Unit 4 MODULE 1 BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity specifically refers to a variety of organisms on earth

3 LEVELS]
1.genetic diversity- genetic information that organism contain
2.Species diversity- different kinds of organisms
3.Ecosystem Diversity-different kinds of places where organism lives

Category Domesticated cat Dog Milkfish Wolf Lion

Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata
Class Mammalia Mammalia Actinopterygii Mammalia mammalia
Order Carnivora carnivora Gonorynchiformi Carnivora Carnivora
s
Family Felidae Canidae Chanidae Canidae Felidae
Genus Felis Canis Chanos Canis panthera
Species catus Familiaris Chanos lupus leo
1.Which organism in table I are similar up to the order Category
2.Which organism are most closely related? Why do you say so
3. Can a dog and a wolf produce fertile for species offspring? Explain your answer?
4.Examine the row for species in table 1 What have you noticed?
CLASSIFYING and naming ORGANISM
Domain is the largest category

Early Studies they are grouped according to

1.Eukaryotes multicellular

2. Prokaryotes-referred as microorganisms,
1. Domain Archae
2. Domain bacteria
3. Domain Eukarya-includes protists,fungi,plants and animals

Scientific NAME- consists of Genus and species name,The way of naming organism is referred as BINOMIAL
SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATON.They are in Latin language and are italicized
Six Kingdom Classification
1. Arcahebacteria
2. Eubacteria
3. Protist
4. Fungi
5. Plant
6. Animal
Archaea Domain:Kingdom Archaebacteria-all are microscopic live in various places even in severe conditions,
even acidic and even cold environments
*Methanogens-survive in places where there is no oxygen,present on bottom lakes,swamps and rice
fields.important characteristic they produce methane gas,The bubbles that pop at the water surface is
methane.Methane is utilized as biogas
EX:Methanobacterium ruminatum from cow stomach
Methanospirillium hungatei- from waste treatment ponds
*Halophiles-adapted to a very salty environment,orange or yellow color in salt ponds
EX :Halococcus dombrowski, halobacterium salinarium
*Thermophiles- can live in places with high temperature ,these include volcanic hot springs with temperature
80 to 1100C. even in small deep sea opennings higher than 2500C.Turn hydrogen sulphide(H2S) released from
this openings to food for other organism and in turn provided essential nutrient by the former
BACTERIA DOMAIN:KINGDOM EUBACTERIA- members are unicellular and microscopic, Referred as true
bacteria usually called the bacteria group. Cell wall are made up of peptidoglycan a carbohydrates
BACTERIA- have varied shapes,found in almost kinds of places, in soil, water and air, raw or spoiled food live in
other organism or in your body,can cause disease and harm to other organism but most importantly they have
variety of uses for the environment and for humans
They are classified according to shape
A. Cocci(coccus,).Diplococcus(in pairs) in chains( streptococcus) clusters(staphylococcus)
B.Bacilli- in chains (streptobacillus)
-referred as germs
Propionibacterium acnes- bacterium causing pimples
Mycobacterium tuberculosis- bacterium causing TB
Leptospira interrogans-causing leptospirosis,present in the urine and tissues of cattle,pigs,horses,dogs rats
and wild animals ,it has been found out that the largest number are in the urine of rats,It enter in the body
thru cuts in the skin or surfaces of as eyes and nose, it is preventable and treatable with antibiotics
Bacillus anthracis- bacteria causing anthrax or skin anthrax,.found in the soil and can survive for many
years,affects animals like likes cows and carabaos but can be transmitted to humans,inhalation and intestinal
anthrax caused by inhaling spores and eating of contaminated or undercooked meat are more deadly.In early
2000’s there was a biological warfare or worldwide threat
Antibiotics substances that kill or inhibit disease causing organisms
Streptomycin-used to treat TB and certain types of pneumonia made by Streptomyces griseus
Chloramphenicol- used in killing bacteria causing typhoid fever and skin infections made by Streptomyces
venezuelae
ESCHERICHIA COLI – found naturally in the large intestine of humans,These bacteria provided the much
needed Vit B12 that otherwise human body cannot produce however once present in other areas can produce
poisons causing diarrhea or kidney damage or even death
Lactobacilli bulgaricus and Streptomyces thermophiles -lactic acid bacteria group, involved in making sour
milk
Yogurt-is made by adding a culture of lactobacillus bulgaricus proteins in milk curdle
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii,paenibacillus thiaminolyticus,bordetella bronchiseptica
and lysinibacillus sphaericus-oil eating bacteria
Cyanobacteria- another group of bacteria,plantlike have chlorophyll-containing cells,They grow in
ditches,esteros or moist places like gardens and sidewalls where light is present
Tab-tab(Nostoc)- eat raw in Northern Luzon as salad
Spirulina cells rich in protein grown to produce SCP or single Cell protein,used as swine and cattle feed
recommended as foods for humans
Anabaena Azollae- important in agriculture,converts nitrogen in air into compounds used by plants for growth
and development same by Rhizobium group of bacteria
Bacillus thuringiensis-microbial pesticide, bacteria used to control pests and insects carrying disease-causing
organisms
KINGDOM PROTISTA- Differ in size, movement and method of obtaining energy, most are microscopic can
grow as high as several meters
In methods of obtaining energy they are classified as:
1.Phototrophs- includes algae, dinoflagellates, euglenoids
Algae-maybe green, golden, brown or red
Dinoflagellates -Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum
Euglenoids-Euglena
2.Heterotrophs-no permanent structure for movement, includes radiolarians, foraminiferans, amoeba,
paramecium, didinium and Vorticella, slime and water molds
3.Sporozoan- plasmodium, Giardia lambia and trypanosoma gambiense, Tryconympha campanula
Phototrophs
A.ALGAE
Green Algae Golden Algae Brown Algae Red Algae
Pigment Green Yellow Brown Changes Bright green
in color
Stored food Starch Leucosin oil or Laminarin Floridean
chrysolaminarin
Example Caulerpa lentillifera Diatoms Giant Kelps Eucheuma muricatum,
Gracilaria salicornia
B. Dinoflagellates
Pyrodinium bahamense var compressum causing red tide when present in large numbers, causing
paralysis of the diaphragm that can lead to death
C. Euglenoids
Euglena- have interesting characteristic of getting food when light is available it makes foods utilizing
chlorophyll, in the absence of light it absorbs nutrients from dead organic matter,They have a whiplike
flagellum for movement
Heterotrophs
-They move by means of pseudopods or pseudopodia. Those which do not have permanent structure for
movement are radiolarians, foraminiferans and amoeba
Entamoeba histolytica-causing amoebiasis living in freshwater bodies, it can contaminate drinking water
causing amoebic dysentery.
Paramecium caudatum- moves using cilia, free living, present in both fresh and salt water
Other examples are Didinium and Vorticella
Slime and water molds- considered heterotrophs with limited movements. They are motile in certain stage in
their life cycles
Slime molds-colored yellow, orange or whitish growths that you may see on damp rotting logs
Water molds- are white cottony growth on dead fish or plant parts that you may see floating in water, certain
species are parasitic on corns, grapes cabbage and many important crops.
Another group of heterotrophs includes the flagellates, unicellular, use flagella, some exist as single organism,
some are parasitic and others in colony
Giardia lamblia cause severe diarrhea
Trypanosoma gambiense causing Gambian sleeping sickness
Trichonympha campanula- lives in the intestines of termites
SPOROZOANS
Plasmodium vivax-malaria causing sporozoan which is transmitted to human is anopheles mosquito
KINGDOM FUNGI
- Are orange colored growth on spoiled corn, the gray to black or white spots on a 3 day-old bread left in
a warm and humid or moist place or kabuti
- Characteristic
- No chlorophyll cannot produce their own food, some are parasites, others are saprophytes (decaying
matter), have cell wall made up of chitin, undergo asexual reproduction by forming buds and many
spores or when male and female hyphae join together sexually
- Fungal bodies consist of hyphae with rootlike rhizoids that attach them to substrate on which they
grow
- Hyphae absorbs and provide nutrients to the fungi by extending downward to substrate
- They are classified according to the kind of fruiting structures, in bread mold Rhizopus spores are
produced in the sporangium
- THE PLANT KINGDOM
- Two big groups
- A. Vascular- have tissues to transport water and food.
- B. Nonvascular do not have tissues or transport system. When they became matured, they form
different reproductive structures. Liverworts develop umbrella-like structures that produce eggs and
sperms. Mosses at the tip there is a capsule. Which contains spores, in hornworts there is a “thorn-
like” structures.
- Importance – Provide oxygen
- 3.Their carpetlike growth prevent erosion and increase the capacity of the soil to hold water
- Dried sphagnum or peat moss- Gardeners use to retain more water and old or dead sphagnum form
thick deposits which is used as fuel in some places
- VASCULAR PLANTS
- Ferns-reproduce by spores, have 900 species found in moist, shaded and mountainous areas in the
country, grow few mm to about 12meters, some inhabit fresh water while others grow on tree trunks
- Anabaena cyanobacterium- a water fern. At first you may think a tree with sturdy trunk but not strong
as woody plants
- Giant ferns-Angiopteris sp, Salvinia sp. ; Cyathea sp (tree fern)
- USES- they have the ability to make food, provide food and oxygen, used in plant decoration in
handicrafts
- Gymnosperms- plants whose seeds are borne in cones
- EX. Conifers such as pine trees woody tree and have needle like leaves-short, cycads short palm like
plant growing in tropical and subtropical area, they are used as well landscaped hotels and parks
a,ginkgoes and gnetophytes
- Seed plants- consists of those which bear seeds contained in
- USES- sources of quality wood for making plywood and furniture, supply pulp to paper producing
factories,provides resin,used in making perfumes and varnishes, pine cones are popular Christmas
decoration items
- Angiosperms- called flowering plants since flowers as well as fruits are involved in the reproduction
and development
- Can be classified according to their A. lifespan
- Annuals-live for a year or one growing season and die
- Biennials- develop roots,stems,and leaves during the first year,produce seed on the second year then
die
- Perennials-live for many years usually producing woody stems ike tsitsirika,bamboo and trees
- LEaves
B.Phyllotaxy-leaf arrangement,radially,opposite,alternate
C. Number of Cotyledons present in seeds
a.Monocotyledons or monocots have one cotyledon present
Ex coconut and grasses
b.Dicotyledons or dicot have two ex. Gumamela and mango
D. can be differentiated by means of flower parts
May have both petals and sepals or may have sepals or petals only, others have stamen, petals and
sepals attached to the ovary some have petals separated others are united
Importance of Angiosperms
1.Filipinos staple food: rice’ ,corn, vegetable like camote tops, malunggay ,cabbage, carrots, saluyot and
squash
2.Agricultural products both fresh and processed are exported
Ex. Banana from Davao,mango from Guimaras,pineapple from Bukidnon and tobacco in Northern Luzon,
Furniture from rattan and sugar cane from different places.
3.Herbal plants such as lagundi,sambong amplaya and banaba
-Harmful plants
Jathropha curcas( tuba-tuba/tubang bakod) alternative source of biofuel
Manihot esculenta(cassava) if boiled with its bark on it can be poisonous.Bark contains hydrocyanic acid,It is
advised that the pot cover should be removed for the cyanos to escaped
not familiar with
Echinochloa crus-gal,li(dawa-dawa) and Digitaria sanguinalis(saka-saka) weeds which are alternative host to
abaca and corn mosaic virus.
The ANIMAL KINGDOM
Two major groups
Invertebrates- lack mbackbone
Vertebrates-with backbone
Nine in about 35 animal Phyla
1.Phylum Porifera 7.Phylum Mollusca
2.Phylum Cnidaria or Coelenterates8.phylum Echinodermata
3.Phylum Platyhelminthes 9.Phylum Arthropoda
4.Phylum Nematod 10.Phylum Chordata
5.Phylum Annelida
Phylum Porifera-They live in shallow and deep oceans,young of the sponges are motile Body is supported by
skeleton spicules made up glasslike silica or calcium silica
Ex.Sponges- simplest animals, live in shallow and deep oceans, young are motile while adults are attached
to solid like rocks, a obathing and washing. Water and food enter through the pores, Food is brought thru
the collar cells thru the beating of flagella Waste water and materials go out of the sponges through the
osculum
Phylum Cnidaria
-consists of animals with stinging cells called nematocysts, poison filled structures used for defense and to
capture their prey food,once released this can be painful and even fatal kike an attack by jellyfishes,
Coral reefs-one of the world’s most productive ecosystem
It forms when corals form colonies of various colors and secrete a hard skeleton.it is where fishes and other
marine organism breed,it is destroyed by pollution from oil spills and dynamite fishing,add to this the silt
and sediments that flow down from mountains because of farming,mining and logging activities.
Ex.HYDRA-represent freshwater cnidarians others examples Fig 19 pp 250
Phylum Platyhelminthes
It comes from the greek word platys means flat and helmins means worm, flatworm group , they are
flat and ribbon like organisms ,found in freshwater,in wet places and marine waters,they include the free
living or non parasitic worms, ,the parasitic flukes and tapeworm group.planaria is an example of
freshwater,lives in moist surfaces under rocks in ponds rivers and even aquarium.Flukes are parasites that live
in other animals including humans, Tapeworms are also parasitic flatworms without digestive system found
in Fish, cows and pigs ,Humans can be infected if they eat uncooked fish ,beef or pork

Phylum Nematoda members are roundworms ,also known as nematodes ,have long, cylindrical and slender
bodies some are free living others are parasites.free living are important decomposers in soil in both marine
and freshwaters, parasitic can be found in moist tissues of plants and animals
Ex. Heartworms can infect dogs and cats, Trichina worms roundworms that can infect man, hookworms
common pinworms and ascaris-Digested food is taken in the mouth and exit in the anus
***heartworms,trichina worms,hookworms,pinworms and ascaris
Phylum Annelida- also known as annelids characterized by a segmented or repeated body parts ,mostly found
crawling in moist soil or swimming in the sea and freshwater
Ex.earthworms ,polychaetes ( mostly are marine living in tubes attached to rocks or sand, get floating food
attached to rocks or sand such as sandworms ) and leeches
both ends of their bodies and are used to attached themselves to their hosts. they secrete an anticlotting
chemical that has been used in medicine.
Phylum Mollusca-are soft bodied invertebrates with most of them covered by shell. they have complex
respiratory, reproductive, circulatory, digestive and excretory system functioning together for their survival
3 body parts
1.muscular foot for locomotion
2. mantle-produces shell
3.visceral mass-contains internal organs.
3 Classes
1.gastropods also called univalves have only one shell
Ex. Sea and land slugs, nudibranchs
2.bivalves-Consists of two shells
Ex. Mussels, oysters and clams
Ex. Squid, cuttlefish, chambered nautilus, octopus
Importance
1.Utilized as food like tahong (mussel), talaba (oyster), halaan (clam), scallops and kuhol or suso
Golden kuhol- has become a pest to rice and other crops
Achatina fulica-a giant African snail
Phylum Echinodermata
Unique characteristic is the presence of water filled tubes that spread out to form the tube feet are used for
getting food moving around and gas exchange
Ex. Starfish, Holothuria edulis(sea cucumber) used as ingredients for chopsuey and soups, sea urchin are
important to coral reefs because they consume algae that otherwise overgrow and can kill corals ,sea star the
crown of thorns are predators of corals polyps posing threat to the existence of the reefs
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Characteristic
1. They have jointed legs
2. Considered the most successful; of all animal phyla as they present in almost all types of habitats
3. They walk, crawl, fly others swim in salty and freshwaters
4. They have exoskeleton made of chitin and varies from thin and flexible to thick and hard exoskeleton
5. Thru the process of MOLTING they grow a new skeleton many times in their life to give way to growth
specifically and increase in size
6. They are classified based on the type of exoskeleton, the number of body sections and the kind of
appendages like mouth parts present
Appendages- used for avoiding predators, getting food, walking or swimming
1.CRUSTACEANS- includes water fleas, crabs, shrimps, lobsters and barnacles
2.ARACHNIDS-have two body sections,4 pairs of legs and mouthparts called chelicerae and pedipalps.
They have also book lungs to respire
EX. SPIDERS with thin and flexible exoskeleton are the largest members of the group
Ex. Mites and Ticks are parasitic arachnids cause itching to some mammals including humans
Ex. Scorpions have poisonous sting
Ex. Horseshoe crab-oldest living arthropods
3.Millepedes and centipedes- close relative of insects have long wormlike segmented bodies, have pair
of antennae and each segment bear a pair of two legs, lives in the soil, under rocks, or rotting logs and
leaves
Millipedes- have two pairs of legs per segment and roll up when disturbed, feed on decaying matter
Centipedes- have a pair of legs on the segment, they have venom containing claws and feed on
earthworms even other arthropods and small animals
4.INSECTS-largest group among arthropods, have 3 body sections,3 pairs of legs pair of antennae and
one to two pairs of wings
They are more adapted for flying and have tracheal tubes for respiration, Present in all kinds of
environment except marine waters. they are successful animals because they reproduce rapidly
EX. Dragonflies, grasshoppers, aphids and butterflies
MOSQUITO
Aedes aegypti -pose a danger to people of all ages it carries and transmit thru its bite the virus that
causes dengue
Life Cycle
Stage 1
Female mosquito lay eggs in clean and non-flowing water. The eggs are white but later turn into shiny
black, usually it last for only a minutes to two days in warm climates but can reach a week in cooler
temperatures. Eggs can survive even for a year and are immediately hatched once submerged in water

STAGE II
Mosquito eggs hatch into larva. it is the second and the most easily seen stage of mosquito
development, a larva always lives in water and it’s a lots of algae and organic matter. It breathe in air
from above the water surface through a tube called siphon. When disturbed it dives down into bottom
so it is called wriggler.it returns to the surface to breathe.it usually last about 5 to 7 days
Stage lll
The 3rd stage consists of comma shaped pupa breathes two small tubes called trumpets, it dives
downwards quickly when when disturbed ,it stops eating and grows shorter, then it encases itself with
a hard covering ,inside the pupal stage it continues to change and grow, This stage takes only about
two to 3 days ,if the water dries up before the next stage, the organism dies
STAGE IV
The adult mosquito stay in cool area on land after hatching ,It flies as far as 100 meters to mate and
look food. The male mosquitoes feed on flower nectar and are usually found after breeding
Phylum Chordata
Animals belonging have four characteristic that are present in any of the stages in their life
cycles .Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord ,gill slits and post anal tail.In many chordates the
notochord later becomes the backbone ,Humans have the notochord ,tail and gill slits only in embryo
stage.
However there are lower chordates that do not have a backbone Ex. Tunicates and lancelets
Tunicates attached to solid materials likes rocks or coral reefs,filter feeders taking food particles
suspended in water
Lancelets- have 4 chordate characteristic ,found Sandy ocean bottom, also suspension feeders ,move
in fishlike motion using the muscles on both sides of their bodies
Vertebrates
A.Fishes-
a.Jawless fishes belong to Class Agnatha
Ex.lamprey –parasites have tooth-likr structures in their mouth that are attached to the bodies of
other fishes
Ex.hagfish-wormlike and use a toothlike tongue to eat dead organisms
b.cartilaginous fishes include the rays,skates and sharks
skates and rays- have winglike fins
c.Sharks
whale sharks(Rincodon typus) largest fish locally known as butanding fd. in marine waters of
Cebu,Sorsogon and Dumaguete
d.Bony fishes belong to Class osteichthyes
Ex.bangus,tuna,goldfish and tilapia,lungfish,eels are wormlike fishes
B.amphibians
Amphibia-means double life,live part in water and part on land
Has 3 groups
Caecilians,salamanders,frogs and toads
Caecilians-live in water or bury themselves in moist soil
Salamanders-live in forest floors under rocks and decaying logs
Both frogs and toads jump,eat worms,insects and small animals
Frogs some leap and attach to tree trunks and branches,have smooth skin
Toads-have rough or warty skin
C.REPTILES-exhibit more adaptations for livinf on land.lay eggs with shells to protect them from
drying,have smooth or rough scales for protection from loss of body water
a.Lizards and snakes-have smooth scales
Ex.lizard-house lizardgecko(Tuko),monitor lizard(bayawak),chameleon and horned toad
Snakes-legless and have flexible jaw to enable them to swallow their prey whole
Ex.Reticulated python-common snake species
Cobra and rattle snake-poisonous species
However they do not attack unless provoked or hurt
Crocodiles and alligators-predators of fish, deers, small cows or carabaos and even attack
humans
Alligators-live in freshwater and found in North and South America
Crocodiles- live in fresh and salty waters in tropical and subtropical regions
In the Philippines Crocodylus mindorensis endemic and saltwater Crocodylus porosus
-considered a critically endangered species in the world
Turtles and tortoises
Tortoises live on land,Turtles live mostly in waters
Pawikan( marine turtles) live in the sea and female come to shore only to lay eggs-At present they in
danger of extinction
BIRDS are Adapted to fly however there are
examples that do not fly such as kiwi,penguin and ostrich,Characteristic that enable to fly:
1.presence of wings & feathers,large flight muscles in the breast bone and reduced weight.They weigh
less because their bones and light and hollow filled with air,have eggs with shells and legs are covered
by scales,Body temperature remains the same despite varying temperature,have bills or beaks in
coordination with the type of wings and feet they have
MAMMALS
Characteristic differ from other animals
They have mammary glands, have hair or fur, breathe in air, have 4 chambered hearts
and warm blooded
GROUPS
1.MONOTREMES-lays eggs similar to birds
Ex.spiny anteater(Echidnas) living in Australia,New Zealand and New Guinea
Ex.Duck billed platypus
2.MARSUPIALS or the pouched mammals,some are found in Central and South America,opossum
found in North America,familiar are koala,kangaroos and wombats and flying phalangers are found in
Australia and New Zealand
3.Eutherians- comprises the largest group of mammals known as placental mammals
ORDER Characteristics Examples
Insectivora Insect-eating Shrews,moles
Chiroptera Flying Bats
Rodentia Gnawing Rats,mice,squirrels
Lagomorpha Rodentlike Rabbits,mice,squirrel
Edentata Toothless Armadillos
Cetacea Aquatic Whales,dolphins
Sirenia Aquatic Dugong,manatee
Proboscidea Trunk-nosed Elephants
Carnivora Flesh-eating Dogs,cats,bears,seal
Walruses
ungulata Hoofed foot Horses,carabaos, rhinoceros
Primates Large brain relative to body size Lemurs,
monkeys,apes
humans