MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

MOVEMENT DESCRIPTION ARCHITECTS

World Heritage Site, and his Red and Blue Chair (1917).
• J.J.P. Oud (1890–1963)
Highly influential, the Municipal Housing Architect for Rotterdam, JJP Oud was a key participant in
the influential modernist Weissenhof Estate Exhibition (1927).
Famous Examples of Social Housing
• Eigen Haard Estate, Amsterdam (1920) designed by Michel de Klerk (1884-1923).
• Works Housing Estate, Hoek van Holland (1924) designed by JPP Oud (1890–1963).
Social Housing One response to the European post-war housing crisis in the 1920s was a series of minimal cost social housing projects • Britz Horseshoe Estate, Berlin (1925-33) designed by Bruno Taut (1880-1938).
Architecture developed in several major urban centers. On the Continent, these took the form of large-scale apartment blocks. • Pessac Housing Estate, Bordeaux (1926) designed by Le Corbusier (1887-1965).
(1918-30) • Bruchfeldstrasse Estate, Frankfurt am Main (1927) designed by Ernst May (1886-1970).
• Weissenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart (1927) designed by Mies van der Rohe.
• Siemensstadt, Berlin (1929) designed by Hans Scharoun (1893-1972) and others.
• Karl Marx Hof, Vienna (1930) designed by Karl Ehn (1884–1957).
Bauhaus Style Architects
The Bauhaus design school was a hugely influential centre of inter-war modernist architecture. Its design ethos was • Walter Gropius (1883-1969)
propagated by several key members of its teaching staff who immigrated to the United States during the 1930s. Designed Bauhaus Complex, Desau (1925); MetLife Building, NYC (1963).
Combining ideas from Russian Constructivism movement, the Dutch De Stijl group, and the American architect Frank • Laszlo Moholy-Nagy
Bauhaus Design School
Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), as well as an attitude to crafts modeled on the Arts & Crafts movement and the Deutscher Taught the Bauhaus's vorkurs; director of New Bauhaus (1937-8), Chicago.
(1919-1933) Werkbund, Bauhaus design - with its clean lines and deliberate absence of ornamentation - eventually developed into • Hannes Meyer (1889-1954)
the International Style of modern architecture, and later spread to the United States, where it was developed by Walter Swiss Marxist Professor of architecture, later director, at the Bauhaus.
Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, and other European emigrants like Richard Neutra. • Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969)
Succeeded Meyer as director of the Bauhaus in 1930.
Art Deco Buildings
- Chanin Building, NYC (1927-9) by Sloan and Robertson.
Art Deco was influenced by a combination of sources, including the geometrics of Cubism, the "movement" of Futurism,
- McGraw-Hill Building, NYC (1929-30) by Raymond Hood.
as well as elements of ancient art, such as Pre-Columbian and Egyptian art. Its architecture was also inspired by the
Art Deco Architecture - Empire State Building, NYC (1929-31) by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon.
ziggurat designs of Mesopotamian art. Art Deco, like Art Nouveau, embraced all types of art, but unlike its predecessor,
(1925-1940) - Chrysler Building, NYC (1930) by William van Alen (1883-1954).
it was purely decorative, with no theoretical or political agenda.
- Entrance Foyer, Strand Palace Hotel (1930) by Oliver Bernhard.
- El Dorado Apartment Building, NYC (1931) by Emery Roth (1871-1948).
- Entrance Plaza to Rockefeller Center, NYC (1932-9) by various.
Examples of Totalitarian Architectural Design
Architectural design under dictators like Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin and Chairman Mao was designed to awe their political
Totalitarian • City University, Rome (1935) by Marcello Piacentini.
subjects and impress foreign vistors. Buildings therefore had to be conceived and built on a gargantuan scale, and often
• Olympic Stadium, Berlin (1934-6) by Werner March.
Architecture incorporated elements of Greek architecture. Above all, Totalitarian architecture embodied the fantasies and
• New Reich Chancellery, Berlin (1938-9) by Albert Speer.
(1933-60) megalomania of the political leader.
• Moscow State University (1953) designed by Lev Vladimirovich Rudnev.
• Great Hall of the People, Beijing (1959) by Zhang Bo.
The International Style first appeared in Germany, Holland and France, during the 1920s, before being introduced
into American architecture in the 1930s, where it became the dominant fashion during the major post-war urban Famous International Style Buildings
International Style of
development phase (1955-1970). Predominantly used for "corporate office blocks" - despite the efforts of Richard - Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago (1948-51) by Mies van der Rohe.
Modern Architecture Neutra, William Lescaze, Edward Durrell Stone and others, to apply it to residential buildings - it was ideal for skyscraper - The Graduate Center, Harvard University (1950) by Walter Gropius.
(1940-70) architecture, because of its sleek "modern" look, and use of steel and glass. The International style was championed by - Seagram Building, New York (1954-58) by Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson.
American designers like Philip Johnson (1906-2005) and, in particular, by the Second Chicago School of Architecture, - Inland Steel Building, Chicago (1957) by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.
led by the dynamic emigrant ex-Bauhaus architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969).

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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE