9.81) x2 / ((2)(50 cos 45°)2 )
-70 = x – (9.81x2 )/2500
0 = (9.81/2500) x2 – x – 70
x1 = -57.173 m
x2 = 312.02 m
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A baseball is thrown from a horizontal plane following a parabolic path with an
initial velocity of 100 m/s at an angle of 30° above the horizontal. How far from
the throwing point will the ball attain its original level?

Given: Vo = 100 m/s Vo = 100 m/s

θ = 30°

θ = 30°
[Solution] x=R
Using the formula: y = x tan θ – g x2 / (2Vo2 cos2 θ)
(when the ball attain its original level, y = 0)

0 = (x) tan 30° - (9.81) x2 / ((2)(100 cos 30°)2 )

x = 883 meters
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
A plane is flying horizontally 350 kph at an altitude of 420 m. At this instant, a
bomb is released. How far horizontally from this point will the bomb hit the
ground? Vo = 350 kph = 97.22 m/s

Given: Vo = 350 kph

y = 420 m
[Solution]
x
Since the bomb was dropped freely, its initial velocity and direction is the same
as that of the plane.

Using the formula: y = x tan θ – g x2 / (2Vo2 cos2 θ)

-420 = (x) tan 0° - (9.81) x2 / ((2)(97.22 cos 0°)2 )

x = 899.6 meters
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
A stone is projected from the ground with a velocity of 15 m/s at an angle of
30° with the horizontal ground. How high in meters will it rise? Use g = 9.817 m/s2

Vo = 15 m/s
y
θ = 30°
[Solution]
at maximum height, Vy = 0

using the formula, Vy2 = Voy2 - 2gy

0 = (15 sin 30°) 2 – 2(9.817)y
y = 2.865 m
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
A bullet is fired at an angle of 75° with the horizontal with an initial velocity of
420 m/s. How high can it travel after 2 seconds?
t = 2 sec

Vo = 420 m/s
y
θ = 75°
[Solution]

using the formula, y = Voy t – ½ gt2

y = (420 sin 75)(2) – ½(9.81)(2)2

y = 791.76 m
 ROTATION MOTION
Elements:
θ = angular displacement, radians
ω = angular speed, rad/sec
 = angular acceleration, rad/sec2

ROTATION is define as that motion of a rigid body in which the particles move in
a circular path with their centers on fixed straight line that is called the axis of
rotation.

Tangential Speed, vt
- is equal to the instantaneous linear speed of the particle at any point on the
curved path.
vt = r ω
where: r = radius of curvature
ω = angular speed at a particular point on the curved path of
the particle.
 ROTATION MOTION
Angular Speed, ω
- is defined as the time rate of change of angular displacement along the
curved path.
ω = Δθ / Δt

where: Δθ is the change in angle when the point is moving from one
position to another position
Δt is the change in time occurred for this angular
displacement
Angular Acceleration, 
- the time rate of change of the angular velocity
 = Δω / Δt

where: Δω is the change in angular velocity

Δt is the change in time
 ROTATION MOTION
Elements:
θ = angular displacement, radians
ω = angular speed, rad/sec
 = angular acceleration, rad/sec2

Case 1: UNIFORM MOTION

θ=ωt

Case 2: UNIFORM ACCELERATION

ω = ωo +  t

θ = ωo t + ½  t2
ω 2 = ω o2 + 2  θ
 ROTATION MOTION
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSLATION AND ROTATION
ω a
v
A
 r
θ
r S
S
A

S=rθ
a=r
v=rω

where θ , ω , and  are expressed in radians

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A flywheel 7 ft in diameter accelerates from rest at a constant rate of 3
rpm/sec. Determine a) the angular velocity on the rim of the flywheel after 11
seconds, b) the normal component of the acceleration of a particle on the rim
of the flywheel after 11 seconds, and c) the tangential component of the
acceleration of a particle on the rim of the flywheel after 11 seconds.

Given:
d = 7 ft, r = 3.5 ft
ωo = 0
 = 3 rpm/sec ( 3 revolutions/minute-second)
= 3 rev x (1 min)(2π)rad = π radians
min-sec (60 sec)(1 rev) 10 sec2
t = 11 seconds
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
[Solution]
a) the angular velocity on the rim of the flywheel after 11 seconds

using the formula: ω = ωo +  t

ω = 0 + (π/10)(11)
ω = 11π/10

ω = 3.46 rad/sec

b) normal acceleration c) tangential component

an = r ω2 at = r 
an = (3.5 ft)(11π/10 sec)2 at = (3.5 ft)(π/10 sec2)

an = 41.80 ft/sec2 at = 1.10 ft/sec2

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A pulley has constant angular acceleration of 3.8 rad/sec2. When the angular
velocity is 3 rad/sec, the total acceleration of a point on the rim of the pulley is
14 fps2. Compute the radius of the pulley.

Given:
 = 3.8 rad/sec2
ω = 3 rad/sec
a = 14 fps2

[Solution] a2 = at2 + an2 142 = (3.8r) 2 + [(32)r]2

196 = 14.44r2 + 81r2
at = r  r2 = 196/95.44
an = r ω2
r = 1.43 ft
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
When the angular velocity of a 6 ft diameter pulley is 2 rad/sec, the total
acceleration of a point on its rim is 15 fps2. Determine a) the normal
acceleration of the pulley at this instant, b) the tangential acceleration of the
pulley at this instant, and c) the angular acceleration of the pulley at this
instant.
Given:
d = 6 ft or r = 3 ft
ω = 2 rad/sec
a = 15 fps2
[Solution]
a) normal acceleration, an an = r ω2
an = (3 ft)(2 rad/sec)2

an = 12 fps2
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
[Solution]
b) tangential acceleration, at a2 = at2 + an2
152 = at2 + 122
at2 = 81

at = 9 fps2

c) tangential acceleration,  at = r 
9 = (3) 

 = 3 rad/sec2
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
The wheel of an automobile revolves at the rate of 700 rpm. How fast does it
move, in km per hr., if the radius of its wheel is 250 mm? ω

[Solution]
r
V=rω V
ω = 700 rev x 2π rad/rev x 1 min/60 sec
min
ω = 73.3 rad/sec

V = (0.25)(73.3)
V = 18.33 m/s x 1 km/1000 m x 3600 sec/1 hr

V = 5.09 kph
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5 (CE November 1997)
Using a constant angular acceleration, a water turbine is brought to its normal
operating speed of 180 rev/min in 6 minutes. How many revolutions did the
turbine make in coming to normal speed?

[Solution]
Initial angular speed, ωo = 0
Final angular speed, ω = 180 rev/min x 2π rad/rev = 360 π rad/min
From the formula, ω = ωo +  t
360 π = 0 +  (6)
 = 60π rad/min2
From the formula, θ = ωo t + ½  t2
θ = 0 + ½ (60π )(6)2 = 3,392.9 radians
Number of complete revolutions, N = 3392.9 rad x 1 rev/2π rad
N = 540 revolutions
 KINETICS
FORCE AND MOTION

Inertia – the property of a body by virtue of which a net force is required to change its
motion

The Law of Inertia. Newton’s First Law of Motion

“There is no change in the motion of a body unless an unbalanced external
force is acting on it.”
F change in the rate of motion

F change in the direction

F
 KINETICS
Force and Acceleration. Newton’s Second Law of Motion
“Whenever a net (resultant) force acts on a body, it produces an acceleration
in the direction of the resultant force that is directly proportional to the resultant force and
inversely proportional to the mass of the body.”
a F a 1 a F
m m
F=kma
where:
F = resultant force
m = mass of the body
a = acceleration of the body
k = proportionality constant

Weight – resultant gravitational force acting on the body due to all other bodies in space
F=kma
W = k m g, k =1
W=mg
 FORCE AND MOTION
UNIT OF FORCE:

1 Newton. The force that will give to a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of
one meter per second per second

1 Dyne. The force that will give to a mass of one gram an acceleration of one
centimeter per second per second

1 Poundal. The force that will give to a mass of one pound an acceleration of
one foot per second per second

System F = m a

mks N kg m/s2
cgs dyn g cm/s2
British lb slug ft/s2
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A 50-kg block rests at the top of a smooth plane whose length is 2 m and height is 0.5 m.
How long will it take for the block to slide to the bottom of the plane when released?

[Solution] Free-Body-Diagram: F

F
0.5 m W
N
N θ
θ W

From the Figure: sin θ = 0.5/2 = 0.25 F=ma

From the FBD: sin θ = F / W 122.63 N = 50 kg (a)
F = W sin θ a = 2.45 m/s2
F = m g sin θ
F = (50 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )(0.25) s = vot + ½ at2
F = 122. 63 Newton 2 m = 0 + ½ (2.45 m/s2 )t2
t = 1.28 seconds
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A 2-ton elevator is supported by a cable that can safely support 6,400 lb. What is the
shortest distance in which the elevator is descending with a speed of 4 ft/s ?
T = 6,400 lb
[Solution]
From the Figure: F = 6,400 lb – 4,000 lb
F = 2,400 lb
W = 2 tons (2,000 lb/1ton) = 4,000 lb

F=ma
2,400 lb = (4,000/32.2)(a)
a = 19.32 ft/s2
From the formula: v = vo + at s = vot + ½ at2
t = (v – vo )/a s = (4)(0.21) – ½ (19.32)(0.21)2
t = (0 – 4)/19.32 s = 0.42 ft
t = 0.21 sec
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
A 5-kg block is placed on a smooth horizontal surface. A horizontal cord attached to the
block passes over a light frictionless pulley and is attached to a 4-kg body. Find the
acceleration and tension in the cord when the system is released?
Free-body diagram:
1 T
N

1 T 2
2 W W
[Solution]
F = T = m1 a F = W-T
T = 5a (eq. 1) F = m2 g – T = m2 a
(4)(9.81) – T = 4 a
T = 39.24 – 4a (eq. 2)
eq. 1 = eq. 2; T=T T = 5a
5a = 39.24 – 4a T = 5(4.36)
a = 4.36 m/s2 T = 21.8 N
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
Calculate the accelerating force needed to change the speed of a 20-lb object from 18
ft/s to 50 ft/s in a distance of 40 ft.
Vo = 18 ft/s V1 = 50 ft/s
[Solution]

From the formula:

40 ft
W
v2 = vo2 + 2as
a = (v2 - vo2 )/2s
a = (502 – 182 )/2(40) W=mg F=ma
a = 27.2 ft/s2 m = W/g F = (0.62 slugs)(27.2 ft/s2 )
m = 20 lb/32.2 ft/s2 F = 16. 89 lb
m = 0.62 slugs
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
A pick-up truck is travelling forward at 25 m/s. The truck bed is loaded with boxes, whose
coefficient of friction with the bed is 0.4. What is the shortest time that the truck can be
brought to stop such that the boxes do not shift?
Free-Body Diagram:
432 432 a W
432 432

REF

[Solution] N=W
f = µN

REF = m a = (W/g) a
From the FBD: From the formula:
REF = f = µN = µW v = vo + at
0.40W = (W/g) a v = 0, vo = 25 m/s,
a = 0.4(9.81) a = - 3.924 m/s2 (decceleration)
a = 3.924 m/s2 0 = 25 + (-3.924)(t)
t = 6.37 sec
 FORCE AND MOTION
Centrifugal Force. Whenever a body rotates about an axis at a speed of ω,
there exist a force called centrifugal force directed away from the axis of
rotation.
CF = M ω2 r = (W/g) ω2 r = Wv 2/gr
where
v = r ω , and r is the radius of rotation

Pendulum
CF (W/g)ω2 r ω2 r
L W θ
T tan θ = W
= = g
W
θ CF ω2 r v2
T W tan θ = g
= gr
θ
T = W sec θ
ω CF
sin θ = r/L
r
 FORCE AND MOTION
Ideal Angle of Banking. When a car makes a horizontal turn on a curve of radius R
while traveling at a velocity of v, the curve must be banked at an angle θ so that there is
no tendency for the car to slide up or down the road. This angle is called the ideal angle
of banking.
where: V is the rated speed in m/s
V2
tan θ = gR R is the radius of the curve

Maximum Speed that an Automobile can Round a Curve without Skidding

The car moving round a curve is acted by a centrifugal force and a friction force
between the tires and the road. The maximum speed that an automobile can travel
round a curve, banked through an angle of θ , so that it will not skid outwards is:

tan (θ + ) = V
2
where  is the angle of friction,
gR  = arc tan µ
 FORCE AND MOTION
If the car is on the point of slipping down the plane because of insufficient speed:
V2
tan (θ - ) =
gR

If the car moves with high velocity and the friction is great enough to prevent skidding,
the car may tend to overturn about the outer wheel. The maximum velocity can be
solved by taking moment about the outer wheel with the reaction in the inner wheel
equals zero.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A car travels on the horizontal unbanked circular track of radius R. Coefficient of friction
between the tires and the track is 0.3. If the car’s velocity is 10 m/s, what is the smallest
radius it may travel without skidding?

[Solution]
From the formula: tan (θ + ) = V2 ; θ = 0°, µ = tan  = 0.3
gR
102
tan (0 + ) =
9.81R
tan  = 100
9.81R
0.3 = 100
9.81R
R = 33.98 m
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
If a car travels at 15 m/s and the track is banked 5°, what is the smallest radius it can travel
so that friction will not be necessary to resist sliding?

[Solution]
V2
From the formula: tan θ =
gR

tan 5° = 15 2

9.81R
R = 262.16 m
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 (CE NOVEMBER 1998)
A highway curve is super elevated at 7°. Find the radius of the curve if there is no lateral
pressure on the wheels of the car at a speed of 40 mph.

[Solution]
V2 miles 5,280 ft 1m 1 hr
From the formula: tan θ = ; v = 40 x x x
gR hr 1 mile 3.28 ft 3,600 sec
v = 17.886 m/s
(17.886)2
tan 7° =
9.81R

R = 265.6 m
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 (CE MAY 1999)
A vertical bar of length L with a mass of 40-kg is rotated vertically about its one end at 40
rpm. Find the length of the bar if it makes an angle of 45° with the vertical?
ω = 40 rpm
[Solution] FBD:
ω = 40 rev/min L/2
W = 40 x g T
ω = 4.1888 rad/sec W θ
θ θ
CF L/2 CF

From the formula:

r
CF = M ω2 r
CF = 40(4.1888)2 r From FBD:
CF = 701.838 r tan θ = CF
W
701.838r
tan 45° = = 1; r = 0.559 m
40(9.81)
r 0.559
sin 45° = = ; L = 1.58 m
L/2 L/2
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
The seats of a carousel are attached to a vertical rotating shaft by a flexible cable 8-m
long. The seats have a mass of 75-kg. What is the maximum angle of tilt for the seats if the
carousel operates at 12 rpm?

[Solution]
From the formula: θ θ FBD:
CF = (W/g) ω2 r L
r = L sinθ W
θ
ω = 12 rpm = 1.257 rad/s W
CF = (W/9.81)(1.257)2 (L sinθ)
CF
CF = 0.161 W L sin θ
From the FBD: CF = (W/g) ω2 r
tan θ = CF/W
0.161 W(8)sin θ
tan θ =
W
sin θ
= 1.288 sin θ ; cos θ = 0.776; θ = 39°
cos θ
 WORK AND ENERGY
WORK
- defined as the product of the magnitude of the average force and the displacement
in the direction of the force.
Work = force x distance (in N-m or Joule)

F
F θ

s s

Work = F x s Work = (F cos θ) x s

where:
W = Work
F = average force
s = displacement
θ = angle between the direction of the force and the displacement
 WORK AND ENERGY
Newton-meter, Joule
- work done by a force of one Newton exerted through a distance of one meter
when the force is parallel to the displacement.

Erg
- work done by a force of one dyne exerted over a distance of one centimeter
in the direction of the force.

Foot-Pound
-the work done by a force of one pound over a displacement of one foot in the
direction of the force.

Systems Work = Force x Distance

mks Joule, J (N-m) Newton, N meter, m
cgs Erg Dyne, dyn centimeter, cm
British Foot-Pound (ft-lb) Pound, lb foot, ft
 WORK AND ENERGY
ENERGY
- property of the body or system of body by virtue of which work can be performed.

POTENTIAL ENERGY
- energy which the body posses by virtue of its positions, configurations, or internal
mechanisms.

PE = W h = M g h (in N-m or Joule)

where :
PE = Potential Energy
W = Weight of the body
h = height to which it is raised
m = mass
g = gravitational acceleration
 WORK AND ENERGY
KINETIC ENERGY
- energy possessed by an object by virtue of its motion

KE = ½ M v2 (in N-m or Joule)

where :
KE = Kinetic Energy
m = mass
v = velocity
WORK-ENERGY EQUATION
When a body of weight W move from point 1 to point 2, the work-energy
equation may be expressed as:

KE1 ± Work ± PE = KE2

Work is (+) if it helps the motion and (-) if it is against the motion
PE is (+) if the body goes down, and (-) if it goes up.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A 40-lb stone is carried up the ramp along a path making an angle of 30° to the
horizontal, to the top of a building 100-ft high. How much work is done?

[Solution]

sin 30 = 100
s 60°
s 100’

s = 200 ft 30°

Work = F cos θ x s

Work = (40 lb) (cos 60°) (200 ft)

Work = 4,000 ft-lb

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A 40-lb stone is hoisted to the top of a building 100 ft high. How much does its potential
energy increase?

[Solution]

Work = F x s 100 ft

Work = (40 lb) x (100 ft)

Work = 4,000 ft-lb

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
What is the kinetic energy of a 3,000-lb automobile which is moving at 30 mph?

[Solution]

v = 30 mi/hr (5280 ft/mi)(1 hr/3600 s) = 44 ft/sec

KE = ½ m v2

KE = ½ x 3,000-lb2 x (44 ft/sec)2

32.2 ft/s

KE = 9.02 x 104 ft-lb

SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
What average force is necessary to stop a bullet of mass 20-g at a speed of 250 m/s as it
penetrates a wood to a distance of 12 cm?

[Solution]

F s = ½ m v2
m v2
F=
2s
(0.020 kg) (250 m/s)2
F=
2 (0.12 m)

F = 5.21 x 103 N
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
A car starting from rest at A is to attempt the frictionless loop-the-loop shown in the Figure.
The car weighs 150-lb and carries a 150-lb man.
a) Compute for “h” in order for the car to just clear the gap.
b) Compute the normal pressure in pounds exerted by the car at B.
c) Compute the maximum force in pounds exerted by the man against his seat during
the entire trip.
A
[Solution]
a) Solving for ‘h’ B x

y = x tan θ – g x 2
h
20’ D E
2vo2cos2 θ
0 = 70.7 tan 22.5° - 32.2 (70.7)2 5’ 5’
2 vD2cos2 22.5 ° C 22.5° 70.7’
vD = 56.74 ft/sec (velocity at D) Energy Equation from A to D:
EA + W h – W(5) = ED
0 + W h – W(5) = ½ (W/32.2)(56.74)2
h = 55 feet
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
b) normal pressure exerted by the car at B. c) maximum force exerted by the man against
his seat during the entire trip.
[Solution]
Velocity of the car at B: (x = 55-40 = 15 ft) [Solution]
VB2 = 2 g x Velocity of the car at point C:
NB
VB2 = 2 (32.2)(15) Vc2 = 2 g h
VB = 31.0805 ft/sec Vc2 = 2 (32.2)(55) CFC
W = 300 lb
Vc = 59.5147 ft/sec
Centrifugal force at B: W = 150 lb
CFB
Centrifugal force at C:
WvB2 Nc
CFB = WvC2
gR
CFB = g R
CFB = 300 (31.0805)2

32.2 (20) 150 (59.5147)2

CFB = 32.2 (20)
CFB = 450 lbs
NB = CFB – W CFB = 825 lbs
NB = 450 – 300 NB = CFB + W
NB = 825 +150
NB = 150 lbs NB = 975 lbs
SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
A 20-kN car moving at 72 kph is switched to a 10% grade. The frictional resistance between the wheels
of the car and the road is 1 kN.
a) Find the distance along the grade that the car can move before coming to a complete stop.
b) If the car is then allowed to move back freely, find the velocity (in kph) of the car at the foot of the
grade.
c) If the road at the foot of the grade is level, how far down the road will the car move before
coming to stop?
v=0

[Solution] 20,000 N
72 kph
(20 m/s)
v=0 tan θ = 1/10
θ 1
C 10
θ = 5.71°
A B S
1000 N
x
a)Motion from B to C:
Energy Equation from B to C: v=0
KEB – (W x h) – (f x S) = KEc 72 kph
20,000 N (20 m/s)
θ 1
1 20000 (20)2 - 20000(S sin θ) – 1000(S) = 0 C 10

2 9.81
B
S = 136.4 m S
SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
[Solution]
b)Motion from C to B:
Energy Equation from C to B: 20,000 N
v=0

KEC + (W x h) – (f x S) = KEB v=?

1 20000 (v)2
0 + 20000 (136.4 sin θ) – 1000(136.4) =
2 9.81 C

v = 11.51 m/s = 41.43 kph B S

c) Motion from B to A:
Energy Equation from B to A:
KEB – (f x) = KEA

1 20000 (11.51)2 - 1000(x) = 0

2 9.81
20,000 N
v = 11.51 m/s
x = 135 m v=0
θ 1
C
10

A B
1000 N
x
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7
A force of 200-lbf acts on a block at an angle of 28° with respect to horizontal. The block is
pushed 2 feet horizontally. What is the work done by this force?

[Solution]
F = 200 lb
Work = force x distance
Work = (200 cos 28°)(2) 28°

Work = 353.18 ft-lb

S = 2 ft

Work = 353.18 ft-lb x (1 m/3.28 ft) x (1 kg/2.22 lb) x 9.81 m/s2

Work = 475.8 N-m
Work = 475.8 J
SAMPLE PROBLEM 8-9
An automobile has a power output of The average horsepower required to raise a
1hp. When it pulls a cart with a force of 150-kg box to a height of 20 meters over a
300 N, what is the cart’s velocity? period of one minute is:

[Solution] [Solution]
Power = Work / time Power = Work / time
Power = F s / t Power = F s / t
Power = F v (since s/t = v)
Power = 150 (9.81)N x 20m
1 hp x 746 watts / hp = 300 N (v) 60 sec
746 N-m/s = 300 N (v) Power = 490.5wattsx(1hp/746 watts)

v = 2.49 m/s Power = 0.6575 hp

SAMPLE PROBLEM 10
A body weighing1000 lbs fall 6 inches and strikes a 2000 lbs (per inch) spring. What is the
deformation of the spring?

[Solution]
1000 lbs
From the figure:

Work done by the body = Work done by the spring 6”

Force x Distance = ½ k y2
1000 (6 + y) = ½ (2000) y2 y

6 + y = y2
y2 – y – 6 = 0 k = 2000 lb/in

By quadratic equation:

y = 3 inches
 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
The impulse of a force is the product of the force and the time during which it
acts. Impulse is a vector quantity having the direction of the force. When a
force acts on an object that is free to move, its change in momentum equals
the impulse given it by the force.

Impulse = Force x time

The linear momentum of an object is the product of its mass and velocity. Linear
momentum is a vector quantity having the direction of the objects velocity.

Momentum = m v = (W/g) v
 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
IMPULSE-MOMENTUM EQUATION
When a body of weight W moving with an initial velocity vo changes its velocity
to vf over a period of t along a straight line,

Σ (+) Impulse – Σ (-) Impulse = W (vf – vo )

g
(+) Impulse = impulse in the same direction as the motion
(-) Impulse = impulse in the opposite direction as the motion

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

If a system is composed of particles of mass M1 , M2 , etc., having velocities v1, v2
, etc., and after mutual reaction between the particles they possess new velocities v1’, v2’,
etc., the condition that the momentum of the system be constant may be expressed as:

M1 v1 + M2 v2 + . . . = M1 v1’ + M2 v2’ + . . .
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A 50-kg block of wood rest on the top of the smooth plane whose length is 3 m and
whose altitude is 0.8 m. How long will it take for the block to slide to the bottom of the
plane when released?
W sin θ

[Solution] vo = 0
Since the surface is smooth (frictionless), the final a
velocity is the same as that of a free falling body REF
vf = ?
through a height of 0.8 m. t=?
0.8 m 3m
From the relationship, v2 = 2 g h
θ
v2 = 2(9.81)(0.8)
v = 3.9618 m/s sin θ = 0.8/3; θ = 15.466°

By Impulse-Momentum Equation:
Σ (+) Impulse – Σ (-) Impulse = M (vf – vo )
(W sin 15.466°) t – 0 = W/g (3.9618 – 0)

t = 1.514 sec
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A train is running up a grade of 1 in 200 at 32 kph when the coupling of the last car
breaks. Neglecting friction:
a) What is the velocity of the car after 2 minutes?
b) What is the distance traveled by the car after 2 minutes?
c) What is the time of travel before it begins to slide back?
d) By the time the car begins to slide down, what is its distance from the train?
e) If the grade extends 460 m below the point where the break occurred, what is its
velocity at the foot of the grade?

S
vf
vo

1
200

Position
Position after 2
when the minutes (120
coupling seconds)
breaks
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
[Solution] 0.005W
a) What is the velocity of the car after 2 minutes? W
vo = 32 kph = 8.889 m/s

By impulse-momentum equation:
Σ (+) Impulse – Σ (-) Impulse = W/g (vf – vo )
f=0
0 – 0.005W(120) = W/9.81 (vf – 8.889)
vf = 3.003 m/s

b) What is the distance traveled by the car after 2 minutes?

By work-energy equation:
Σ (+) work – Σ (-) work = ½ W/g (vf2 – vo2 ) Position
after 2

0 – 0.005W(S) = ½ W/9.81 (3.0032 – 8.8892 ) minutes (120

seconds)
S
S = 713.52 m vf
Position vo
when the
coupling 1
breaks 200
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
[Solution]
c) What is the time of travel before it begins to slide back? Vf = 0
vo = 32 kph = 8.889 m/s S
t=?

vo

By impulse-momentum equation: 200

1

Σ (+) Impulse – Σ (-) Impulse = W/g (vf – vo ) Position Position

when the after 2
0 – 0.005W(t) = W/9.81 (0– 8.889) coupling minutes (120
breaks seconds)
t= 181.22 sec

d) By the time the car begins to slide down, what is its distance from the train?
Strain = 8.889(181.22) = 1610.86 m
Distance traveled by the car when it starts to slide back:
By work-energy equation:
Σ (+) work – Σ (-) work = ½ W/g (vf2 – vo2 )
0 – 0.005W(S) = ½ W/9.81 (02 – 8.8892 )
S = 805.45 m
Distance from the car to the train = 1610.86 – 805.45 = 805.41 m
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
[Solution]
e) If the grade extends 460 m below the point where the break occurred, what is its
velocity at the foot of the grade?
0.005W
W
By work-energy equation:
Σ (+) work – Σ (-) work = ½ W/g (vf2 – vo2 )
0.005W(460+805.41) – 0 = ½ W/9.81 (vf2 – 02 )
vf = 40.1 kph
f=0

805.41 m
460 m
vo = 0

vf = ?

1
200

Position when the

Foot of grade coupling breaks
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
The brakes of a 1000-kg automobile exert 3000 N. How long will it take for the car to come
to a complete stop from a velocity of 30 m/s?

[Solution]
m = 1000 kg m = 1000 kg
vo = 30 m/s vf = 0
By impulse-momentum equation:

Δ Impulse = Δ Momentum
Σ (+) Impulse – Σ (-) Impulse = W/g (vf – vo ) f = 3000 N f = 3000 N
0 – (3000 x t) = 1000 (0 – 30) time = t

t = 10 sec
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
A 16-gram mass is moving at 30 cm/s while a 4-gram mass is moving in an opposite
direction at 50 cm/s. They collide head on and stick together. Their velocity after collision
is:

[Solution] m1 = 16 grams m2 = 4 grams

v1 = 30 cm/s v2= 50 cm/s
By Law of Conservation of Momentum:
M1 v 1 + M 2 v 2 = M 1 v 1’ + M 2 v 2’
Before collision
v 1’ = v 2’ = v

16(30) + (4)(-50) = 16(v) + 4(v) V

m1 = 1000 kg m1 = 1000 kg
v = 14 cm/s
After collision
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
A 5-kg rifle fires a 15-g bullet at a muzzle velocity of 600 m/s. What is the recoil velocity of
the rifle?
V1’ V2’
[Solution]

By Law of Conservation of Momentum:

M1 v 1 + M 2 v 2 = M 1 v 1’ + M 2 v 2’ Rifle: Bullet:
M1 = 5 kg M2 = 0.015 kg
M1 = mass of rifle, 5 kg
V1 = 0 V2 = 0
v1 = initial velocity of rifle = 0 V1’ = ? V2’ = 600 m/s
v1’ = recoil velocity of rifle
M2 = mass of bullet, 0.015 kg
v2 = initial velocity of bullet = 0
v2’ = recoil velocity of bullet = 600 m/s

5(0) + 0.015(0) = 5(v1’) + 0.015(600)

v1’ = - 1.8 m/s
Thus, the recoil velocity of rifle is 1.8 m/s
SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
A 0.50-kg ball with a speed of 20 m/s strikes and sticks to a 70-kg block resting on a
frictionless surface. Find the block’s velocity.

[Solution]
For the 0.50-kg ball,
M1 = 0.50 kg
70 kg
Initial velocity = v1 = 20 m/s
Final velocity = v1’ (same as the block)
Before Impact
For the 70-kg block,
M2 = 70 kg
Initial velocity = v2 = 0 (at rest)
Final velocity = v2’ = v
70 kg
M 1 v 1 + M 2 v 2 = M 1 v 1’ + M 2 v 2’
0.5(20) + 70(0) = 0.5v + 70v After Impact
v = 0.142 m/s
Prepared by:

Engr. John Ronald R. Fortuito

fortuitojohnronald@gmail.com