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Department of Education – Division of Palawan

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Research II – Grade 8
Contextualized Self-Learning Module
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Chemistry Laboratory Techniques
First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education, Division of Palawan

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OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendents:
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Arnaldo G. Ventura

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Editor: Marilyn D. Quinton
Reviewer:
anagement Team: Aurelia B. Marquez
Rosalyn C. Gadiano
Rodgie S. Demalinao

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step
as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need
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check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
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If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks
in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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 Research II Chemistry Laboratory
Third Quarter
Week 3 Techniques

MELC: The learners should be able to:

• identify standard methods and techniques used in performing
experiments.

Objective/s : After going through this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Describe the general concept of spectrophotometry, extraction & titration; &

What I Know

Multiple Choice

Directions: Read the following questions carefully. Encircle the letter of the
correct answer.

1. What do you call the instrument use to measure the amount of light that
passes through a sample?
A. Spectrophotometer C. pH Meter
B. Ultraviolet D. Nanometer

2. What do you call the manner in which a spectrophotometer reports the

amount of light that passes through a sample?
A. Radiance C. Absorbance
B. Transmittance D. Ultraviolet

3. Which of the following is NOT a type of extraction technique?

A. solid-liquid extraction C. acid-base extraction
B. liquid-liquid extraction D. Liquid-gas extraction

4. Extraction is a ________ analytical technique.

A. Separating C. Quantitative
B. Qualitative D. Identification

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 5. What indicator is commonly used in titrations?
A. Tincture of Iodine C. Phenolphthalein
B. Litmus Paper D. Alcohol

What is It
1. SPECTROPHOTOMETER
A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the amount of light
absorbed by a sample. Spectrophotometer techniques are mostly used to
measure the concentration of solutes in solution by measuring the amount of the
light that is absorbed by the solution in a cuvette placed in the
spectrophotometer. Scientist Arnold J. Beckman and his colleagues at the
National Technologies Laboratory (NTL) invented the Beckman DU
spectrophotometer in 1940.

Principle of Spectrophotometer

The spectrophotometer technique is use to measure light intensity as a

function of wavelength. It does this by diffracting the light beam into a spectrum
of wavelengths, detecting the intensities with a charge-coupled device, and

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displaying the results as a graph on the detector and then on the display device.
In the spectrophotometer, a prism (or) grating is used to split the incident beam
into different wavelengths. By suitable mechanisms, waves of specific
wavelengths can be manipulated to fall on the test solution. The range of the
wavelengths of the incident light can be as low as 1 to 2nm. The
spectrophotometer is useful for measuring the absorption spectrum of a
compound, that is, the absorption of light by a solution at each wavelength.

Instrumentation of Spectrophotometer

The essential components of spectrophotometer instrumentation include:

1. A table and cheap radiant energy source

• Materials that can be excited to high energy states by a high voltage
electric discharge (or) by electrical heating serve as excellent radiant
energy sources.

2. A monochromator, to break the polychromatic radiation into component

wavelength (or) bands of wavelengths.
• A monochromator resolves polychromatic radiation into its individual
wavelengths and isolates these wavelengths into very narrow bands.

Prisms:
• A prism disperses polychromatic light from the source into its constituent
wavelengths by virtue of its ability to reflect different wavelengths to a
different extent. Two types of Prisms are usually employed in commercial
instruments. Namely, 600 cornu quartz prism and 300 Littrow Prism.

Grating:
• Gratings are often used in the monochromators of spectrophotometers
operating ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions.

3. Transport vessels (cuvettes), to hold the sample

• Samples to be studied in the ultraviolet (or) visible region are usually
glasses (or) solutions and are put in cells known as “CUVETTES”.
• Cuvettes meant for the visible region are made up of either ordinary
glass (or) sometimes Quartz.

4. A Photosensitive detector and an associated readout system

• Most detectors depend on the photoelectric effect. The current is then
proportional to the light intensity and therefore a measure of it.

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 • Radiation detectors generate electronic signals which are proportional
to the transmitter light.
• These signals need to be translated into a form that is easy to interpret.
• This is accomplished by using amplifiers, Ammeters, Potentiometers and
Potentiometric recorders.

Applications

Some of the major applications of spectrophotometers include the following:

• Detection of concentration of substances & detection of impurities;
• Structure elucidation of organic compounds;
• Monitoring dissolved oxygen content in freshwater and marine
ecosystems;
• Characterization of proteins & detection of functional groups;
• Respiratory gas analysis in hospitals;
• Molecular weight determination of compounds;
• The visible and UV spectrophotometer may be used to identify classes of
compounds in both the pure state and in biological preparations.

2. EXTRACTION
Extraction is a common technique used in organic chemistry to isolate a
target compound. In the extraction process, a solute is transferred from one
phase to another to separate it from unreacted starting materials or impurities.
Extraction is also used to facilitate the isolation of a solute from a reaction solvent
that is difficult to remove by evaporation, such as a solvent with a high boiling
point. Common extraction solvents are diethyl ether and methylene chloride.
Generally, there are three types of extractions.
First, in solid-liquid extraction, the solute is transferred from a solid phase to
a liquid phase. It is similar to liquid-liquid extraction, except that the solute is
dispersed in a solid matrix rather than in a carrier liquid. The solid phase,
containing the solute, is dispersed in the solvent and mixed.
Second, liquid-liquid extraction, a solute is transferred from one liquid to
another. A liquid-liquid extraction either transfers an organic compound that is
dissolved in an aqueous phase to an organic solvent, or it is used to transfer
unreacted reactants, salts, and other water-soluble impurities to the aqueous
phase while leaving the organic compound of interest in the organic phase.
Immiscible liquids are liquids that never form a homogenous solution, even when
thoroughly mixed. Instead, immiscible liquids separate into different phases, like
oil and water.

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 Third, acid-base extraction, Acid-base extraction is a type of liquid-liquid
extraction that separates organic compounds based on their acid-base
properties. If a solute is an acid or base, its charge changes as the pH is changed.
Generally, most organic compounds are neutral, and therefore more soluble in
organic solvents than they are in water. However, if the organic compound
becomes ionic, then it becomes more soluble in water. This is useful in extracting
an organic acid or base compound from an organic phase to an aqueous
phase.

Progress of the extraction of methyl red (the colored compound) from the acidic
aqueous layer (bottom) into the organic layer (top). The inversions were done slowly in
order to see the extraction stepwise. With even gentle mixing, the methyl red extracts
rapidly.

3. TITRATION
Titration is the process in which one solution is added to another solution
such that it reacts under conditions in which the added volume may be
accurately measured. It is used in quantitative analytical chemistry to determine
an unknown concentration of an identified analyte. Titrations are most
commonly associated with acid-base reactions, but they may involve other
types of reactions as well.
Titration is also known as titrimetry or volumetric analysis. The chemical of
unknown concentration is called the analyte or titrand. A standard solution of a
reagent of known concentration is called the titrant or titrator. The volume of
titrant that is reacted (usually to produce a color change) is called the titration
volume.

How a Titration Is Performed

A typical titration is set up with an Erlenmeyer flask or beaker containing a
precisely known volume of analyte (unknown concentration) and a color-
change indicator. A pipette or burette containing a known concentration of
titrant is placed above the flask or beaker of an analyte. The starting volume of
the pipette or burette is recorded. Titrant is dripped into the analyte and indicator
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solution until the reaction between titrant and analyte is complete, causing a
color change (the endpoint). The final volume of the burette is recorded, so the
total volume used can be determined.

Types of titration:
1. Acid-base titrations;
2. Complexometric titrations;
3. Redox titrations; and
4. Precipitation titrations.

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 What I Can Do

ACTIVITY. Bigyan ng Label yan! Kindly label the process of the illustration below.
Briefly discuss the reason behind your answer.

ILLUSTRATION DESCRIPTION

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 What’s More

ACTIVITY. Guess it Baby! Identify which concept of chemistry laboratory

techniques is discussed in the examples below. Write S for spectrophotometry, E
for extraction and T if it talks about titration.

________1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

________2. X-ray machines.

________3. Wastewater analysis.

________4. Determining unsaturated fatty acids & saturated fatty acids in food.

________5. Improving the structure of drugs.

________6. Production of effective cleaning materials and sanitizers.

________7. Getting essential oils from fragrant plant materials.

________8. Making tea

________9. Analysis of objects in space.

________10. Soaking of leaves or other plant parts in hot water

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Guide Questions:

Q1. Give other examples of spectrophotometry, extraction & titration in real life.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q2. What is the importance of spectrophotometry, extraction & titration process

primarily in advancing the body of knowledge through research?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Direction: Provide the needed information of the graphic organizer below.

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 Assessment

Directions: Read each statement below carefully. Write T if you think a statement
is TRUE and an F if you think the statement is FALSE.

1. The spectrophotometer technique is used to measure light intensity as

a function of wavelength.
2. Acid-base extraction is a type of liquid-liquid extraction that separates
organic compounds based on their acid-base properties.
3. In the titration process, a solute is transferred from one phase to
another to separate it from unreacted starting materials or impurities.
4. A typical extraction is set up with an Erlenmeyer flask or beaker
containing a precisely known volume of unknown concentration and a
color-change indicator.
5. Spectrophotometry is also known as titrimetry or volumetric analysis.

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Chemistry Laboratory Techniques
What I Know: 1. A 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. C
What I Can Do: Possible answer
What’s More :
1. S 2. S 3. T 4. T 5. S 6. T 7. E 8. E 9. S 10. E
What I Have Learned: Students answers may vary
Assessment
1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F
Answer Key
References

• Sagar Aryal
Article title: Spectrophotometer- Principle, Instrumentation, Applications
Website title: Microbe Notes
URL: https://microbenotes.com/spectrophotometer-principle-
instrumentation-applications/

• Article title: Extraction | Protocol

Website title: Jove.com
URL: https://www.jove.com/science-
education/11198/extraction#:~:text=Extraction%20is%20a%20common%20
technique,unreacted%20starting%20materials%20or%20impurities.

• Article title: 4.6: Step-by-Step Procedures For Extractions

Website title: Chemistry LibreTexts
URL:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Org
anic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/04%3A_Extraction/4.06%3A_Ste
p-by-Step_Procedures_For_Extractions

• Article title: August 14 - 25, 2017

Website title: The!Mad!Scientist!
URL: https://www.the-mad-scientist.net/g12-ib-sl-chemistry-
madlab/august-14-18-2017
• Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "What Is Titration?" ThoughtCo.
https://www.thoughtco.com/titration-definition-602128 (accessed March
2, 2021).
• Article title: Extraction
Website title: Pitt.edu
URL: http://www.pitt.edu/~ceder/lab2/extraction.html

• Article title: Acid-alkali titrations - Titration and calculations – GCSE

Chemistry (Single Science) Revision - WJEC - BBC Bitesize
Website title: BBC Bitesize
URL: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z49tng8/revision/1
• Article title: Lab 9 - Titrations
Website title: Webassign.net
URL:
https://webassign.net/question_assets/ncsugenchem102labv1/lab_9/ma
nual.html
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