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Stability Conference Suva Forum Ferry Safety

This document discusses ship stability and provides alternatives for assessing stability. It notes that capsizing and swamping often result in fatalities. Loading conditions and raising the vessel's center of gravity can reduce stability. Free surface effect and downflooding through openings can also dramatically reduce stability. The document describes inclining experiments, rolling period tests, ISO stability categories, Transport Canada's simplified stability method, and notes that compliance with stability standards does not guarantee safety from capsizing.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
77 views6 pages

Stability Conference Suva Forum Ferry Safety

This document discusses ship stability and provides alternatives for assessing stability. It notes that capsizing and swamping often result in fatalities. Loading conditions and raising the vessel's center of gravity can reduce stability. Free surface effect and downflooding through openings can also dramatically reduce stability. The document describes inclining experiments, rolling period tests, ISO stability categories, Transport Canada's simplified stability method, and notes that compliance with stability standards does not guarantee safety from capsizing.

Uploaded by

ringbolt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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01/11/2012

STABILITY 
A Few Notes

John Dalziel, M.Sc., P.Eng., MRINA 

Pacific Forum on Domestic Ferry Safety
Suva, Fiji
October / November 2012

STABILITY

 Stability –
y capability to return to the upright condition 
p y p g
after heeling due to waves, wind, etc. 

 Capsizing and swamping are the most likely of all 
marine incidents to result in fatality.

( Source  ‐ Canadian Transportation Safety Board as quoted in TP14619 )

Fundamental Concept of Stability (1)
In Theory it is Simple
The ‘wedge’ of water restores equilibrium

1
01/11/2012

Fundamental Concept of Stability (2)
Diagram showing Righting Energy 
(Which brings the ship back upright)

Real‐Life Complications (1)
Loading ‐ Displacement / Vertical Centre of Gravity

 Loading conditions (how the vessel 
is loaded) can affect stability by:
 Increased displacement reduces 
freeboard, limits range of stability
 Raising the vessel’s centre of 
gravity (too much weight up top, 
and / or too little down low) –
reducing amount & range of 
stability.

Real‐Life Complications (2)
Water on Deck ‐ Free Surface Effect
Downflooding – Truncate the Stability Curve

 Free surface can dramatically 
reduce a vessel’s stability, e.g.:
 Water on deck with inadequate 
freeing ports
 Slack tanks

 Downflooding through openings 
truncates the stability curve ‐ E.g.; 
insecure hatches, doorways, vent 
pipes, etc.
 These may be covered by Load Line 
‘Conditions of Assignment’.

2
01/11/2012

Real‐Life Complications (3)
Summary of ‘calm‐water’ reduction of stability

 Example of significant loss 
of stability due to 
 Loading (Vertical 
Centre of Gravity)
 Minimal Freeboard
 Free Surface – water 
on deck
 Downflooding

Real‐Life Complications (4)
Stability in Waves
(Following / Quartering Seas particularly Dangerous)

 E.g.;  14 M Fishing Vessel 
p
capsized in < 1 M waves ‐
quartering sea.
 Worst‐ and best‐case 
conditions ‐
A: 135° (worst case), B: 270°
(best case), and C: Mean sea 
level (NTS)

Source ‐ Canadian TSB Report – M09L0074 –


Capsize SFV ‘Le Marsouin I’

Stability Calculation Alternatives (1)
Inclining Experiment & Stability Book

 Stability for vessels ranging from relatively small vessels to the 
largest ships
 Requires considerable input data & the services of a naval architect –
q p
relatively expensive.
 Serves two main functions
 Confirms vessel meets specified stability standards.
 Provides information to allow trained ship’s officers to calculate 
loading conditions.
 May not be useful for many smaller vessels, may intimidate 
ship’s officers with its complexity – may be an expensive 
‘book on the shelf’.

3
01/11/2012

Stability Calculation Alternatives (2)
Some Simplified Stability Alternatives 

 Rolling period tests
 Very preliminary indication of stability
 Passenger heel tests
 Indication of initial stability
f
 Generally include windage, minimum freeboard
 Normally for small vessels, limited voyages, restricted 
weather conditions
 Examples:  ISO Stability (various categories);  Transport 
Canada Simplified Stability;  USCG;  UK MCA, etc.

Stability Calculation Alternatives (3)
Rolling Period Test

 For vessels up to 24 M …reasonably quick estimation of the 
metacentric height, which is a measure of the ship’s stability.
 Results of the rolling test method get increasingly less reliable 
for vessels with limited stability.
 A simple graphical method is provided in the reference.
 This test should only be used by trained personnel who are 
aware of its short‐comings, and only as a very preliminary 
indication of stability.
 Ref – Transport Canada, TP7301, Stability Standards ‐ Stab 2 Appendix B

Stability Calculation Alternatives (4)
ISO 12217‐1 Small craft – Stability and buoyancy assessment 
and categorization

 Four Design Categories – Category C is most likely of interest – 2 M sig. 


waves;  Beaufort 6 (max);  Wind gusts to 60 km/hr.
 Used by Transport Canada for commercial craft up to 15 GT, not more 
than 12 passengers.
 Passenger heeling moment, windage, heel angle, downflooding.
 Pros – very exact, little room for different judgements, simple to use 
data‐sheet in the standard.
 Cons – because it is very exact can be difficult to apply to existing 
vessels, not readily understood by untrained personnel, little room for 
professional judgement.

4
01/11/2012

Stability Calculation Alternatives (5)
Transport Canada Simplified Stability

 For existing (pre‐2005) vessels up to 15 GT, 12 passengers, not more than 
25 NM offshore.
 Similar to ISO, but more flexible, requires higher standard of stability. 
 Passenger heeling moment, windage, heel angle, downflooding height.
Passenger heeling moment  windage  heel angle  downflooding height
 Different operational wave height limits – open vessel (1.2M) / closed  
vessel (2M).
 Example – for 9 M vessel – maximum heel angle 11 degrees;  minimum 
downflooding height 0.75 M (upright), 0.33 M (heeled).
 Simple & flexible;  easily understood; simple data sheet in standard.
 Ref – Transport Canada, TP14619, Simplified Stability 

T. C. Simplified Stability Application(1)

T. C. Simplified Stability Application(2)

5
01/11/2012

T. C. Simplified Stability Application(3)

STABILITY 
Summary

 Sufficient stability is one of a vessel’s most important  
safety characteristics.
 It is important the operating personnel understand 
stability & its limitations.
 The Load Line ‘Conditions of Assignment’ & 
‘Exemptions’ may include information relevant to the 
operation of the vessel.
 “Compliance with any stability standard does not 
guarantee freedom from risk of capsizing or sinking”

Thank you for your attention!

 I thank the SPC & IMO for the 
invitation to attend this Forum.
 I acknowledge with thanks the 
support of the following 
Unions – PSAC, UCTE, UEW.

Diagrams  ‐ source ‐ TAIC Princess Ashika Report 


(Fishsafe BC),  Cdn. TSB,  James Dalziel .

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