WORKING SCIENTIFICALLY Mark Levesley * Penny Johnson * lain Brand » Sue Kearsey * Sue RobiliardHow to use this book Biology ‘9A Genetics and evolution 9Aa_Monsters and myth 9Aa_ Environmental variation 9Ab Inherited variation 9Ab Probability (WS) 9Ac DNA 9Ad_ Genes and extinction 9Ae Natural selection 9Ae Convincing arguments (L&C) 9Ae_ Recreating animals 98 Plant growth 9Ba_ Ona farm 9Ba_ Reactions in plants 9Bb Plant adaptations 9Bc Plant products 9Be Clarity and emphasis (L&C) 9Bd_ Growing crops 9Be Farming problems 9Be Bias and validity (WS) 9Be Organic farming 9C Biology revision and projects 9Ca_ Revising KS3 Biology 9Ca_ Cells, systems and movement 9Cb Other organ systems 9Ce Reproduction and health 9Cd_ Energy in ecosystems 9Ce Genetics and evolution 9C1 Project 1: Animal smuggling 10 12 14 16 18 20 2 Bi 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 BERBSEBN 9C2_ Project 2: Enzyme investigation 9C3_ Project 3:Teeth 90 Biology transition to GCSE 9Da_ Threat from disease 9Da_Command words (L&C) 9Da_ Diseases 9Db Control systems 9Dc Testing medicines 9De Median and quartiles (WS) 9Dd Ecology 9De Inand out 9De Combatting pandemics Chemistry 9E Making materials 9Ea Materials of the future 9Ea_ About ceramics 9Eb Polymers 9Eb Peer review (WS) 9Ec Composite materials 9Ed_ Problems with materials 9Ed_ Biased language (L&C) 9Ee Recycling materials 9Ee Material failures? OF Reactivity 9Fa Demolition 9Fa Types of explosion 9Fa Active and passive (L&C) 9Fb Reactivity 9Fc Energy and reactions 49 50 51 52 54 56 58 ae0ss 67 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 83 84 86 88 90Fe oFd Fe oFe Percentage loss or gain (WS) Displacement Extracting metals Alfred Nobel 9G Chemistry revision and projects 9Ga 9Ga 9Gb 9G 9Gd 9Ge 961 9G2 9G3 Revising KS3 chemistry Separating substances Chemical reactions Physical and chemical The periodic table Earth and atmosphere Project 1: Carbon capture Project 2: Electrolysis investigation Project 3: Nanoparticles 9H Chemistry transition to GCSE 9Ha 9Ha 9Ha 9Hb 9He 9Hd 9Hd 9He 9He Artand chemistry Short answers (L&C) lons Energy transfers Rates of reaction Chemical equations Standard form (WS) Equilibria Frescos Physics 91 Forces and motion 9la la la Ib 9Ic gic gid gle gle Moving things Forces and movement Energy for movement Purpose and audience (L&C) Speed Equations and graphs (WS) Turning forces More machines Supplying the energy 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 m1 12 113 14 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 129 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 94 Force fields and electromagnets 9Ja Mission to Mars 9Ja Force fields 9Ja Cohesion in writing (L&C) 9b Static electricity 9%e Current electricity 93d Resistance 93d Rounding numbers (WS) 9e Electromagnets 9Je Humans in space 9K Physics revision and projects 9Ka_ Revising KS3 physics 9Ka_ Models in science 9Kb Energy 9Ke Forces 9Kd_ Waves and fields 9Ke Machines 9K1_ Project 1: Ears and eyes 9K2_ Project 2: Going faster 9K3_ Project 3: Speed limits 9L Physics transition to GCSE 9La_ Physicists 9La Differences 9Lb Fields 9Lb Long answers (L&C) 9Le Cause and effect 9Ld Links between variables 9Ld__ Information from graphs (WS) 9Le Models Le Physics research Glossary Periodic Table Index 145 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 161 162 164 166 168 170 172 173 174 175 176 178 180 182 184 186 188 190 191 202 203HOW TO USE if you are having trouble finding information about something, use the Index, on pages 203-204, Questions are spread throughout the page so you can answer them as you go along ean ... boxes help you to reflect on what you have learned, Consider each statement carefully and think about how well this applies to you. You should be able to answer the question at the top of the page by the time you have finished the page. Se Seca a Fact boxes contain fascinating facts for seme eye you to think about. ‘The Key words for the page are in bold. You can look up the meaning of these words in the Glossary, on pages 191-201. Continuous and discontinuous: Classificationeee | These ‘dragon bones’ hang outside Krakow cathedral Cee eaet | What does ‘extinct’ mean? b| Suggest a way in which extinction happens. | What variation is there between the two species in photo C? b| How can variation be caused? Give two ways. | amodel of Megalosaurus bucklandii and a human What is a species? What genus is Buckland’s dinosaur in? DNA is a substance found in cells. Where in the cell is it found?The monster pumpkin in photo A did not get ‘that big by chance. The plant was carefully looked after and given all the resources it needed, including additional light, water, warmth and mineral salts. ‘An organism’s surroundings are its environment. In all environments there are environmental factors that can change the organism, including other organisms and non-living factors such as temperature or the amount of light. These non-living factors are called physical environmental factors. | ME Sugoest what physical environmental factors allowed the pumpkin in photo A to grow so big. | [EB 2[ Describe two physical environmental factors in your environment at the moment. b| Apart from physical factors, what other environmental factors are in your environment? The features of an organism are its characteristics. The differences between the characteristics of organisms are known as variation. Environmental variation is variation caused by an organism's environment. o In humans, examples of environmental variation include ‘scars and hairstyles. Scars are made by physical environmental factors, such as fire or sharp objects. Hairstyles follow fashion, which is an environmental factor caused by other people in your environment. Re a Oe ca Ree cm ee | Describe the environmental variation shown in photos B, Cand D. | Suggest what environmental factor has caused the variation in each case.Pumpkins, such as the one shown in photo A, can have a large spread of different sizes, from very small to enormous, and everything in between. Variation that can have any value between two points is continuous variation. Variation that can only have a value from a limited set of possible values is discontinuous variation. EE] 2! centity three types of environmental variation in photo E. | State whether each type of variation you identified is continuous or discontinuous, explaining your reasoning EE Explain whether each example of variation in photos B, C and D is continuous or discontinuous. Classification is sorting organisms into groups. The smallest group an organism is classified into is its species. Members of the same species can reproduce with one another and their offspring will also be able to reproduce. ‘Sometimes environmental variation makes classification difficult. In 2003 some ancient human bones were discovered on Flores Island in Indonesia. The bones were from adults who were just over 1 m tall - much shorter than human adults today. Some scientists think that the bones were from our own species of human but that a shortage of a mineral called iodine in the diet meant that the people did not grow very tall. Other scientists think that these people were from a different species, which is now extinct. TE 4 int rowing on a seashore has pink flowers at ged ee Ry the top of a stem, which has pairs of oval leaves he thinks the Flores Island people were from along its 10 om length. On a nearby island there Bemus are similar plants but they are over 50 cm tall and have dark purple flowers. Scientists took seeds from plants in both areas and grew them in the laboratory. They all grew to look the same. al What does this tell you about the plants from the two areas? | Use this example to explain how environmental variation can make it difficult to identify plant species,Offspring get a mixture of characteristics from their parents. We say they inherit these characteristics. The variation in these characteristics is inherited variation. Examples include human eye colour, dimpled chins and blood groups. EE ive three examples of inherited variation in dragon fruit. EE 21 20k at photo 8. From which parent has the child wearing glasses inherited her myopia? b| Give another characteristic that one child in the photo has inherited from one parent. [Ey] (Wtetis the aiference between environmental and inherited variation? Cet ne ec The instructions for inherited characteristics are stored in the genetic information found inside the nuclei of cells. In sexual reproduction, two gametes (one male and one female) fuse during fertilisation to produce a zygote. Since the zygote contains genetic information from two parents, the offspring will have some characteristics of each parent. Every gamete contains slightly different genetic information; no two gametes are identical. For example, in people with dimpled chins, some of their gametes carry the instructions for a dimpled chin and some of their gametes may not. Since all gametes are different, brothers and sisters do not look exactly the same. | Brothers (and sisters) share similar characteristics (but Oe sad cus Which of the people in photo C are brothers? Where in a gamete information stored? genet List three of your characteristics that are caused by your genetic information.