INTRODUCTION

 Any material which is used in construction of residential or commercial

buildings is dubbed as building material.
 The choice of building material depends on :
o the size and nature of building,
o its design,
o intended purposes,
o availability of resources
o location.
 Usually building materials are classified as
o natural
o synthetic materials

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING MATERIALS

 Rock
o Easily, one of the most solid and durable material used in
constructions,
o Rock is a very dense material so it gives a lot of protection too.
o Dry-stone walls have been built for as long as humans have put one
stone on top of another.
o Mostly Stone buildings can be seen in most major cities, some
civilizations built entirely with stone

 Mud and Clay

o Mud and clay are the most commonly used materials in residential
buildings.
o Buildings made primarily of mud and clay can easily endure many
years.
o Using mud and clay in buildings is a very good option for warm places,
o Soil and especially clay is good thermal mass; it is very good at
keeping temperatures at a constant level.
o Homes built with earth tend to be naturally cool in the summer heat
and warm in cold weather.

 Wood
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o A natural material for building dwellings for thousands of years,
o Wood was also used to make Churches in the past.
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 o Wood is an aesthetically pleasing material that never goes out of trend
completely,
o Wood obtained from certain plants is quite durable, however low
quality wood is open to many extremities.
o These days wood is mostly used for making cabinets, furniture or
wardrobes.

 Metal / Steel
o Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as
Skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering.
o Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, and is the usual
choice for metal structural building materials
o It is strong, flexible, and if refined well and/or treated lasts a long time.
o The lower density and better corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys
and tin sometimes overcome their greater cost.

 Glass
o Glassmaking is considered an art form as well as an industrial process
or material.
o Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass to cover
small openings in a building.
o Glass is generally made from mixtures of sand and silicates, in a very
hot fire stove called a klin and are very brittle.
o Very often additives are added to the mixture when making to produce
glass with shades of colors or various characteristics.
o The use of glass in architectural buildings has become very popular in
the modern culture.

Plastic
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o The term plastics covers a range of synthetic or semi- synthetic
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organic condensations or polymerization products that can A
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be molded
or extruded into objects or films or fibers.
o Plastics vary immensely in heat tolerance, hardness, and resiliency.
Combined with this adaptability,
o Plastic is a light, flexible substance, used mostly for piping in
buildings.
o Their name is derived from the fact that in their semi-liquid state they
are malleable, or have the property of plasticity.

o Concrete
 o Concrete is made by mixing cement, sand, gravel and water, while the
structures are made using steel bars
o The most common form of concrete is Portland cement concrete,
which consists of mineral aggregate (generally gravel and sand),
Portland cement and water.
o Concrete is another material known for its durability
o It is more convenient to use as far as portability and molding is
concerned.
o For a concrete construction of any size, as concrete has a rather low
tensile strength, it is generally strengthened using steel rods or bars
(known as rebars).

CONCRETE AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS

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PORTLAND CEMENT
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o Made from mate.rials which must contain the proper proportions of lime,
silica, alumina and iron components.
o Four parts of limestone to one part clay are the basic ingredients. These are
mixed, burned then pulverized.
o Portland cement is sold either in cement bags of 40 kilos weight or in BULK
into cementtrucks.

SPECIAL CEMENTS

o White Portlahd Cement

o Masonry Cement
o Air-entraining Portland Cement
o 4· Oil Well Cement
o Waterproofed Portland Cement

TYPES OF AGGREGATES USED IN CONCRETE

 Concrete can be considered to be an artificial stone made by binding
together particles of some inert material with a paste made of cement and water.
These inert materials are the aggregate. Aggregates used are sand, gravel
crushed stone, cinder, crushed furnace slag, bumed clay, expanded vermiculite, and
perlite;

CONCRETE MIXES

o Class "AA'' 1:11/2:3 concrete under water, retaining walls

o Class A 1:2:4 footings, columns beams. R.C. slabs
o Class B 1:2 1/ 2:5 slab on fill, non bearing walls
o Class C 1:3:6 concrete plant boxes, et

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

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 CERAMICS & CLAY PRODUCTS
BRICK 3
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The basic ingredient of brick is clay-clay which has some specific properties.
o
o
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It must have plasticity when mixed with water, so that it can be molded or
shaped;
o it must have sufficient tensile strength to keep its shape after forming;
o and clay particles must fuse together when subjected to sufficiently high
temperatures.

PRINCIPAL FORMS OF CLAY

o Surface Clays
o Shales
o Fire Clays

2 CLASSES OF CLAY

o Calcareous clays contain about 15 percent calcium carbonate and burn to a

yellowish color.
o Non-calcareous clays composed of silicate of alumina, with feldspar and
iron oxide. These clays bum buff, red or salmon depending on the iron oxide
content which vary from 2 to 10 percent.

BRICK TEXTURE
TILE

Structural clay tiles are hollow units as opposed to brick which is solid.
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Tiles are made from the same material as brick, but all clay tiles areATHANNIEL
formed by
extrusion in the stiffmud process. ALFONSO
TYPES OF TILE

o Load bearing wall tile

o Partition tile-
o Back-up tile
o Furring tile
o Fireproofing tile
o Floor Tile
o Structural Clay Facing Tile

LOAD BEARING WALL TILE

PARTITION TILE FLOOR TILE

 BUILDING
FURRING TILE STONES & GYPSUM BACK
ANDUP TILE
LIME
BUILDING STONE

o N
Argillite -one formed ·from clay, commonly dark-blue with faint ATHANNIEL
shades of
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green, used·for floor tile, stair treads, coping stones, interior wall base,
interior window stools of exterior window sills.
o Granite -is of igneous origin and composed ~f quartz, feldspar, hornblende
and mica. Its generally very hard, strong durable. and capable of taking a
high polish. For use in flooring wall paneling, column and mullion facings,
stair treads or flagstone. Comes in colors of red, pink, yellow, green, blue,
white and brown.
o Limestone-is a sedimentary rock which is either oolitic, ·or calcite cemented
calcareous stone formed of shells fragments, particularly non-crystalline in
nature, it has no cleavage lines and uniform in structure and· composition.
o Travertine-a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of calcium carbonate. It
·has been formed at the earth's surface through the evaporation of water
from hot springs. It is used as an interior decorative stone because of its
pleasing texture and its tendency to show small, natural pockets on a cut
surface.
o Marble-Metamorphic rock, one that has been changed from its original
structure in this case, limestone and dolomite have been recrystallized to
form marble. Famous types are carrara parian. numidiam, onyx, Vermont,
colors are from yellow, white, shades of gray black, violet, red and green used
for wall or column facing and for flooring
o Serpentine -Igneous rock with the mineral serpentine. The mineral is olive
green to greenish black, but impurities may give the rock other colors, Used
for interiors only due o deterioration from weathering.
o Sandstone -a class of rock composed of cemented silica grains. Colors
include gray, buff, light brown, red. Texture range from very fi11e to very
coarse and ~me are quite porous with as much as 30 percent of their volume
composed of pores.
o Slate rock -formed by metamorphosis of clays and shales deposited in
layers.
 WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS
WOOD
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Wood is traditional building material,· it is easily worked, has durability and
beauty. It has great ability to absorb shocks from sudden load. In addition, wood has
freedom from rust and corrosion, is comparatively light in weight, and is adaptable
to a countless variety of purposes.

CLASSIFICATION OF TREES

1. Hardwoods-'deciduous' trees that have broad leaves which are normally

shed in the winter time.

2. Softwood-'conifers' trees that have needles rather than leaves and that
bear their seeds in cones.

CATEGORIES OF LUMBER

1. Yard Lumber -Used for ordinary light construction and finishing work arid
consists of 1 and 2 in. material manufactured into common boards,
shiplap, and shelving dimension lumber (2 x 2 in to 2 x 12 in.) Center
match, flooring, roof plank, siding, V-joint, trim and molding of all kinds.
2. Shop Lumber- usually left in 1 in. and 2 in. rough thickness often
containing knots or defects not ordinarily permissible in other categories.
It is intended for use in shops or mills making sash, doors and cabinets
where it will be cut into relatively short pieces and the defective material
discarded.
3. StructuraI Lumber - is intended for use in heavy construction for load-
bearing purposes and is cut into timbers of larger size than yard lumber. 3
in. or more thick and 4 in. or more wide. It is made from the heartwood of
the log.

WOOD GRAINS

EDGE GRAIN FLAT GRAIN ANGLE GRAIN

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 BITUMINOUS MATERIALS
BITUMEN

A generic name applied to a semisolid mixture of complex hydrocarbons,

derived from coal or petroleum, as a coal-tar pitch or asphalt.

o Tar - the resulting condensate when destructive distillation is carried out on

Sikh materials as wood coal, shale, peat or bone.
o Pitch -a solid or semi-solid residue produced from partial evaporation or
fractional distillation of tar.
o Coal - tar pitch most common material of this kind of pitch.
o Asphalt - dark brown or black solids or semi -solids which are found in the
natural state and are also produced by the refining of petroleum.

TYPES OF BITUMEN

o Tar and Pitch - made by the distillation of coal. Tar is used to saturate felt
paper and to coat kraft paper to render it waterproof. The coal-tar pitch is
used in making pitch and gravel built-up roofs.
o Asphalt-asphalt used results from the refining of naphtha crude oils. which
produce aviation grade gasoline, fuel oil, cold test lubricating oils. and
asphalt. The properties of this residual, known as straight run asphalt,
depend on the nature of the crude oil from which it was refined and the
conditions of refining. Three main groups of asphalt products produced from
straight-run asphalts.
o 1. Hot asphalts
o 2. Cutback asphalts
o 3. Emulsion asphalts

LIQUID PAVING ASPHALTS

These are liquid asphalts used for paving are cutbacks. When gasoline is used
as a solvent, a rapid curing liquid . Asphalt is the result; kerosene, medium curing
asphalt; a heavier fuel oils produce a slow-curing asphalt.

FERROUS AND NONFERROUS METALS

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FERROUS METALS

o Steel - a malleable alloy of iron and carbon produced by melting and

refining pig iron and/ or scrap steel, graded according to. the carbon
content. Other elements such as manganese and silicon may be included
to provide special properties.

1. Rolled structural shapes 6. Wire

2. Rod 7. Bolts
3. Bars 8. Rivets
4. Plates 9. Nails
5. Pipes 10. Sheets Steel
 o Cold- rolled sheets are galvanized (given a zinc coating). Pig iron is used
to make cas1 iron which is high in compressive strength but low in tensile
strength, and has little use for construction.
o Wrought iron is produced when pig iron is melted in such a way as to
remove nearly all of the ·carbon and other impurities.
o Alloy steels are made by combining others elements with the molten
steel. Nickel, chromium copper and manganese are used.
o Nickel steel is stronger than carbon steel and is used to make structural
members for buildings chromium steel is very hard and corrosion-
resistant.
o Stainless steels are made with chromium or a combination of nickel and
chromium used in buildings for exterior wall panels, frames for doors,
expansion joints, flashings, copings, fascia and gravel stops.
o Copper- bearing steel has high resistance to corrosion and is used for
making sheet steel and metal lath.
o Manganese steel -offers great resistance to abrasion and finds
important use in the cutting edges of heavy digging tools.
o Weathering steel -recently developed grade of steel. It forms its own
protection against atmospheric corrosion and thus requires no painting

o STEEL PRODUCTS

o
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o

o
ROLLED STRUCTURAL SHAPES
o SHEET PILING STEEL PIPE
o

o
 o

BOLT/S
REINFORCING STEEL

WELDED WIRE FABRIC

MOULDS WEB STEEL JOISTS

STEEL STRAPPING

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