: MOTION :

- Continuous change in position.

: TYPES OF MOTION :

A. Rectilinear Motion - Motion along a straight line.

A.1 Horizontal Rectilinear Motion, HRM
A.2 Vertical Rectilinear Motion, VRM (Freely Falling Body)
B. Projectile Motion - Motion of a body projected in space or plane.
C. Circular Motion - Motion along circular path.

: VELOCITY :

- A quantity that specifies how fast an object is moving and where it is going.
- Ratio of the displacement to the time consumed.

: AVERAGE VELOCITY : : INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY :

- Represents the velocity of the - Represents the velocity of the object at a
object for the entire trip. point of the entire trip.
Vi - Velocity at initial point.
Displacement
v = Vf - Velocity at final point.
Time
: ACCELERATION :
- Change of velocity per unit time.

∆v
a =
∆t

Vi = 0 Vf = 5 m/s Vi = 5 m/s

a = + value

Vi = 5 m/s Vf = 0 a = + value
a = - value (angular acceleration)

Vf = 5 m/s
Vi = 5 m/s Vf = 5 m/s
a=0

VA = 0 VB = 5 m/s VC = 5 m/s VD = 0

a = + value a=0 a = - value

: UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION :
Time Velocity Acceleration
t1 = 0 V1 = 0 a = 5 m/s/s
}
}
t2 = 1 sec V2 = 5 m/s
t3 = 2 sec V3 = 10 m/s } a = 5 m/s/s a = 5 m/s2

t4 = 3 sec V4 = 15 m/s } a = 5 m/s/s

V1 = 0 V2 = 5 m/s V3 = 10 m/s V4 = 15 m/s

1 sec 1 sec 1 sec

: UNIFORMLY DECELERATED MOTION :

Time Velocity Acceleration
V1 = 15 m/s
t1 = 0
}
}
a = -5 m/s/s
t2 = 1 sec V2 = 10 m/s
t3 = 2 sec V3 = 5 m/s
} a = -5 m/s/s a = -5 m/s2

t4 = 3 sec V4 =0 } a = -5 m/s/s

V1 = 15 m/s V2 = 10 m/s V3 = 5 m/s V4 = 0

1 sec 1 sec 1 sec

: FORMULA FOR UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED/DECELERATED MOTION :

X
Consider: v = t

Vi Vf X=vt
(Vf + Vi)
X= (t)
2
X (Vi + at + Vi)
X= (t)
a 2
t X = Vit + ½ at2 2

∆V (Vf + Vi)
a= X= (t)
∆t 2
Vf - Vi
a= ti = 0 & tf = t (Vf + Vi) (Vf - Vi)
tf - ti X=
2 a
Vf - Vi
a= 2aX = Vf2 – Vi2
t
2aX + Vi2 = Vf2
Vf = Vi + at 1

Vf2 = Vi2 + 2aX 3

Problem: An airplane travels 800 m down the runway before taking off. It it starts
from rest, moves with constant acceleration, and becomes airborne in 20 s, what is
its speed when it takes off?

Vi = 0 Vf = ?

X = 800 m
a=?
t = 20 sec

Solve for “a” Substitute the value of “a”

from: into:
X = Vit + ½ at2 Vf = Vi + at

800 = (0)(20) + ½ (a)(20)2 Vf = 0 + (4)(20)

Vf = 80 m/s
1600 = 400(a)

a = 4 m/s2
Problem: A car moving at 20 m/s slows down at 1.5 m/s2 to a velocity of 10 m/s.
How far did the car go during the slowdown? How long did it last?

Vi = 20 m/s Vf = 10 m/s

It is a deceleration.
X=?
• •
a = - 1.5 m/s2
• •
t = ?
• •
Solve for “X” from: Solve for “t” from:

Vf2 = Vi2 + 2aX Vf = Vi + at

(10)2 = (20)2 + 2(-1.5)X 10 = 20 + (-1.5)t

100 = 400 - 3X 1.5t = 20 - 10

3X = 400 - 100 1.5t = 10

3X = 300 t = 6.67 sec
X = 100 m
Problem: A drag racer, starting from rest, speeds up for 402 m with an
acceleration of 17.0 m/s2. A parachute then opens, slowing the car down with an
acceleration of 6.10 m/s2. How fast is the racer moving 3.50 x 102 m after the
parachute opens?

VA = 0 VB = ? VC = ?

XAB = 402 m XBC = 350 m

aAB = +17.0 m/s2 aBC = -6.10 m/s2
tAB = ? tBC = ?

Consider Motion A to B: Consider Motion B to C:

Vf2 = Vi2 + 2aX Vf2 = Vi2 + 2aX

VB2 = VA2 + 2aABXAB VC2 = VB2 + 2aBCXBC

VB2 = (0)2 + 2(17)(402) VC2 = (116.91)2 + 2(-6.10)(350)

VB = 116.91 m/s VC = 96.94 m/s

Problem: A golf cart has an acceleration of 0.4 m/s2. What is its velocity after
it has covered 10 m starting from rest?

Solution:
From Formula 2:

Vi = 0 Vf = ? X = Vit + ½ at2

10 = (0)t + ½ (0.4)t2
X = 10 m
t = 7.07 s
a = 0.4 m/s2
t = ?
From Formula 1:

Vf = Vi + at
From Formula 3:
Vf2 = Vi2 + 2aX Vf = 0 + (0.4)(7.07)

Vf2 = (0)2 + 2(0.4)(10) Vf = 2.83 m/s

Vf = 2.83 m/s
: VERTICAL RECTILINEAR MOTION OR FREELY FALLING BODY :

: Assumptions :
i. The object is NOT acted upon by any other forces except its WEIGHT.
ii. Air resistance is neglected.
iii. Change in value of gravitational acceleration “g” is disregarded.
Consider: : SIGN CONVENTION :
A
• VA = 0
g = 9.8 m/s2
Going Down: The object is accelerating.
1 sec g = + V = + y = +
B
• VB = 9.8 m/s
Going Up: The object is decelerating.
1 sec g = 9.8 m/s2 g = - y = +
V = +
C
• VC = 19.6 m/s V=+ g = - (Always)
V = +,-
y =+
y = +,-
1 sec g = 9.8 m/s2 Ref. Line

y =-
V=-
D
• VD = 29.4 m/s
Recall: Now: Vi Vf
Ref. Line
Vi Vf

y y
g g
X
t t
a
t Ref. Line
Vf = Vi + at Vf Vi
X = Vit + ½ at2
Vf = Vi + gt Vf = Vi - gt
Vf2 = Vi2 + 2aX
y = Vit + ½ gt2 y = Vit - ½ gt2
: SEVEN POSSIBLE SET-UPS : Vf2 = Vi2 + 2gy Vf2 = Vi2 - 2gy
Vf = 0

Vf = -
Vf = + ymax = +
g=- y=+
y=+ g=-
g=- t=+
t=+ t=+ Vi = 0 Vi = -
y=- y=- y=-
Vi = + Vi = + Vi = + Vi = + Vf = - Vi = + g=- g=-
y=0 g=-
t=+ t=+ t=+
g=-
Vf = - Vf = - Vf = -
t=+
Problem: From the top of a cliff, a person uses a slingshot to fire a pebble straight
downward with an initial speed of 9.0 m/s. After 0.50 s, how far beneath the cliff-
top is the pebble?

Vi = - 9.0 m/s
Ref. Line y = Vit - ½ gt2
y= -?
y = (-9)(0.5) - ½(9.8)(0.5)2
g = 9.8 m/s2

t = 0.50 s y = -5.725 m

Vf = - ?
Problem: An apple is thrown vertically downward from a cliff 48 m high reaches the
ground in 2.0 s later. What was the apple’s initial velocity?

Solution:

Vi = ? y = Vit - ½ gt2
Ref. Line

y = - 48 m - 48 = Vi(2.0) - ½(9.8)(2.0)2

g = 9.8 m/s2
2Vi = ½(9.8)(2.0)2 - 48
t = 2.0 s
Vi = - 14.20 m/s
Vf = - ?
Problem: You are on the roof of the physics building, 46.0 m above the ground.
Your physics professor, who Is 1.80 m tall, is walking alongside the building at a
constant speed of 1.20 m/s. If you wish to drop an egg on your professor’s head,
where should the professor be when you release the egg?
Consider the Egg:
Solution: VA = 0
y = Vit – ½ gt2
yAB = - 44.2 m yAB = VAtAB – ½ gtAB2
g = 9.8 m/s2 -44.2 = 0 – ½ (9.8)tAB2
46.0 m
tAB = ? -44.2 = – 4.9tAB2
VB = ?
tAB = 3.0 s
1.8 m
Consider the Professor:
VC = 1.2 m/s XCD = ? VD = 1.2 m/s
aCD = 0 X = Vit + ½ at2
tCD = ?
XCD = VCtCD + ½ aCDtCD2

XCD = VCtCD

XCD = (1.2)(3.0)
XCD = 3.60 m
 : GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION :

The object has

constant positive The object is at
Position x (m)

Position x (m)

Position x (m)
velocity. rest.

The object has

constant negative
velocity.
Time t (s) Time t (s) Time t (s)

The object has

Velocity v (m/s)

Velocity v (m/s)

Velocity v (m/s)
constant positive The object has
acceleration. constant velocity.

The object has

constant negative
acceleration.
Time t (s) Time t (s) Time t (s)
 The object
Position x (m)
has constant
positive
acceleration.

Time t (s)
 Q: Which ball will reach the ground
first?

: Conceptual Questions : A: They will reach the ground at the same

time.
Q: How to measure the height of a
Vi = 0
building without using meterstick and the
likes?
A. Use barometer.
y=?
B. Use thermometer. g = ok
C. Use stopwatch. t = ok

Vf
: Velocity and Position by Integration :

This section is intended for students who have already learned integral calculus.

Review of Derivatives: Review of Integrations:

d(u + v)/dx = du/dx + dv/dx

du = u + c
d(cu)/dx = c du/dx

dc/dx = 0
adu = au + c
d(uv)/dx = udv/dx + vdu/dx

vdu/dx – udv/dx
d(u/v)/dx = undu = (un+1)/(n + 1) + c n = -1
v2

dun/dx = nun-1du/dx
Consider:

x(t) = position x as a function of time

vx = dx/dt Velocity at any time “t”.

ax = dvx/dt Acceleration at any time “t”.

Example: Now:
x(t) = at3 – bt2 + ct ax = 6at – 2b x = vxdt
vx = dx/dt
vx = axdt
vx = d(at3 – bt2 + ct)/dt
x = (3at2 – 2bt + c1)dt
vx = 3at2 – 2bt + c
vx = (6at – 2b)dt
x = at3 – bt2 + c1t + c2
ax = dvx/dt

ax = d(3t2 – 2bt + c)/dt vx = 3at2 – 2bt + c

ax = 6at – 2b
Therefore:
When the acceleration is not constant but is a known function of time, we can
find the velocity and position as functions of time by integrating the acceleration
function.

t
ax
vx = vox + axdt Graph of acceleration
0 as a function of time.

t
x = xo + vxdt
0

t
vx = dx/dt t1 t2
dt

ax = dvx/dt
Problem: The engineer of a passenger train traveling at 25.0 m/s sights a freight
train whose caboose is 200 m ahead on the same track. The freight train is
traveling in the same direction as the passenger train with a speed of 15.0 m/s. The
engineer of the passenger train immediately applies the brakes, causing a constant
deceleration of 0.100 m/s2, while the freight train continues with constant speed. a)
Will the cows nearby witness a collision? b) If so, where will it take place?
Solution: Relationships: Passenger Train
Passenger Train 1 tAB = tCD X = Vit + ½ at2
Freight Train
2 XAB = XCD + 200 XAB = VAtAB + ½ aABtAB2
Passenger Train
Freight Train XAB = 25tAB + ½ (-0.10)tAB2

A XAB = 25tAB – 0.05tAB2

Passenger Train
Freight Train
VA = 25 m/s XAB = ? VB = ?
aAB = - 0.10 m/s 2 X = Vit + ½ at2
tAB = ?
200 m
XCD = VCtCD + ½ aCDtCD2
Freight Train
The only XCD = (15)tCD + ½ (0)tCD2
VC = 15 m/s XCD = ? VD = 15 m/s
aCD = 0 exception
tCD = ? to the rule. B XCD = 15tCD
From Eq. 2, substitute Eqs. A & B:
XAB = XCD + 200

25tAB – 0.05tAB2 = 15tCD + 200 But: tCD = tAB

25tAB – 0.05tAB2 = 15tAB + 200

0.05tAB2 - 10tAB + 200 = 0 General Form of Quadratic Equation.

a = 0.05 b = -10 c = 200

- b +- b2 - 4ac
tAB = Quadratic Formula
2a
From Eq. A:
- (-10) +- (-10)2 - 4(0.05)(200)
XAB = 25tAB – 0.05tAB2
tAB =
2(0.05)
XAB = 25(22.54) – 0.05(22.54)2
+ tAB = 177.46 s - tAB = 22.54 s
Not Acceptable Acceptable XAB = 538.10 m

Finally: The cows will witness a collision after 22.54 seconds.

: PROJECTILE MOTION :

• It is a motion of an object which is given an initial velocity but subsequently follows

a path determined by the force of gravity. The path is known as “trajectory”.
• It is a combination of Horizontal and Vertical Rectilinear Motions.
VDy = 0
VCy V VDx= VD
C

VBy VCx VEx

VB VEy VE
VBx
VAy VFx
VA Trajectory
VFy V
F
θ
VAx VGx Ref. Line

: CONCLUSION : VGy
VG
• The vertical components are affected
by gravitational acceleration. Generally:

• The horizontal components are not VAX = VAcosθA ViX = Vicosθi

affected by any acceleration.
VAy = VAsinθA Viy = Visinθi
: Horizontal Motion : Vfy

Acceleration is equal to Zero.

Vf = Vi + at y g t
0 Viy Vi
VfX = ViX + at
Vix Viy R.L.
VfX = ViX Vix X Vfx
a=0
X = Vit + ½ at2 t
0
X = ViXt + ½ at2
: Vertical Motion :
X = ViXt
Acceleration is due to gravity.
Vf2 = Vi2 + 2aX
0 Vf = Vi - gt Vfy = Viy - gt
VfX =
2 ViX2 + 2aX

VfX2 = ViX2 y = Vit - ½ gt2 y = Viyt - ½ gt2

VfX = ViX
Vf2 = Vi2 - 2gy Vfy2 = Viy2 - 2gy
 : SEVEN POSSIBLE SET-UPS :
Vfy = 0
Vfy = +
Vfy = -
y=+
y=+ g=-
g=- y=+
t=+ g=-
Viy = + t = + Viy = + Viy = + t = +
X = +VfX = + ViX = + X=+ VfX = +
ViX = + X = + VfX = + ViX = +
a=0 t=+ t=+
t=+

Viy = +
Vfy = -
y=0
Vfy = -Viy g = -
t=+ Viy = +
y=-
ViX = + X=+ VfX = + g=-
t=+
t=+ ViX = + X=+ VfX = +
Vfy = -
Range t=+
 θ = 0o ViX
ViX = Vicos0o θ
ViX = Vi Viy Vi
Viy = 0 Viy = -
Vi
y=- y=-
g=- g=-
Vfy = - t=+ t=+
Vfy = -
ViX = + X = + VfX = + ViX = + X = + VfX = +

t=+ t=+

: NOTE : For maximum Range

Vi Vi
Vi
θ = 45o
θ> 45o θ < 45o
Range Range Maximum Range
PROBLEM: A ball is thrown horizontally from the roof of a building 20 m high at
25 m/s. How far from the building will it strike the ground? What will be the ball’s
velocity when it strikes the ground?
Vi = Vix = 25 m/s Vfy = Viy - gt
Viy = 0
Vfy = 0 – (9.8)(2.02)
y = -20 m
g = 9.8 m/s2 Vfy = -19.80 m/s
t=?
Vfy = ? Vfx

Vfx = 25 m/s Vfy Vf = ?

Vix = 25 m/s X=?
t=?
From Pythagorean Theorem:

y = Viyt - ½ gt2 X = Vi t Vf2 = Vfx2 + Vfy2

-20 = (0)(t) – ½(9.8)t2 X = (25)(2.02) Vf2 = (25)2 + (-19.80)2

t2 = (20)(2)/(9.8) X = 50.50 m Vf = 31.89 m/s

t = 2.02 sec.
Problem: A football is kicked with an initial velocity of 25 m/s at an angle of 45o
above the horizontal. Determine the time of flight, the range, and the peak
height of the football.
Vfy = 0
Solution:

Viy = 17.68 m/s

ymax = ?
Vfy = -17.68 m/s g = 9.8 m/s2
y=0
g = 9.8 m/s2 t = 1.80 sec
t=? Ref. Line
Viy = 17.68 m/s
Vix = 17.68 m/s X=+ Vfx = 17.68 m/s

t=+

ymax = Viyt - ½ gt2

Vix = (25)cos45o Viy = (25)sin45o
Vix = 17.68 m/s Viy = 17.68 m/s ymax = (17.68)(1.80) – ½ (9.8)(1.8)2

Vfy = Viy - gt X = Vixt ymax = 15.95 m

-17.68 = 17.68 - (9.8)t X = (17.68)(3.61)

t = 3.61 sec. X = 63.82 m

: UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION :

Motion of an object traveling at a constant/uniform speed (but not velocity) on

a circular path.

v v

r r
v
r
v r
r

2πr Where:
v = v : Linear speed. The unit is m/s
T
r : Radius. The unit is m.

T : Period, the time needed to complete one cycle.

The unit is seconds.
: CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION :

- The magnitude of the linear velocity, v is said to be constant but not the
direction.
- Since the direction is changing, there should be acceleration.

- If there is a change in the velocity, even only in the direction, there must be
acceleration.
- It is called “centripetal acceleration”.

v2
ac =
r
Where:
ac : Centripetal acceleration (m/s2)

r : Radius (m)

v : Linear speed (m/s)

: CENTRIPETAL FORCE :
- The centripetal force always points toward the center of the circle and continually
changes direction as the object moves.
- The centripetal is the name given to the net force required to keep an object of
mass m, moving at a speed v, on a circular path or radius r, and it has a
magnitude of

mv2
Fc =
r
Where:
Fc : Centripetal Force (N)

m : mass of the object (kg)

v : Linear speed (m/s)

r : Radius (m)
: Relationship of Linear Speed (v) and Angular Speed (ω) :

Where:
v = ωr
V : Linear Speed (m/s)

ω : Angular Speed (rev/s)

r : Radius (m)

From:

mv2
Fc = Fc = mω2r
r