GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING ABHANPUR RAIPUR

TEACHING PRACTICE
ON
MALARIA

SUBMITTED TO; SUBMITTED BY;

MS.OSIN CHANDRAKAR MR. RUPESH KUMAR

DEMONSTRATOR (MSN) MSC NURSING 1st YEAR STUDENT

GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING

ABHANPUR. ABHANPUR.
NAME OF THE PRESENTER : - Mr.Rupesh Kumar.

COURSE & YEAR : - M.Sc. Nursing 1st year

NAME OF THE SUPERVISOR : - Ms. Osin Chandrakar Mam

SUBJECT : - Medical surgical nursing-I

TOPIC : - Malaria

NO. OF GROUP :-

DATE :-

TIME :-

VENUE :-

METHOD OF TEACHING : - Explanation, discussion, lecture etc.

MEDIA OF TEACHING/ A.V. aids : - Flash card, chart, white board and PPT.

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE LEVEL :- Student have adequate knowledge about definition, cause, clinical manifestation, diagnostic
evaluation and prevention of malaria.
GENERAL OBJECTIVE:-
At the end of the teaching student acquire moderate knowledge about definition, incubation period, diagnostic test, complication
medical management, and preventive measure of malaria.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:-at the end of the teaching student will be able to:
 define malaria
 explain the incidence rate of malaria
 discuss incubation period about malaria
 enlist the cause of malaria
 list down various clinical manifestation of malaria
 detail about diagnostic test for malaria
 enumerate the transmission of malaria in human body
 explain medical management of malaria
 detail about complication of malaria
 discuss about preventing measures of malaria
 INTRODUCTION

The term malaria originates from Medieval Italian: – mala aria - bad air – swampy air was thought to cause it (close, but no vector)

Malaria is a common and life-threatening disease in many tropical and subtropical areas. There are currently over 100 countries and
territories where there is a risk of malaria transmission, and these are visited by more than 125 million international travellers every year. Each
year many international travellers fall ill with malaria while visiting countries/territories where malaria is endemic, and well over 10 000 are
reported to become ill with malaria after returning home; however, underreporting means that the real figure may be considerably higher.
International travellers to countries/territories with ongoing local malaria transmission arriving from countries with no transmission are at high risk
of malaria infection and its consequences because they lack immunity. Migrants from countries/territories with malaria transmission living in
malaria-free countries and returning to their home countries to visit friends and relatives are similarly at risk because of waning or absent
immunity.

S. TIME SPECIFIC CONTENT TEACHING LEARNING A.V. EVALUATION

No. OBJECTIVE ACTIVITY ACTIVITY Aids
I. 2 min define malaria DEFINITION: - Lecture and Listening PPT What is malaria?
An infectious disease caused by discussion
protozoan parasites from the Plasmodium family
that can be transmitted by the bite of the
Anopheles mosquito or by a contaminated
needle or transfusion. Falciparum malaria is the
most deadly type.
II. 2 min discuss INCIDANCE:- Lecture and Listening White What are the
incubation In India, malaria is contributed the most discussion board, current incidence
period about by Orissa state (Figure 4). Although Orissa has a PPT. rates in India?
malaria population of 36.7 million (3.5%), it
contributed 25% of a total of 1.5–2 million
reported annual malaria cases, 39.5% of P.
falciparum malaria, and 30% of deaths caused
by malaria in India (Source NVBDCP, India).
III. 2 min explain the INCUBATION PERIOD:- Lecture and Listening White What are the
incidence rate The incubation period between infection discussion board, incubation periods
of malaria with malaria by a mosquito bite and initial PPT. of malaria?
symptoms may range from one week to one
year. Generally, the incubation period ranges
from nine to 14 days for P. Falciparum, 12-18
days for P. vivax, and 18-40 days for P. ovale.
IV. 3 min enlist the cause CAUSE:- Lecture and Listening White Which type of
of malaria Malaria can occur if a mosquito infected discussion board, parasite caused
with the Plasmodium parasite.  PPT. malaria?
There are four kinds of malaria parasites that can
infect humans: Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, P.
malariae, and P. falciparum. P.
falciparum causes a more severe form of the
disease and those who contract this form of
malaria have a higher risk of death. An infected
mother can also pass the disease to her baby at
birth. This is known as congenital malaria.
Malaria is transmitted by blood, so it can also be
transmitted through:

 an organ transplant
 a transfusion
 use of shared needles or syringes
V. 3 min list down SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA:- Lecture, Listening, Flash How to identify
various clinical The symptoms of malaria typically discussion learning and card, the malaria fever?
manifestation develop within 10 days to four weeks following and asking clinical white
of malaria the infection. In some cases, symptoms may not question. experiences. board.
develop for several months. Some malarial
parasites can enter the body but will be dormant
for long periods of time. Common symptoms of
malaria include:

 shaking chills that can range from moderate

to severe
 high fever
 profuse sweating
 headache
 nausea
 vomiting
 abdominal pain
 diarrhea
  anemia
 muscle pain
 convulsions
 coma
 bloody stools
VI. 3 min detail about DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION Lecture and Listening White Which type of
diagnostic test discussion board, diagnosed test in
for malaria  A Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) is an PPT. malaria?
alternate way of quickly establishing the
diagnosis of malaria infection by detecting
specific malaria antigens in a person's blood.
RDTs have recently become available in the
United States.

 Thick smears are a more

sensitive test for malaria infection. A
greater volume of blood is examined under
the microscope and the parasites are
therefore more likely to be seen. Thin smears
have fewer blood cells present and allow
identification of the type
of Plasmodium species causing
the infection.

 CBC with MP test is performed on a sample

of blood to measure the level of WBC Total
Count, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes,
Monocytes, Basophils, Eosinophils, RBC
Count, HCT, Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC,
RDW, Mean Platelet Volume, Platelet Count
and MP in the blood.It is performed to detect
Malaria.

 A rapid test for diagnosis of malaria based

on acridine orange staining of centrifuged
blood samples in a microhematocrit
 tube (QBC) was compared with thick and
thin peripheral blood smears in 2274
samples. Malaria was diagnosed in 239
(10.5%) patients by Leishman's staining
technique and QBC method.

VII. 3 min enumerate the MALARIA TRANSMISSION Lecture and Listening and White How to transmit
transmission of discussion learning board, malaria?
malaria in The sporozoites from the mosquito salivary PPT.
human body gland are injected into the human as the
mosquito must inject anticoagulant saliva to
ensure an even flowing meal.

Once in the human bloodstream, the sporozoites

arrive in the liver and penetrate hepatocytes,
where they remain for 9-16 days, multiplying
within the cells.

Next they return to the blood and penetrate red

blood cells, in which they produce either
merozoites, which reinfect the liver, or micro-
and macro gametocytes, which have no further
activity within the human host.

Another mosquito arriving to feed on the blood

may suck up these gametocytes into its gut,
where exflagellation of microgametocytes
occurs, and the macro gametocytes are fertilized.

The resulting ookinete penetrates the wall of a

cell in the midgut, where it develops into an
oocyst.
 Sporogeny within the oocyst produce many
sporozoites and, when the oocyst ruptures, the
sporozoites migrate to the salivary gland, for
injection into another host.

VIII. 3 min explain Medications Lecture and Listening and PPT. What are the
medical The most common anti malarial drugs discussion clinical treatment
management include: experiences. modalities?
of malaria
 Chloroquine (Aralen)
 Quinine sulfate (Qualaquin)
 Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil)
 Mefloquine
 Combination of atovaquone and proguanil
(Malarone)

IX. 3 min Detail about COMPLICATION:- Lecture and Listening White What are the
complication As complications of severe malaria can discussion board, complication of
of malaria occur within hours or days of the first PPT. malaria?
symptoms, it's important to seek urgent medical
help as soon as possible.

Anaemia
The destruction of red blood cells by the
malaria parasite can cause severe anaemia.

Anaemia is a condition where the red

blood cells are unable to carry enough oxygen to
the body's muscles and organs, leaving you
feeling drowsy, weak and faint.

Cerebral malaria
In rare cases, malaria can affect the
brain. This is known as cerebral malaria, which
can cause your brain to swell, sometimes leading
to permanent brain damage. It can also cause fits
(seizures) or coma.
 OTHER COMPLICATIONS:-
Other complications that can arise as a
result of severe malaria include:

 liver failure and jaundice – yellowing of the

skin and whites of the eyes
 shock – a sudden drop in blood pressure
 pulmonary oedema – a build-up of fluid in the
lungs
 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
 abnormally low blood sugar – hypoglycaemia
 kidney failure
 swelling and rupturing of the spleen
 dehydration 

MALARIA IN PREGNANCY:-

The World Health Organization (WHO)

recommends that pregnant women should avoid
travelling to areas where there's a risk of
malaria.

If you get malaria while pregnant, you

and your baby have an increased risk of
developing serious complications, such as:

 premature birth – birth before 37 weeks of

pregnancy
 low birth weight
 restricted growth of the baby in the womb
 stillbirth
 miscarriage
 death of the mother

X. 3 min discuss about PREVENTION:- Lecture and Listening PPT. How to prevent
preventing There's a significant risk of getting discussion malaria?
measures of malaria if you travel to an affected area. It's very
malaria important you take precautions to prevent the
disease.

Malaria can often be avoided using the

ABCD approach to prevention, which stands
for:

 Awareness of risk – find out whether you're

at risk of getting malaria.
 Bite prevention – avoid mosquito bites by
using insect repellent, covering your arms
and legs, and using a mosquito net.
 Check whether you need to take malaria
prevention tablets – if you do, make sure
you take the right Antimalarial tablets at the
right dose, and finish the course.
 Diagnosis – seek immediate medical advice
if you have malaria symptoms, including up
to a year after you return from travelling.

PREVENTING BITES:-

It's not possible to avoid mosquito bites

completely, but the less you're bitten, the less
likely you are to get malaria.

To avoid being bitten

 Stay somewhere that has effective air

conditioning and screening on doors and
windows. If this isn't possible, make sure
doors and windows close properly.
 If you're not sleeping in an air-conditioned
room, sleep under an intact mosquito net
that's been treated with insecticide.
  Use insect repellent on your skin and in
sleeping environments. Remember to
reapply it frequently. The most effective
repellents contain diethyltoluamide (DEET)
and are available in sprays, roll-ons, sticks
and creams.
 Wear light, loose-fitting trousers rather than
shorts, and wear shirts with long sleeves.
This is particularly important during early
evening and at night, when mosquitoes
prefer to feed.

XI. 3 min HEALTH EDUCATION:- Lecture and Listening Asking

discussion question

 Always sleep under insecticide treated nets

(ITNs)
 Control environmental factors conducive to
mosquito breeding.
 Encourage women to receive intermittent
preventive treatment during pregnancy.
 Recognize symptoms of malaria and seek
early treatment, especially if in a risk group.
 Request effective Antimalarial drugs
(mainly, Artemisinin-Combination
Therapies) and finish the complete treatment
cycle.
 Learn at an early age, the seriousness of
malaria and the danger that the disease poses
to health and individual well-being.
 Use mosquito repellents, if available, and
other locally recommended and available
methods of personal protection.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
TEACHER’S REFERRENCES

 Basavanthappa BT .text book of community health nursing. published by:-. Jaypee publication; edition: - 2nd 2013; page no: - 761.
 Basavanthappa BT.community health nursing-I. published by: - jaypee publication; edition:-3rd 2016; page: - 1311-18.
 Dash bijayalaskhmi.text book of community health nursing. published by: - jaypee publication; edition: -1st 2017; page no:-542.
 Kamalam S. essential in community health nursing practices. published by: - jaypee publication; edition:-3rd 2017; page: - 81-95.

STUDENT’S REFERRENCES

 Park k.text book of preventive and social medicine. published by: - bhanot publication; edition: -23rd 2015; page no: - 255.
 Roy nath rabindra .text book of preventive and social medicine. published by: - jaypee brother; edition:-.4th 2013; page: - 153, 303.

7. Internet:-

www.wikipedia.com