Stability Conference Suva Forum Ferry Safety
Stability Conference Suva Forum Ferry Safety
STABILITY
A Few Notes
John Dalziel, M.Sc., P.Eng., MRINA
Pacific Forum on Domestic Ferry Safety
Suva, Fiji
October / November 2012
STABILITY
Stability –
y capability to return to the upright condition
p y p g
after heeling due to waves, wind, etc.
Capsizing and swamping are the most likely of all
marine incidents to result in fatality.
( Source ‐ Canadian Transportation Safety Board as quoted in TP14619 )
Fundamental Concept of Stability (1)
In Theory it is Simple
The ‘wedge’ of water restores equilibrium
1
01/11/2012
Fundamental Concept of Stability (2)
Diagram showing Righting Energy
(Which brings the ship back upright)
Real‐Life Complications (1)
Loading ‐ Displacement / Vertical Centre of Gravity
Loading conditions (how the vessel
is loaded) can affect stability by:
Increased displacement reduces
freeboard, limits range of stability
Raising the vessel’s centre of
gravity (too much weight up top,
and / or too little down low) –
reducing amount & range of
stability.
Real‐Life Complications (2)
Water on Deck ‐ Free Surface Effect
Downflooding – Truncate the Stability Curve
Free surface can dramatically
reduce a vessel’s stability, e.g.:
Water on deck with inadequate
freeing ports
Slack tanks
Downflooding through openings
truncates the stability curve ‐ E.g.;
insecure hatches, doorways, vent
pipes, etc.
These may be covered by Load Line
‘Conditions of Assignment’.
2
01/11/2012
Real‐Life Complications (3)
Summary of ‘calm‐water’ reduction of stability
Example of significant loss
of stability due to
Loading (Vertical
Centre of Gravity)
Minimal Freeboard
Free Surface – water
on deck
Downflooding
Real‐Life Complications (4)
Stability in Waves
(Following / Quartering Seas particularly Dangerous)
E.g.; 14 M Fishing Vessel
p
capsized in < 1 M waves ‐
quartering sea.
Worst‐ and best‐case
conditions ‐
A: 135° (worst case), B: 270°
(best case), and C: Mean sea
level (NTS)
Stability Calculation Alternatives (1)
Inclining Experiment & Stability Book
Stability for vessels ranging from relatively small vessels to the
largest ships
Requires considerable input data & the services of a naval architect –
q p
relatively expensive.
Serves two main functions
Confirms vessel meets specified stability standards.
Provides information to allow trained ship’s officers to calculate
loading conditions.
May not be useful for many smaller vessels, may intimidate
ship’s officers with its complexity – may be an expensive
‘book on the shelf’.
3
01/11/2012
Stability Calculation Alternatives (2)
Some Simplified Stability Alternatives
Rolling period tests
Very preliminary indication of stability
Passenger heel tests
Indication of initial stability
f
Generally include windage, minimum freeboard
Normally for small vessels, limited voyages, restricted
weather conditions
Examples: ISO Stability (various categories); Transport
Canada Simplified Stability; USCG; UK MCA, etc.
Stability Calculation Alternatives (3)
Rolling Period Test
For vessels up to 24 M …reasonably quick estimation of the
metacentric height, which is a measure of the ship’s stability.
Results of the rolling test method get increasingly less reliable
for vessels with limited stability.
A simple graphical method is provided in the reference.
This test should only be used by trained personnel who are
aware of its short‐comings, and only as a very preliminary
indication of stability.
Ref – Transport Canada, TP7301, Stability Standards ‐ Stab 2 Appendix B
Stability Calculation Alternatives (4)
ISO 12217‐1 Small craft – Stability and buoyancy assessment
and categorization
4
01/11/2012
Stability Calculation Alternatives (5)
Transport Canada Simplified Stability
For existing (pre‐2005) vessels up to 15 GT, 12 passengers, not more than
25 NM offshore.
Similar to ISO, but more flexible, requires higher standard of stability.
Passenger heeling moment, windage, heel angle, downflooding height.
Passenger heeling moment windage heel angle downflooding height
Different operational wave height limits – open vessel (1.2M) / closed
vessel (2M).
Example – for 9 M vessel – maximum heel angle 11 degrees; minimum
downflooding height 0.75 M (upright), 0.33 M (heeled).
Simple & flexible; easily understood; simple data sheet in standard.
Ref – Transport Canada, TP14619, Simplified Stability
T. C. Simplified Stability Application(1)
T. C. Simplified Stability Application(2)
5
01/11/2012
T. C. Simplified Stability Application(3)
STABILITY
Summary
Sufficient stability is one of a vessel’s most important
safety characteristics.
It is important the operating personnel understand
stability & its limitations.
The Load Line ‘Conditions of Assignment’ &
‘Exemptions’ may include information relevant to the
operation of the vessel.
“Compliance with any stability standard does not
guarantee freedom from risk of capsizing or sinking”
Thank you for your attention!
I thank the SPC & IMO for the
invitation to attend this Forum.
I acknowledge with thanks the
support of the following
Unions – PSAC, UCTE, UEW.