Science 9

Quarter 3 – Week 1 & 2

Module 1: Volcanoes & Module 2 : Volcano Eruption

You’ve probably heard in the news about volcanic eruptions, or you

might remember on January 12, 2020, the Taal Volcano awoke from 43 years
of quiet and began to spew gases, ash, and lava into the air. In the days and
weeks that followed, the eruption dropped a layer of unusually wet, heavy
ash on the surrounding landscape, withering vegetation and turning the lush
fields and forests of Volcano Island a ghostly gray.
Volcanoes erupt when magma, red-hot liquid rock, seeps up through a
vent in the earth. More violent eruptions occur when pyroclastic material – a
mixture of magma, rocks, ash, and hot gases – is exploded upward by
pressure caused by underground gases and magma. When magma flows above the surface of the earth, it is called lava.
Usually lava changes from bright red to duller red, gray, or black as air causes it to cool and solidify.
Now, using the ideas presented above and your previous knowledge about volcanoes, let us describe a volcano using
the picture below.

Based on the picture, give five description of a volcano. Present your answer in a concept map as shown below.

Discover
Volcano is a vent, hill or mountain from which molten or hot rocks with gaseous material have been ejected. The
Philippines sits on a unique tectonic setting ideal to volcanism and earthquake activity. It is situated at the boundaries of two
tectonic plates – the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian plate – both of which subduct or dive beneath the archipelago along
the deep trenches along its east and west seaboard.

The different parts of a Volcano

Definitions
• Magma - Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
• Parasitic Cone - A small cone-shaped volcano formed by an accumulation of volcanic debris.
• Sill - A flat piece of rock formed when magma hardens in a crack in a volcano.
• Vent - An opening in Earth's surface through which volcanic materials escape.
• Flank - The side of a volcano.
• Lava - Molten rock that erupts from a volcano that solidifies as it cools.
 • Crater - Mouth of a volcano - surrounds a volcanic vent.
• Conduit - An underground passage magma travels through.
• Summit - Highest point; apex
• Throat - Entrance of a volcano. The part of the conduit that ejects lava and volcanic ash.
• Ash - Fragments of lava or rock smaller than 2 mm in size that are blasted into the air by volcanic explosions.
• Ash Cloud - A cloud of ash formed by volcanic explosions.

How are volcanoes formed?

Volcanoes are formed when magma from within the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the surface. At the surface,
it erupts to form lava flows and ash deposits. Over time as the volcano continues to erupt, it will get bigger and bigger.
Why do volcanoes erupt?
The Earth's crust is made up of huge slabs called plates, which fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. These plates
sometimes move. The friction causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions near the edges of the plates. The theory that
explains this process is called plate tectonics.
What are the different stages of volcanoes?
Scientists have categorized volcanoes into three main categories: active, dormant, and extinct. An active volcano is
one which has recently erupted and there is a possibility that it may erupt soon. A dormant volcano is one which has not
erupted in a long time but there is a possibility it can erupt in the future. An extinct volcano is one which has erupted
thousands of years ago and there’s no possibility of eruption.
Types of Volcano
The four major types of volcano are the stratovolcano (Composite), Shield volcano, Lava dome, and Cinder cone volcano.
Figure

A Composite or stratovolcano is formed by highly viscous or thick, slow moving lava. It has steep upper slopes and
relaxed lower slopes, a small crater at its summit, and is packed with a large reservoir of magma caused by the heat and
pressure from tectonic plate movement. Stratovolcanoes are most dangerous, when they explode, an area of the volcano may
collapse, forming a larger crater and depression called a caldera. Most volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire are stratovolcanoes.
Composite or stratovolcanoes may have been formed from multiple eruptions thousands of years apart, layered lave and
volcanic materials, or composites of more than one vent. During an eruption, lava is spewed out, followed by ash, and
pyroclastic materials which flow down the sides of the summit. Afterwards, thick lava flows out and traps the ash and other
materials on the steep slope. The magma from composite volcanoes has high levels of dissolved gases and silica. Examples of
stratovolcanoes are the majestic Mayon Volcano, noted for its near perfect symmetric cone; Mt. Pinatubo in Luzon; Mt.
Kilimanjaro in Africa; Mauna Loa in Hawaii; thehighest volcano on Earth; Mt. Vesuvius in Italy, noted for its destroying the
ancient city of Pompei; and Mt. Fujiyama in Japan.
A shield volcano is formed by loose and fluid lava that flows over each other. The shield volcano is usually low and
broad, resembling a warrior’s armored shield or a gigantic blob. The lava does not shoot up high in the air in a violent
explosion. Instead, lava just flows and runs down the side of its crater, increasing the size of the volcano. The magma of
shield volcano contains lower amounts of dissolved gases and silica. Examples of shield volcano are island volcanoes in
Hawaii such as the Kilauea, Mauna Kea, and Mauna Loa. Such volcanoes have a very large, Streep-walled caldera on the
summit.
A cinder cone also known as scoria cone, is formed by fluid lava that is ejected because of high pressure that
builds up in the magma chamber. Volcanic eruptions of cinder cones are short-lived and appear like a wild fountain show of
fiery lava spewed high in the air. As the lava cools on its descent, the rocks break down and form the steep conical
landscape of the cinder volcano. Examples of cinder cone volcanoes include Paricutin in Mexico; Mojave in the desert of
California USA; Cerro Negro an active cinder cone in Nicaragua; and Mount Fox in Queensland in Australia.
A lava dome volcanoes, these are relatively small, circular mounds formed as the lava is too viscous to flow, which
makes it piles over and around the vents. As the lava oozes out, its outer surface cools and hardens, then shatters, spilling
loose fragments down its side. Lava domes are found within the crater or on the sides of large composite volcanoes. Their
height depends on the size of the composite volcanoes they appear around.
Volcanic Eruptions
 A volcanic eruption is one of several forces that change the surface of the Earth. Collisions between tectonic plates
deform rocks and trigger a buildup of temperature that causes the rocks to melt, creating magma. This buildup of thick magma
coupled with large amounts of dissolved gases from within a volcano contributes to an explosive eruption of lava, ash, and
rocks. Lesser amounts dissolved gases, however, lead to effusive, nonexplosive eruption.
What is the difference between lava and magma?
Magma is liquid rock inside a volcano. Lava is liquid rock (magma) that flows
out of a volcano. Fresh lava glows red hot to white hot as it flows.

Why does lava take a long time to cool down?

Lava cools slowly because lava is a poor conductor of heat. Lava flows slow
down and thicken as they harden.

What is a pyroclastic flow?

A pyroclastic flow is a fluidized mixture of solid to semi-solid fragments and hot, expanding gases that flows down the
sides of a volcano. These awesome features are heavier-than-air emulsions that move much like a snow avalanche, except
that they are fiercely hot, contain toxic gases, and move at phenomenal, hurricane-force speeds. They are the most deadly
of all volcanic phenomena.
What Determines The Nature Of Eruption?
There are primary factors affecting the volcanoe’s eruptive style, namely: the magmas’s temperature, its chemical
composition, and the amount of dissolved gases it contains . These factors can affect the magma’s viscosity in
different ways. Viscosity is the property of the material’s resistance to flow. It is also described as the liquid’s
thickness and stickness. The more viscous and thicker the material is, the greater is its resistance to flow . For
instance, syrup is more viscous than water.
Let us discuss how each factor affects the viscosity of magma.

The viscosity of magma decreases with temperature. The higher the temperature of magma is, lower its viscosity is. As
lava flows, it cools and begins to harden, its ability to flow decreases and eventually stops.

The magma that contains less silica is relatively fluid and travels far before solidifying.The amount of gases contained
in the magma affects its viscosity.

Other factors being equal, gas (mainly water vapor) dissolved in magma tends to increase its ability to flow. Therefore,in
near-surface environments,the loss of gases makes magma more viscous,forming a done or a columnar as shown in Figure 6.

• Lava with less silica content.

• Lava with high silica content.
• Lava with low amount of gas and high silica.
• Lava with low amount of gas as it rises has high viscosity that it piles up at a vent resulting in a dome.

Lava with less silica content has low viscosity that it can travel a great distance, forming a thin sheet.
 Lava with high silica content is too viscous to travel far, and tends to break up as
it flows.

Lava with low amount of gas and high silica content is very viscous and does not
flow out at all as it rises, forming a columnar plug in the vent.

Lava with low amount of gas as it rises has high viscosity that it piles up at a vent resulting in a dome.

A. Phreatic or hydrothermal
Is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with water. It
is short-lived, characterized by ash columns but maybe an onset of a larger
eruption. Shown on the right is our Taal Volcano in Batangas.
B. Phreatomagmatic
Is a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma. As a
result, a large column of very fine ash and hig-speed and sideway emission of
pyroclastic called base surges are observed.
C. Strombolian
A periodic weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava, just like Irazu Volcano in Costa Rica.
D.Vulcanian
Characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20km high with pyroclastic flow and ashfall tephra like that of
Paricutin Volcano in Mexico.
E.Plinian
Exessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastics, just like our Piatubo Volcano in Zambales.
Activity 1: Parts of a Volcano
Procedure: Label the parts of a volcano using the words listed in the word bank. Write your answer in the box
provided.

ACTIVITY 2: Word Search Puzzle

Procedure: Find and encircle the vocabulary words in the puzzle below. Look for them in all directions including backwards
and diagonally then use the encircled words to answer the statements below.
1. A natural opening in the surface of the Earth where molten rocks, hot gases, smoke, and ash are ejected .
2. Opening of the volcano where volcanic materials are released.
3. This are pulverized rocks, minerals, and volcanic glass.
4. A volcano found in Albay which also a good example of Stratovolcano or a composite volcano.
5. The eruption of this volcano located in the Philippine was considered as the second largest volcanic eruption in the 20th
century in terms of amount of material blown out of the vent.
6. Volcanoes that exhibit activity such as rumbling, crater glow, eruptions, earthquakes within the last 10, 000 years.
7. Those volcanoes that have not erupted for the last 10, 000 years ago based on analyses of their materials.
8. Volcanoes are the main source of this conventional energy. The steam comes from reservoirs of hot water found a few
miles or more below the earth's surface. The steam rotates a turbine that activates a generator, which produces electricity.
9. It happens when a lava and gas are discharged from a volcanic vent.
10. The largest volcano in the solar system is located in this planet.

Activity 3: Volcanic Eruptions

Part I. Procedure: Arrange the letters to form the correct words, which pertains to the different types of volcanic
eruptions. Write each characteristics in the table provided below.

Guide Questions:
6. Based from your answer above, how will categorize the eruptions of Taal Volcano in Batangas?
7. Which of the following is the most violent and explosive type of eruption?
8. Which type of eruption has “surges base” due to fine ash, high-speed and sideways emission of pyroclastic materials?
9. The type of eruption with periodic weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava is known as __________.
10. The type of eruption that is characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20 km high with pyroclastic flow and
ash fall.

Activity 4: Let’s Organize!

Procedure: Fill in the missing types, eruptions and activities of volcanoes to complete the entire concept.
Part 1. TRUE/FALSE Directions: Read each statement below carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is correct, and
FALSE if not.
_____ 1. The Philippine is located along the Pacific Ring of Fire.
_____ 2. Active volcanoes are those that have a record of eruption or those that
erupted 10,000 years ago based on analysis of their materials.
_____ 3. Vent is a passageway through which magma travels to reach the Earth’s surface.
_____ 4. A good example of composite or stratovolcano is the majestic Mayon
Volcano for its near perfect symmetric cone.
_____ 5. Extinct volcanoes show no historical record of eruption in the past 10,000
years. However, these volcanoes have the potential to erupt.

Part 2. Matching Type. Match the volcanoes with their Types of Eruption. Write the correct letter in the blank provided
before the number.
Column A Column B
_____ 6. Paricutin Volcano in Mexico A. Plinian Eruption
_____ 7. Pinatubo Volcano in Zambales B. Vulcanian Eruption
_____ 8. Taal Volcano in Batangas C. Phreatomagmatic Eruption
_____ 9. Irazu Volcano in Costa Rica D. Strombolian Eruption
_____ 10. Mt. Usu in Japan E. Phreatic/Hydrothermal

Module 2 : Volcano Eruption

On January 12, 2020, the Taal Volcano in the Philippines awoke from 43 years of quiet and began to spew gases, ash,
and lava into the air. The volcano erupted on the afternoon of January 12, 2020, 43 years after its previous eruption in 1977.
According to PHIVOLCS director Dr. Renato Solidum, seismic swarms began at 11 am and were later followed by phreatic
eruption from Volcano Island Main Crater at around 1 pm Philippine Standard Time.

What causes a volcano to erupt?

When a part of the earth's upper mantle or lower crust melts, magma forms. A volcano is essentially an opening or a
vent through which this magma and the dissolved gases it contains are discharged. Although there are several factors triggering
a volcanic eruption, three predominate: the buoyancy of the magma, the pressure from the exsolved gases in the magma and
the injection of a new batch of magma into an already filled magma chamber. What follows is a brief description of these
processes.
As rock inside the earth melts, its mass remains the same while its volume increases--producing a melt that is less dense
than the surrounding rock. This lighter magma then rises toward the surface by virtue of its buoyancy. If the density of the
magma between the zone of its generation and the surface is less than that of the surrounding and overlying rocks, the magma
reaches the surface and erupts.
Magmas of so-called andesitic and rhyolitic compositions also contain dissolved volatiles such as water, sulfur dioxide
and carbon dioxide. Experiments have shownthat the amount of a dissolved gas in magma (its solubility) at atmospheric
pressure is zero, but rises with increasing pressure.
The third process that causes volcanic eruptions is an injection of new magma into a chamber that is already filled with
magma of similar or different composition. This injection forces some of the magma in the chamber to move up in the conduit
and erupt at the surface.
What happens when a volcano erupts?
Volcanoes are incredibly complex geological systems. They are capable of generating many dangerous effects in the
form of lava flows, fallout, and lahars – as well as associated hazards such as seismic shocks, tsunamis, or landslides.
About 500 million people currently live in regions of the world directly subject to volcanic risk, and it is estimated that about
250,000 persons died during the past two centuries as a direct consequence of volcanic eruptions. Almost 26,000 of these
fatalities occurred in the past two decades, above all in developing countries.
There is no way to stop a volcano erupting, but in order to keep people safe and manage volcanic risk, scientists need
to assess the hazard levels of volcanoes (i.e. previous activity) using techniques such as geological mapping, sedimentological
studies, petrologic studies, and structural studies. Part of this process is understanding exactly what happens when a volcano
erupts, looking at both the direct and indirect hazards.
After a volcano erupts, what effect does it have on the local area?
Volcanic eruptions can be catastrophic in some cases. The immediate area is usually evacuated quickly to keep people
safe.
Extremely hot lava can also cause lots of damage, burning through towns and farmland. The ash from a volcano can
also cause breathing problems, and create travel disruptions, as it lowers the visibility for pilots.
It might sound counter intuitive, but a volcanic eruption can sometimes benefit its surroundings. Volcanoes also affect
people positively. For example, the eruption of Pinatubo Volcano has created spectacular scenery in its wake. Likewise, the
eruption of Musuan Volcano in Bukidnon has produced very rich soils for farming years after its eruption in 1867. People
became creative also by making earthenware out of the ashfall from the Pinatubo Volcano eruption.
Despite the advantages that people get from volcanic eruption, the major concern now is how to reduce the negative
effects of disasters to reduce loss and save lives.
Are you prepared?
Volcanic Eruption: What to do before, during and after
With the country on Alert Level 4 for “hazardous explosion” being possible in Taal within days, if not hours, Filipinos are
starting to prepare for potential disaster. To help everyone stay safe, here’s a quick guide on what to do before, during, and
after a volcanic eruption:

BEFORE THE EXPLOSION

1. Evacuate immediately if you live or are staying within the radius of affected areas. Long before the explosion, affected
areas would have been given a warning to evacuate the premises by local government units.
2. Stay tuned to national news and your local community’s channels to be on top of the situation and stay informed with local
safety plans and evacuation areas. Whether it’s through local radio, TV news, or official social channels of news outlets, make
sure that you’re getting reliable information from trusted sources and not potentially dangerous misinformation from hoax
accounts.
3. Charge your electronics. Keep your mobile devices and power banks charged in case of power interruptions.
4. Know disaster hotlines and other emergency hotlines. Save these numbers in your mobile phone.
5. Prepare a go-bag in case of evacuation. This should include: • A mask per person (N95 or makeshift)
• Copies of personal documents • Phone and powerbank
• Flashlights and batteries or candles and matches
• 3 gallons of potable water per person • 3 days worth of non-perishable food
• Hygiene and sanitation items
• First aid kit and maintenance medication • Extra cash
DURING A VOLCANIC ERUPTION
1. Use an N95 dust mask to protect yourself from pulmo-respiratory injuries and diseases. If these are unavailable, use a
damp handkerchief or makeshift one from an old t-shirt.
2. Protect your skin and eyes with proper clothing and glasses or goggles. Ashfall is sharp and abrasive, so don’t rub if any
comes into contact with your skin or eyes.
3. Secure your pets inside your home. Fine, volcanic ash is harmful for them too.
4. If you are outside, seek cover immediately in case of rock or ash falls.
5. If you are inside, stay tuned to the news to keep informed of recent developments. Close all doors and windows. Dampen
curtains to keep fine particles from coming through.
6. If you are driving a vehicle, pull over and stop if there is a heavy ashfall.
7. Cover food and water containers to avoid contamination with ash.
8. Wash all utensils thoroughly before eating. Fine ash particles may have settled on them.
9. Stay away from rivers or streams to avoid lahar flow.

AFTER THE ERUPTION

1. Do not leave your home or indoor shelters until notified by the local government that it is safe to do so. Evacuate to safer
grounds only when notified.
2. Keep a watchful eye on your kids or loved ones who may be tempted to go out to see what’s going on outside.
3. Wear protection. Use masks, glasses/goggles, long sleeves, pants, and shoes when clearing out ash to protect your lungs,
skin and eyes.
4. Clean your gutters and roof with water after clearing out the ash to prevent corrosion.
5. Wait for further announcements from LGUs or national news related to the volcanic eruption.
Summative Test.
I. MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE: Read each statement below carefully. Write T if the statement is True and if it is False change the
underlined word to make the statement correct. Use a separate sheet of paper to write down your answers.
1. On January 12, 2020, the Mayon Volcano in the Philippines awoke from 43 years of quiet and began to spew gases, ash,
and lava into the air.
2. When a part of the earth's upper mantle or lower crust melts, magma forms.
3. As rock inside the earth melts, its mass remains the same while its volume decreases.
4. There is no way to stop a volcano erupting, but in order to keep people safe and manage volcanic risk, scientists need to
assess the hazard levels of volcanoes.
5. The eruption of Musuan Volcano in Bicol has produced very rich soils for farming years after its eruption in 1867.
6. The Philippines is located along the Ring of Fire and as a result it is a home to many volcanoes.
7. PAGASA is the government agency tasked with monitoring earthquakes and volcanoes in the country.
8. Volcanic eruption can also benefit our surroundings.
9. Volcanoes are not capable of generating many dangerous effects in the form of lava flows, fallout, and lahars.
10. Volcanoes come in different shapes and sizes and each structure has a unique history of eruption.
II. DIRECT OR INDIRECT: Study and analyze the statements below. Identify the following hazards by writing the correct
letter on the first blank then on the second blank write DH if it is characterizeD by a Direct Hazard and IH if it is
characterized by an Indirect Hazard. Put your answers in a separate sheet of paper.
A. Atmospheric Effect B. Ballistic C. Climatic Effect D. Earthquake
E. Famine and Disease F. Flood G. Lahar H. Lava Flow
I. Pyroclastic Density Currents J. Tsunami

_____, __________ 1. Slurry of pyroclasts, rock debris and water that originates on the slopes of volcanoes during eruptive
activity.
2. Destruction of food supply by the immediate loss of livestock and crops and longer term loss of agricultural productivity of
farm lands buried by eruptive materials.
3. Waves generated by the sudden displacement of water caused volcanic explosion.
4. Stream flows caused by heavy rainfall and other posteruption effects.
5. Local changes of atmospheric dynamics caused by ash particles and gases entering the atmosphere surrounding the
volcano.
6. Regional to global effects on climate caused by aerosols, which are formed by the injection of volcanic gases and ash
particles in the high atmosphere.
7. Non-fragmented mixture of molten and semi-molten rock.
8. Particles ejected directly from the vent during explosive phases.
9.Ground shaking and movements caused by seismic shocks.
10. Magma and rock fragments deposited in mass descending sides of the volcano.