Basic LaTeX

Julie Mitchell

1 Basic Formatting

1.1 Beginning a document

\documentstyle{article}
\usepackage{graphicx, amssymb}

\begin{document}

\textwidth 6.5 truein template for changing margin sizes

\oddsidemargin 0 truein insert after document opener
\evensidemargin -0.50 truein
\topmargin -.5 truein
\textheight 8.5in

\title{...} template for title and author

\author{...}
\thanks{...}
\date{...}
\maketitle

\begin{abstract} template for abstract

\end{abstract}

1
1.2 Format

\section{ numbered section

\section*{ unnumbered section
\subsection{ numbered subsection
\subsection*{ unnumbered subsection
\begin{center} centers intermediate text
\end{center}
\centerline{ centers a line
\hfill fills line with horizontal space
\begin{flushleft} places text flush with left margin
\end{flushleft}
\begin{flushright} places text flush with right margin
\end{flushright}
\begin{quotation} offsets intermediate text by wider margins
\end{quotation}
\noindent new paragraph starts without indent
\\ newline
\newpage starts new page
% following text on same line is invisible

1.3 Basic Braces and Parentheses

{ open brace
} closing (end) brace
\/} end brace for italics
( open parenthesis
) end parenthesis
[ open bracket
] end bracket
\{ left literal braces
\} right literal braces
“ begin quotation mark
” end quotation mark
h \langle
i \rangle

2
1.4 Lists and Tables

\begin{enumerate} makes a numbered list;

\end{enumerate}
\begin{itemize} makes list with bullets;
\end{itemize}
\begin{description} makes an unnumbered list;
\end{description}
\item produces items for above lists
\item[ for customized items, in enumerate lists
\setcounter{enumi}{ sets counter for enumerate list
\setcounter{. . . }{. . . } fill in braces (don’t leave spaces)
\begin{tabbing} starts tabbing environment
\end{tabbing}
\> next tab stop
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|} tabular with vertical lines
\end{tabular}
\hline horizontal line
& separates columns in tabular environment

1.5 Labels, References and Bibliography

\footnote{ footnote
\index{ use for index entries
\label{ to label an equation, theorem, etc.
\ref{ to cross reference an equation, theorem, etc.
(\ref{ }) put cursor between { } by hand
\cite{ } reference a bibitem entry

The following are designed for the author-year style of bibliography that is used after

\begin{thebibliography}

and before

\end{thebibliography}

\bibitem[artref] Author [year] for articles

Title.
{\it Journal\/} {\bf 11}, 123–223.

\bibitem[bookref] Author [year] for books

{\it Title.\/} Publisher.

3
1.6 Foreign Accents

é É \’{e} \’{E}
è È \‘{e} \‘{E}
ä Ä \”{a} \”{A}
ö Ö \”{o} \”{O}
ü Ü \”{u} \”{U}

1.7 Miscellaneous

@ @ at symbol
c \copyright copyright
¶ \P paragraph
§ \S section
ß \ss german ss

1.8 Spaces

\vspace{0.2in} vertical space 0.2in

\hspace{0.2in} horizontal space 0.2in
\quad single character space
\qquad double space
\, small space

\: medium space; only in math mode

\; thick space; only in math mode
\! negative space; only in math mode
\! \! negative double space; only in math mode

4
2 Basic Mathematical Formatting

2.1 Equation Commands

$ starts and terminates in-text formulas

\[ displayed one line formula, not numbered

\]

\begin{equation} displayed one line formula, numbered

\begin{equation}\label{ add label
\end{equation}

\begin{eqnarray} displayed multiline formula, numbered;

\begin{eqnarray}\label{ add label
\end{eqnarray}

\begin{eqnarray*} displayed multiline formula, not numbered

\end{eqnarray*}

\begin {array}{ccc} produces matrices (see also §5.3)

\end{array}

& use between columns

&=& for aligning equals in equation arrays
\nonumber suppresses numbering
\mbox{ } use before − and + signs in split equations
\quad \mbox{. . . }\quad for text within a formula
\quad \mbox{and}\quad makes box “and” within a formula

\begin{eqnarray} numbered equation split over two lines,

\lefteqn{ } \nonumber \\ for equations with long lefthand sides
&& use “lequs” for the unnumbered version
\end\{eqnarray}

2.2 Basic Displayed Equations – Examples

\[

Z b
F (b) − F (a) = f (x)dx
a

beqex \begin{equation}

5
 Z b
F (b) − F (a) = f (x)dx (1)
a

\[ containing text

n
X
x2i + yi2 ≥ 0 for all real numbers xi and yi
i=1

\begin{eqnarray*}

2
= y+1
2
z +1 = u+v

\begin{eqnarray}

2
= y+1 (2)
2
z +1 = u+v (3)

\begin{eqnarray} \begin{array}{c} numbered as a group

a=b+c
(4)
d=e+f +g

\begin{eqnarray*} split (with leading minus sign on second line)

a = b + c + (c + d)
−e+f

2.3 Specialized Displayed Equations – Examples

\begin{equation} \begin{array}{l}

)
x=y
(5)
a = b2 + b + 1

6
\begin{equation} \begin{array}{c}

)
x=y
(6)
a = b2 + b + 1

\begin{equation} \fbox{

x2 + 1
=y (7)
5

evaluation of expression

 
t 
f
2 t=0

\begin{eqnarray}\lefteqn{ }

ax2 + 2bxy + cy 2 + dx + ey + f
= αu + βv + γw + δ (8)

equation array with big brackets on different lines

Z 
1
Ĥc (∆ω) : = ∆ω(−∇2 )−1 ∆ω + Φ(ωe + ∆ω) − Φ(ωe )
D 2

0
− Φ (ωe )∆ω dx dy

equation array with big braces on different lines

 
H0s (T M ) s

= ∈ H (T M )  there exists an H s -extension

s
X̃ ∈ H (T̃ M ) with X zero on M̃ \M .

7
2.4 Theorem Like Environments

\newtheorem{cor}{Corollary} to make new series of Corollaries

\newtheorem{dfn}{Definition} to make new series of Definitions
\newtheorem{lem}{Lemma} to make new series of Lemmas
\newtheorem{prop}{Proposition} to make new series of Propositions
\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem} to make new series of Theorems

\begin{cor} to begin a Corollary

\end{cor} to end a Corollary
\begin{dfn}
\end{dfn}
\begin{lem}
\end{lem}
\begin{prop}
\end{prop}
\begin{thm}
\begin{thm}[Gauss’ Theorem] to begin a Theorem with title
\end{thm}

Example \noindent{\large \bf Example\,}

Remarks \noindent{\large \bf Remarks\,}
Proof \noindent{\bf Proof\,}
Solution \noindent{\bf Solution\,}

2.5 End of Proofs, etc.

 \quad \blacklozenge
 \quad $\blacklozenge$
 \quad \blacksquare end proof
 \quad $\blacksquare$ dollar end proof
 \quad \square empty square
 \quad $\square$ dollar empty square
5 \quad \bigtriangledown empty triangle down
5 \quad $\bigtriangledown$ dollar empty triangle down
H \quad \blacktriangledown black triangle down
H \quad $\blacktriangledown$ dollar black triangle down

8
3 Alphabets and Fonts

3.1 Greek Letters

All greek letters are available as sub- and superscripts by preceding the codes below with “l” or “h”. For
example, “lxa” is “ \alpha” and “hxa” is “ˆ\alpha”. They are also available enclosed by $, for example
“dxa” produces “$\alpha $”.

α \alpha
β \beta
γ \gamma xcg Γ \Gamma
δ \delta xcd ∆ \Delta
 \epsilon
ε \varepsilon
ζ \zeta
η \eta
θ \theta xcth Θ \Theta
ϑ \vartheta
ι \iota
κ \kappa
λ \lambda xcl Λ \Lambda
µ \mu
ν \nu
π \pi xcp Π \Pi
$ \varpi
ρ \rho
% \varrho
σ \sigma xcs Σ \Sigma
ς \varsigma
τ \tau
υ \upsilon xcu Υ \Upsilon
φ \phi xcph Φ \Phi
ϕ \varphi
χ \chi
ψ \psi xcps Ψ \Psi
ω \omega xco Ω \Omega

3.2 Italics, Bold, etc.

For the universal blank bricks, use “. . . u” (universal). To complete it, after typing the entry, use “eb” and
“eit”. [Note about “bi”: If you do your papers in 12pt, modify the definition of \tenbi at the beginning.]

example {\it italic type, “eit” to finish

example {\rm roman type
example {\bf boldface type
example {\sc small caps type
example {\sf sans serif type

9
example {\sl slanted type
example {\tt typewriter type
example {\em emphasized type
ξ \mbox{\boldmath$. . . $}
A {\cal only in math mode, only cap.letters
g \mathfrac only in math mode
R {\mathbb only in math mode

3.3 Boldface Letters

{\bf
0 – 10 {\bf 0} – {\bf 10}
a–d {\bf a} – {\bf d}
e {\bf e} (because of the word “be”)
f {\bf f} (because of the command “bf”)
g–x {\bf g} – {\bf x}
y {\bf y} (because of the word “by”)
z {\bf z}
A–Z {\bf A} – {\bf Z}
e1 {\bf e} 1

3.4 Boldmath Symbols

\mbox{\boldmath$. . . $}
ω \mbox{\boldmath$\omega$}
ξ \mbox{\boldmath$\xi$}

3.5 Calligraphic Letters

{\cal only in math mode, cap. letters

A–Z {\cal A} –{\cal Z}

3.6 German (Fraktur) Letters

\mathfrak. . . only in math mode

b \mathfrak b german b,
g \mathfrak g german g,
h \mathfrak h german h,
k \mathfrak k german k,
p \mathfrak p german p,
t \mathfrak t german t,

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A \mathfrak A german A,
G \mathfrak G german G,
H \mathfrak H german H,
K \mathfrak K german K,
T \mathfrak T german T,
X \mathfrak X german X,

3.7 Open Letters

{\mathbb only in math mode

C {\mathbb C} $
I {\mathbb I}
R {\mathbb R}
R1 {\mathbb R}ˆ1
R2 {\mathbb R}ˆ2
R3 {\mathbb R}ˆ3
Rm {\mathbb R}ˆm
Rn {\mathbb R}ˆn
T {\mathbb T}
Z {\mathbb Z}

11
4 Basic Mathematical Operations and Symbols

4.1 Universal Operations

\frac{ }{} for general fractions

√
\sqrt{ universal square root
{ˆ superscript universal
{ subscript universal
lim \lim { limit universal
~a \vec{
a \overline{
ā \bar{
ǎ \check{
ȧ \dot{
ä \ddot{
â \hat{
ã \tilde{
{|} {\mid} in-line set
{|} \left\{ \left. \! \right| \right\} sized set for large displays
{\displaystyle for larger math mode formulas

4.2 Single Symbols included in $ Signs

a–z $a$ – $z$ (except: “doo” for $o$)

A–Z $A$ – $Z$
1 – 10 $1$ – $10$
a–z ${\bf a}$ – ${\bf z}$
A–Z ${\bf A}$ – ${\bf Z}$
0 – 10 ${\bf 0}$ – ${\bf 10}$

4.3 Roots

√
√2 \sqrt{2}
√ π \sqrt{\pi}
3
√ 2 \sqrt[3]{2} cube root over 2
n
2 \sqrt[n]{2} n-root over 2

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4.4 Specific Fractions

1
\frac{1}{2}
2
1
\frac{1}{3}
3
1
\frac{1}{4}
4
d
\frac{d}{dt}
dt
du
\frac{du}{dt}
dt
dx
\frac{dx}{dt}
dt
dy
\frac{dy}{dt}
dt
dz
\frac{dz}{dt}
dt
∂
\frac{\partial}{\partial x}
∂x
∂
\frac{\partial}{\partial y}
∂y

∂z
\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}
∂x

∂2
\frac{\partialˆ2}{\partial x \partial y}
∂x∂y

∂3
\frac{\partialˆ3}{\partial x \partial y \partial z}
∂x∂y∂z

4.5 Superscripts

All letters, capital letters and numbers from 0 to 10 are available as superscripts, by preceding the desired
letter or number with “h”. E.g. “ha” gives ˆa, “hca” gives “ˆA”, “h1” gives “ˆ1”. Exceptions, to avoid
conflict with words and the universal macro, are “hee” for superscript e, “huu” for superscript u.

ˆ{ high universal
a
–z ˆa – ˆz (except: “hee” for e , “huu” for u )
A
–Z ˆA – ˆZ
0
– 10 ˆ0 – ˆ{10}
2
ˆ2 to avoid typing the number
3
ˆ3 to avoid typing the number
x2 , y 2 , z 2 xˆ2, yˆ2, zˆ2

13
−1
ˆ{-1}
ij ˆ
{ij}
ijk ˆ
{ijk}
jk ˆ
{jk}
†
ˆ\dagger
⊥
ˆ\perp
0
ˆ\prime
∗
ˆ\ast
?
ˆ\star

4.6 Subscripts

All letters, capital letters and numbers from 0 to 10 are available as subscripts, preceding with “l”. E.g. “la”
gives “ a”, “lca” gives “ A”, “l1” gives “ 1”.

{ low universal
a –z a– z (except: “luu” for u )
A – Z A– Z
0 – 10 0 – {10}
ij {ij}
ijk {ijk}
jk {jk}
yn yn
zn zn
∗ \ast
? \star

14
4.7 Overcharacters

p̄ \bar{p}
ᾱ \bar{\alpha}
ṗ \dot{p}
p̈ \ddot{p}
p \overline{p}
p̂ \hat{p}
~a \vec{a}
−→
PP \stackrel{\textstyle\longrightarrow}{\rm PP}
−→
PQ \stackrel{\textstyle\longrightarrow}{\rm PQ};

4.8 Binary Operations and Relations

+ + plus
− − minus
± \pm plus-minus
∓ \mp minus-plus
÷ \div divide
◦ \circ composite
• \bullet bullet
⊕ \oplus direct sum
\ominus direct difference
× \times times
⊗ \otimes tensor product
s \,\circledS\, semi direct product
∧ \wedge wedge product

= equals
=0 equals zero
≥ \geq greater than or equal
≤ \leq less than equal
6 = \neq not equal
∼
= \cong isomorphic
≡ \equiv equivalent
 \ll much less than
 \gg much greater than
≈ \approx approximately

15
4.9 Sized Parentheses

( \left( The “left” and “right” commands

) \right) effect the size of the braces.
[ \left[ They always have to appear in pairs!
] \right] Invisible braces are made with \left. and \right.
{ \left\{
} \right\}
h \left\langle
hh \left\langle \! \left\langle
i \right\rangle
ii \right\rangle \! \right\rangle
\left.
\right.

4.10 Single Mathematical Symbols

ℵ \aleph aleph
~ \hbar Planck’s constant
0 \prime prime, use “hpr” for superscript
[ \flat flat sign, “hfl” for superscript
] \sharp sharp sign, “hsh” for superscript
♥ \heartsuit sweetheart
∝ \propto proportional to
k \|
£ \pounds Lie derivative
t \pitchfork transversal
` \ell script l
k \| norm
∇ \nabla nabla
∂ \partial partial derivative
∞ \infty infinity
℘ \wp Weierstrass p-function
< \Re real part alternate
= \Im imaginary part alternate
∠ \angle angle

16
4.11 Set Theoretic Symbols

⇒ \Rightarrow implies
⇐ \Leftarrow implied by
⇔ \Leftrightarrow equivalent to
∅ \varnothing empty set
∅ \emptyset empty set alternate
∈ \in element of
6∈ \not\in not an element of
\ \setminus set difference
⊂ \subset subset
⊆ \subseteq subset or equals
⊃ \supset superset
⊇ \supseteq superset or equals
∩
T \cap intersection
\bigcap big intersection
∪
S \cup union
\bigcup big union
| \mid vertical bar, with spacing
∃ \exists there exists
∀ \forall for all

4.12 Arrows and Dots

7→ \mapsto arrow with tail

→ \rightarrow rightarrow
−→ \longrightarrow longrightarrow
↔ \leftrightarrow leftrightarrow
← \leftarrow leftarrow
↑ \uparrow uparrow
 \upharpoonright upharpoonright
% \nearrow slanted up right
& \searrow slanted down right
· \cdot centered dot
··· \cdots centered dots
..
. \ddots diagonal dots
... \ldots lower dots
..
. \vdots vertical dots

17
4.13 Trig Functions

cos \cos
cosh \cosh hyperbolic cosine
cos2 \cosˆ2 cosine squared
cos θ \cos \theta cosine of theta
cos φ \cos \phi cosine of phi
sin \sin
sinh \sinh hyperbolic sine
sin2 \sinˆ2 sine squared
sin θ \sin \theta sine of theta
sin φ \sin \phi sine of phi
sech {\rm sech}\, hyperbolic sech
tan \tan
tanh \tanh hyperbolic tangent

4.14 Log-like Symbols

exp \exp exponential

log \log logarithm
ln \ln natural logarithm
sup \sup supremum
inf \inf infimum
max \max maximum
min \min minimum
lim \lim limit universal
lim inf \liminf limit inferior
lim sup \limsup limit superior
det \det determinant
ker \ker kernel
dim \dim dimension
arg \arg argument
gcd \gcd greatest common divisor

18
4.15 Combinations of Mathematical Symbols

−1 -1 minus one
kuk \ | {\bf u} \ |
|a| |a| absolute value;
Aia Aˆi {\;a} staggered, high and low
LA µ L A{}ˆ\mu staggered, variation 1
vA ν vˆA{} \nu staggered, variation 2
g∗ \mathfrak g ˆ{\ast} german g star;
g∗ $\mathfrak g ˆ{\ast}$
so(3) \mathfrak{so}(3)
so(3) so(3)
SO(3) SO(3)
T ∗Q Tˆ\ast Q
Tq∗ Q Tˆ{\ast} {q} Q
div {\rm div}\, divergence
Aut( {\rm Aut}( automorphism universal
Diff( {\rm Diff}( diffeomorphism universal
Im( {\rm Im}( real part universal
Im(z) {\rm Im}(z) real part of z
Re( {\rm Re}( real part universal
Re(z) {\rm Re}(z) real part of z
(0)
(0, 0)
(0, 0, 0)
(a1 , a2 , a3 )
(x, y)
(x, y, z)
x2 + y 2
dx dy
dx dy dz
dy/dt dy/dt
dx/dt dx/dt
dz/dt dz/dt
∂z/∂y \partial z/\partial y
a+b {\bf a} + {\bf b}
a×b {\bf a} \times {\bf b}
(a × b) ({\bf a} \times {\bf b})

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5 Integrals, Sums, Products and Matrices

5.1 Integrals
Z
\int integral universal; add limits with “hu” and “lu”

ZZ
\int \!\!\! \int double integral

ZZZ
\int \!\!\!\int \!\!\!\int triple integral

I
\oint contour integral

Z 1
\intˆ1 0
0

Z b
\intˆb a
a
Z
\int D
D
Z
\int {{\mathbb R}ˆ3}
R3
Z ∞
\intˆ\infty {−\infty}
−∞

Z 2π
\intˆ{2 \pi} 0
0

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5.2 Sums, Limits, etc.

X P
\sum (in-text)

n
X Pn
(displayed) i=1 (in-text)
i=1

n
Y Qn
(displayed) i=1 (in-text)
i=1

n
[ Sn
(displayed) i=1 (in-text)
i=1

n
\ Tn
(displayed) i=1 (in-text)
i=1

lim (displayed) lim(x,y)→(0,0) (in-text)

(x,y)→(0,0)

lim (displayed) lima→∞ (in-text)

a→∞

lim (displayed) limx→x0 (in-text)

x→x0

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5.3 Sample Matrices
 
x1
 x2  \left( \begin{array}{c} x1 \\ x2 \\ x3 \end{array} \right)
x3
 
x
\left[ \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right]
y
 
a b
\left( \begin{array}{cc} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} \right)
c d
 
a b
\left[ \begin{array}{cc} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} \right]
c d
 
1 0
\left[ \begin{array}{cc} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{array} \right]
0 1
 
0 1
\left[ \begin{array}{cc} 0 & 1 \\ - 1 & 0 \end{array} \right]
−1 0
 
1 0 0
 0 1 0  \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array} \right)
0 0 1
 
 a b c 
 
 d e
 f 
 \left| \begin{array}{ccc} a & b & c \\ d & e & f \\ g & h & i \end{array} \right|
 g h i 
 
a b c
 d e f  \left( \begin{array}{ccc} a & b & c \\ d & e & f \\ g & h & i \end{array} \right)
g h i

a b c
 

 d e f  \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} a & b & c \\ d & e & f \\ g & h & i \end{array} \right]
 

g h i

22
6 Boxes, Tabbing and Tabular Environment Samples

6.1 Boxes

Note: text framed box, edit its size

type header framed box, edit its size

text

type header double framed box, edit its size

text

6.2 Tabbing

tabbing example 1

items for row one

items for row two

23
6.3 Tabular

tabular example 1 (5 columns)

Definition
of derivative
↓
Partials exist and =⇒ Differentiable =⇒ Partials exist
are continuous

tabular example 2 (2 columns within a fbox-parbox)

Box 2.1.1 Summary of Important Formulas for §2.1

Velocity

∂φ ∂φa
V = Va =
∂t ∂t

vt = Vt ◦ φ−1
t vta = Vta ◦ φ−1
t

Covariant Derivative

∂v a b
Dv · w = ∇w v (∇w v)a = a b c
w + γbc w v
∂xb

tabular example 3 (3 columns without a frame)

Classical Tensor Analysis Tensor Analysis on Manifolds

{xa } Coordinates {xa }

∂z i coordinate ∂
ea = i̇i = ea
∂xa basis vectors ∂xa
 
∂xb ∂ ∂xb ∂
ēa = eb =

 

∂ x̄a  ∂ x̄a ∂ x̄a ∂xb
 
change of

a coordinates a
∂ x̄ b 
 dx̄a = ∂ x̄ dxb


ēa = e 
 
∂ x̄b ∂xb

24
tabular example 4 (2 columns with lines)

Classical Mechanics Quantum Mechanics

immersed Lagrangian manifold element of L2 (Q) or D0 (Q)
Λ → (T ∗ Q, Ω)
Λ = graph of dS ψ = exp(iS/~)
T ∗Q Hilbertspace
Lagrangian manifold (possibly unbounded)
Ω ⊂ (T ∗ Q, ΩQ ) × (T ∗ R, −ΩR ) L2 (R) to L2 (Q)
composition of canonical relations composition of operators

tabular example 5 (same as tabex4, but within a framed box)

Classical Mechanics Quantum Mechanics

immersed Lagrangian manifold element of L2 (Q) or D0 (Q)
Λ → (T ∗ Q, Ω)
Λ = graph of dS ψ = exp(iS/~)
T ∗Q Hilbertspace
Lagrangian manifold (possibly unbounded)
Ω ⊂ (T ∗ Q, ΩQ ) × (T ∗ R, −ΩR ) L2 (R) to L2 (Q)
composition of canonical relations composition of operators

tabular example 6 (3 columns with lines)

Case Conditions Connection

Unconstrained D q = Tq Q Asym (q̇) = I−1 J(q̇)
Purely Kinematic Dq ∩ Tq (Orb(q)) = {0} Akin (q̇) = 0
Horizontal symmetries Dq ∩ Tq (Orb(q))G = Tq (Orb(q))H Asym (q̇) + Akin (q̇) = I−1 JH (q̇)
General principal Dq + Tq (Orb(q)) = Tq Q Asym (q̇) + Akin (q̇) = I−1 J nhc (q̇)
bundle case

25
7 Pictures

You must include the line

\usepackage{graphicx}

at the beginning of your document in order to use these commands.

\begin{figure}
\vspace{2in}
\hspace∗{.4in}
\includegraphics{myfigure.eps}
\caption{}
\end{figure}

26