Trabajo en parejas

Realizado por: Luciana Gomez y Daniela Matiz

WS: 6.4 Defense against infectious diseases

1. [1 mark]
Which cells are subject to attack by HIV?
A. Lymphocytes
B. Erythrocytes
C. Platelets
D. Phagocytes

2. [1 mark]
What is a feature of phagocytic white blood cells?
A. Stimulate blood clotting
B. Found only in the circulatory system
C. Form part of non-specific immunity
D. Produce antibodies

4. [1 mark]
What is non-specific immunity to disease?
A. Blocking prokaryotic metabolism with antibiotics
B. Production of antibodies by lymphocytes
C. Endocytosis of pathogens by white blood cells
D. Production of cloned plasma cells
5a. [4 marks] Outline how cuts in the skin are sealed to prevent blood loss.
- Cuts in the skin are sealed with blood cuts. These are formed by two main
components that are platelets and fibrin. First a platelet is formed in order for the
external bleeding to stop. After, small molecules of clotting factors form a stand of
fibrin that stick together to seal the wound from the inside. The blood vessel heals
and the blood clot dissolves
6a. [1 mark]
The black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) is an arthropod which sucks blood from humans
and other mammals. It is encountered mainly in wooded and semi-wooded areas. Some
ticks can be infected by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. When a tick bites a human, the
bacterium is often introduced, causing Lyme disease. Lyme disease is a public health
problem in North America and, if left untreated, can cause important neurological
impairment. The diagram represents the two-year life cycle of a tick.

[Source: Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies / Leslie Tumblety]

State the domain into which ticks are classified.
- Archaea
6b. [1 mark]
Using information from the text, identify one possible simple treatment for Lyme disease.
- Antibiotics

6c. [1 mark]
Scientists fear that global warming will change the distribution range of ticks.
The graphs show the developmental stages of ticks throughout seasons in a densely
human-populated area of south-eastern Canada, surrounded by woods (circled on the
map). Values are already established for 2000 and are predicted for 2080.

[Source: reprinted from International Journal for Parasitology, 36(1), N.H. Ogden, A.
Maarouf, I.K. Barker, M. Bigras-Poulin,
L.R. Lindsay, M.G. Morshed, C.J. O’Callaghan, F. Ramay, D. Waltner-Toews, D.F. Charron,
Climate change
and the potential for range expansion of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis in
Canada,
63–70, Copyright (2006), with permission from Elsevier]
6d. [2 marks]
Using the life cycle diagram and the graph for the year 2000, analyze the distribution of
adult ticks throughout the different seasons.
- We can observe from the graph that adult ticks are less active during the winter and
we can infer this because of the cold weather. At the beginning of spring, when the
climate is warmer they start being a little more active. During the summer they are
not active at all, maybe because of the really hot weather. While in autumn, the
weather is nicer and the adult ticks have a higher percentage in activity.

6e. [3 marks]
Evaluate the effect of the change in distribution of the different life stages of ticks on the
spread of Lyme disease in south-eastern Canada.
- The larvae tend to grow their population in warmer temperatures, which means that
they are more likely to be active in summer than in the other season. On the other
hand, nymphs are also similar to larvas since they like to be more active during the
end of spring and summer as seen in the graph above. Finally adult ticks are very
different from the other two since they become more active and populated during
the autumn, indicating they prefer cooler weather.

6f. [1 mark]
White-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in eastern North America’s wooded areas often
host B. burgdorferi bacteria. To determine whether bacterial transmission from mice to tick
nymphs could be prevented, mice were vaccinated with antigens from Lyme
disease-causing B. burgdorferi. Scientists captured wild mice at two different sites in the
woods once a month, over 4 months. Each time, they measured the levels of antibodies to B.
burgdorferi present in the captured and re-captured mice, inoculated all of them, and
released them into the woods. The control group was not vaccinated with B. burgdorferi
antigen.
[Source: Copyright (2004) National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. An ecological approach to
preventing human infection:
Vaccinating wild mouse reservoirs intervenes in the Lyme disease cycle, Jean I. Tsao, J.
Timothy Wootton, Jonas Bunikis,
Maria Gabriela Luna, Durland Fish, Alan G. Barbour, Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences
Dec 2004, 101 (52) 18159–18164; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0405763102]
State the reason for performing the experiment in the months of May to August.
- Since the graph shown above shows that the ticks become active during warmer
months, which helps when doing this experiment because the mice are more likely
to be infected with the disease.

6g. [3 marks]
Suggest possible reasons for the observed pattern of presence of antibodies in vaccinated
mice.
- In the month of august, there is more presence of ticks, which results in high levels
of antibodies in the mice.

6h. [2 marks]
The summer after vaccination, the prevalence of B. burgdorferi infection in tick nymphs
collected on mice from the two sites was measured.

[Source: Copyright (2004) National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. An ecological approach to

preventing human infection:
Vaccinating wild mouse reservoirs intervenes in the Lyme disease cycle, Jean I. Tsao, J.
Timothy Wootton, Jonas Bunikis,
Maria Gabriela Luna, Durland Fish, Alan G. Barbour, Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences
Dec 2004, 101 (52) 18159–18164; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0405763102]
Analyse the data on the state of infection of tick nymphs with B. burgdorferi in control and
vaccinated mice.
- Site 1 and Site 2 have different patterns of results. From a first look, we can see that
in Site 1 the non-vaccinated mice were greater in the results of not infected and
higher in infected. While the vaccinated mice were the opposite, as less were
infected but there were also less that were not infected. In site 2 there is a significant
difference since results showed that the vaccinated mice were less infected, and
more were not infected than the control group.

6i. [3 marks]
Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could
be an effective method of controlling the spread of Lyme disease.
- If the mice are vaccinated with the antigen, it would help to decrease the risk of
death in mice and infection of Lyme disease. Taking this into account, we can say
that inoculating mice with the antigen would be effective in every aspect especially
during the warmer months of the year where the disease is spread in larger
quantities.

7. [1 mark]
The diagram shows the major events involved in the formation of a blood clot.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

 
What is Factor Y?
A. Fibrin
B. Prothrombin
C. Fibrinogen
D. Thrombin
 
8a. [1 mark]
The diagram shows the human heart.

On the diagram, label the aorta.

8b. [1 mark]
On the diagram, label the right atrium. 

8c. [2 marks]
Explain how valves control the flow of blood through the heart.
As we may know, the valves are designed to keep the blood flowing forward only. When the
chambers contract, the valve opens to allow blood to flow out, and when it has relaxed (the
chamber) the valve closes to prevent blood from leaking back into the chamber and to
allow the chamber to fill with blood again.

8d. [2 marks]
Outline the causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary arteries.
The majority of arterial thrombosis are caused when the artery is damaged by
atherosclerosis. As we may know, fatty deposits build up on the walls of the arteries and
make them harden and narrow. Some of the risks for a blood clot in an artery can be eating
a high fat diet.

8e. [2 marks]
Outline the role of lymphocytes in defense against disease.

The role of lymphocytes is that it detects that the proteins and pathogens are foreign and
not naturally occurring within the body, producing antibodies. This has a higher probability
of taking a few days, during which time you may feel ill, the antibodies created by the
lymphocytes cause pathogens to stick together and make it a lot easier for phagocytes to
engulf them.

9. [1 mark]
In Florey and Chain’s experiment, eight mice were infected with lethal doses of
Streptococcus bacteria. The four mice given penicillin survived, but the untreated mice died.
What can be concluded from these results?
A. The experiment should be repeated with more mice.
B. There is a causal relationship between the use of penicillin and antibiotic resistance in
bacteria.
C. Penicillin can be used to treat bacterial infections in humans.
D. Penicillin may have played a role in the recovery of the four mice.
10. [1 mark]
Which statement is true for the antibiotic penicillin?
A. Watson and Crick developed the usage of penicillin.
B. Penicillin blocks processes unique to eukaryotic cells.
C. Viruses lack metabolism and penicillin has no effect on them.
D. Florey and Chain sequenced the genome of Penicillium notatum.
 
 

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