Practical related questions for Viva(2021-22)

Subject: Chemistry Class: XII Sci

1.What is a standard solution ?

Answer. A solution whose strength is known is called a standard solution.

2.What is the equivalent mass of KMnO4 when it acts as oxidizing agent in acidic medium ?
Answer. KMnO4 loses 5 electrons per molecule, when it acts as oxidizing agent in the presence
of acids. Therefore, its equivalent mass is one-fifth of its molecular mass.

3.What volume of 10M HCl must be diluted with water to get 1L of 1M HCl ?
Answer. 0.1L.

4.What is the basicity of H2SO4?

Answer. 2( basicity is the number of replaceable H+ ions)

5. What is the principle of volumetric analysis?

Answer. In volumetric analysis, the concentration of a solution is determined by allowing a
known volume of the solution to react, quantitatively with another solution of known
concentration.

6. What is titration ?
Answer. The process of adding one solution from the burette to another in the conical flask in
order to complete the chemical reaction involved, is known as titration.

7. What is indicator ?
Answer. Indicator is a chemical substance which changes colour at the end point.

8. What is end point ?

Answer. The stage during titration at which the reaction is just complete is known as the end
point of titration.

9. Why a titration flask should not be rinsed ?

Answer. This is because during rinsing-some liquid will remain sticking to the titration flask
therefore the pipetted volume taken in the titration flask will increase

10. What are primary and secondary standard substances?

Answer. A substance is known as primary standard if it is available in high degree of purity, if it
is stable and unaffected by air, if it does not gain or lose moisture in air, if it is readily soluble
and its solution in water remains as such for long time.
On the other hand, a substance which does not possess the above characteristics is called a
secondary standard substance. Primary standards are crystalline oxalic add, anhydrous Na2CO3 ,
Mohr’s salt, etc.

11. Burette and pipette must be rinsed with the solution with which they are filled, why ?
Answer. The burette and pipette are rinsed with the solution with which they are filled in order
to remove any water sticking to their sides, which otherwise would decrease the cone, of the
solutions to be taken in them.

12. It is customary to read lower meniscus in case of colourless and transparent solutions
and upper meniscus in case of highly coloured solutions, why ?
Answer. Because it is easy to read the lower meniscus in case of colourless solutions, while the
upper meniscus in case of coloured solutions. In case of coloured solutions lower meniscus is not
visible clearly.

13. What is a molar solution ?

Answer. A molar solution is a solution, a litre of which contains one gm-mole of the substance.

14. Why the last drop of solution must not be blown out of a pipette?
Answer. Since the drops left in the jet end is extra of the volume measured by the pipette.

15. Pipette should never be held from its bulb, why ?

Answer. The body temperature may expand the glass and introduce an error in the measurement
volume.

16. What is permanganometry ?

Answer. Redox titrations involving KMnO4 as the oxidising agent are called permanganometric
titrations.

17. Which is an oxidising agent and a reducing agent in the reaction between KMnO4 and
FeSO4?
Answer. KMnO4 acts as oxidising agent and FeSO4 acts as reducing agent.

18. What is the indicator used in KMnO4 titration ?

Answer. No indicator is used because KMnO4 acts as a self-indicator.

19. Why does KMnO4 act itself as an indicator ?

Answer. In the presence of dilute sulphuric acid, KMnO4 reacts with reducing agent (oxalic acid
or . ferrous sulphate). When all the reducing agent has been oxidised, the excess of KMnO4 is not
decomposed and imparts pink colour to the solution.

20. What is the end point in KMnO4 titrations ?

Answer. From colourless to permanent light pink.
21. Why is Mohr’s salt preferred as a primary standard over ferrous sulphate in
volumetric analysis ?
Answer. This is because of the fact that Mohr’s salt is stable and is not readily oxidised by air.
Ferrous sulphate gets oxidised to ferric sulphate.

22. Why are a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid added while preparing a standard solution
of Mohr’s salt ?
Answer. Few drops of H2SO4 are added to prevent the hydrolysis of ferrous sulphate.

.23. Why a burette with rubber pinch cock should not be used in KMnO4 titrations ?
Answer. Because KMnO4 attacks rubber.

24. Why should you heat the oxalic acid solution to about 60-70°C before titrating with
KMnO4 solution ?
Answer. In cold, the reaction is very slow due to the slow formation of Mn2+ ions. Oxalic acid is
heated to speed up the liberation of Mn2+ ions which then autocatalyses the reaction and thus the
reaction proceeds rapidly. This also serves the purpose of expelling the carbondioxide evolved
during the reaction which otherwise does not allow the reaction to go to completion.

Salt Analysis:
1. What is qualitative analysis ?
Ans. The type of analysis that deals with the methods which are used to determine the
constituents of a compound.
2. What is a radical ?
Ans. A radical may be defined as an atom or group of atoms which carries charge and
behaves as a single unit in chemical reactions.
3. What are acidic and basic radicals ?
Ans. Radicals carrying positive charge are called basic radicals and those carrying
negative charge are called acidic radicals.
4. What type of bond is present in an inorganic salt ?
Ans. Electrovalent bond.
5.  Give examples of some coloured basic radicals.
Ans.Cu2+,Fe2+,  Fe3+, Cr3+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Mn2+.
6.  Name any iron salt which is light green.
Ans. Ferrous sulphate.
7. Name the basic radicals which are absent, if the given salt is white.
Ans. Cu2+,Fe2+,  Fe3+, Cr3+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Mn2+
8. Name the radical which produces CO2 on heating.
Ans. Carbonate.
9. What is Nessler’s Reagent ?
Ans. It is a solution of mercuric iodide in potassium iodide. Its formula is K2[HgI4].
10. Name the acid radicals detected with dil. H2SO4.
Ans. CO32-, S2-, SO32-, NO2–
11. Why dil. H2SO4 is preferred while testing acid radicals over dil. HCl ?
Ans. When the salt is treated with HCl, during reaction HCl gas is also given out along
with the gas evolved by the salt. So the actual gas cannot be identified whereas with
H2SO4, no such problem arises.
12. Name the acid radicals detected by cone. H2SO4.
Ans. Cl–, Br–, I–, NO3–, CH3COO–.
13.  CO2 and SO2 both turn lime water milky. How will you distinguish between them ?
Ans. By passing through acidified K2Cr2O7 solution. SO2 turns K2Cr2O7 green while
CO2 has no effect.
14. How will you test the presence of carbonate ?
Ans. Treat a small quantity of the mixture with dil. H2SO4. CO2 gas is evolved. When the
gas is passed through lime water, it is turned milky.

15. What is lime water ?

Ans. A solution of Ca(OH)2 in water is called lime water.
16. What will happen if excess of CO2 is passed through lime water ?
Ans. The white ppt. of CaCO3 changes into soluble calcium bicarbonate and the
milkiness, therefore, disappears.

17. Is there any gas other than CO2 which turns lime water milky ?
Ans. Yes, it is SO2 gas.
18. How will you test whether the given solution in a bottle is lime water ?
Ans. Take 2 ml of the solution in a test tube and blow into it by means of a glass tubing.
Milkiness indicates that the solution is lime water.
19. How is ring test performed for nitrates ?
Ans. To the salt solution, freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution is added and then
sulphuric acid (conc.) is added along the walls of the tube. A dark brown ring is formed
at the junction of the two solutions.
20. Why a dark brown ring is formed at the junction of two layers in ring test for
nitrates ?
Ans. H2S04 being heavier forms the lower layer and reacts only with a small amount of
nitrate and FeS04 at its surface, therefore, a brown ring appears only at the junction of the
two layers.
21. What is the formula of Sodium nitroprusside ?
Ans. Na2[Fe(CN)5 NO].
22. What is Nessler’s Reagent ?
Ans. Nessler’s reagent is K2[HgI4], Potassium tetraiodomercurate (II). It is used for
detecting ammonia and ammonium ions.
23. Name a cation which is not obtained from a metal.
Ans. Ammonium ion (NH4+).
24.  Name group reagents for different groups.
Ans. Group I—Dil. HCl.
Group II—H2S in the presence of dil. HCl.
Group III—NH4OH in presence of NH4Cl.
Group IV—H2S in presence of NH4OH.
Group V—(NH4)2 CO3 in presence of NH4Cl and NH4OH.
Group VI—No specific group reagent.
25. Why is it essential to add dil. HCl before proceeding to the test for the basic radicals
of group II ?
Ans. In the precipitation of group II cations as their sulphides. H2S is used in the presence
of dil. HCl. H2S is itself a weak acid and dissociates as follows :

Hydrochloric acid being a strong acid is largely ionised to H+. Thus, hydrogen ion
concentration is increased and consequently the concentration of sulphide ions produced
by the ionisation of H2S is sufficiently decreased due to common ion effect. As a result of
which the sulphide ion concentra¬tion is sufficient only to exceed the solubility product
of the sulphides of group II cations.
Since the solubility products (Ksp) for the sulphides of groups III and IV cations are very
high, those cations are not precipitated out under the above conditions.
26. Why is it essential to boil off H2S gas before precipitation of radicals of group III ?
Ans. Before precipitation of group III cations, the solution is boiled with cone, nitric acid.
If H2S is not boiled off then it would react with HNO3 and would be oxidized to colloidal
sulphur, which would interfere with further analysis.
27. Why is the O.S. boiled with cone. HNO3 in III group ?
Ans. In the presence of NH4Cl, Fe(OH)2 is not completely precipitated because of its
high solubility product. For this reason Fe++ salts are oxidised to Fe+++ salts by boiling
with cone. HNO3 before adding NH4Cl and NH4OH ; otherwise Fe++ would not be
completely precipitated in III group.

28. Why is NH4Cl added along with NH4OH in III group ?

Ans. It is done in order to decrease the concentration of OH– ions by suppressing the
 ionisation of NH4OH by common ion effect. If NH4OH alone is used in that case, the
concentration of OH– is enough to ppt. the hydroxide of IV, V and VI groups.
29.  H2S gas is passed in presence of NH4OH in group IV. Explain why ?
Ans. When H2S gas is passed in alkaline medium or NH4OH, the H+ ions from the
dissociation of H2S gas combine with hydroxyl ions (OH–) from the dissociation
of NH4OH to form nearly unionised H2O.

The removal of H+ ions from the solution causes more of H2S to dissociate, thereby
increasing the concentration of S2- ions to such an extent that the ionic product of IV
group metal sulphides exceeds their solubility product. Hence they are precipitated.
30. Presence of NH4Cl is quite essential before the addition of (NH4)2 COs in group V.
Explain why ?
Ans. Ammonium chloride suppresses the ionisation of NH4OH and (NH4)2 CO3 due to
common ion effect which results in the decrease in the concentration of OH– and
CO32- ions. So the ionic product does not exceed the solubility product of Mg(OH)2 or
MgCO3 and thereby they are not precipitated in V group.
31. Why are the group V radicals tested in the order Ba2+, Sr2+and Ca2+ ?
Ans. Tests of Sr2+ and Ca2+ are given by Ba2+ also. Similarly tests of Ca2+ are given by
Sr2+ also. Therefore before confirming Sr2+ we have to show absence of Ba2+ and before
confirming Ca2+ we have to show absence of Ba2+ and Sr2
32. Na2CO3 cannot be used in place of (NH4)2 CO3 in the group V. Explain why ?
Ans. Na2CO3 is highly ionised electrolyte, which produces very high cone, of CO32- ions.
As a result ionic product of MgCO3 may increase its Ksp and it may get precipitated
along with the radicals of V group.
33. Can we use ammonium sulphate in place of ammonium chloride in group III
precipitation ?
Ans. No, ammonium sulphate cannot be used because it would cause precipitation of
group V radicals as their sulphates in group III

Organic Chemistry:

1. How can you test alcoholic group in organic compound?

Ans.Take some organic compound & add cerric ammonium nitrate solution & shake. If a
change in colour from yellow to red occurs then it indicates the presence of alcoholic group.
2. What is the formula of cerric ammonium nitrate?

Ans.      [(NH4)Ce(NO3)6]

3. How can you test phenolic gr. in organic compound?

Ans.      (i) Aq. solution of phenol turns  blue litmus solution or paper red.

(ii) Take aq. or Alc. solution of phenol & add few drops of neutral FeCl3, then violet blue
or green or red colour indicates the presence of phenolic gr.

4. How can you test carboxyl gr. or carboxylic acid?

Ans.      a) Aq. solution of compound turns blue litmus red.

b) Take aq. soln of compd & add solid NaHCO3, then effervescence due to evolution of
CO2 gas indicates the presence of carboxyl gr.

c) Take organic compd & add ethyl alcohol and small amount of Conc. H2SO4, Heat the
contents & cool then fruit like smell (ester formation) confirms the presence of carboxyl
gr.)

5. What is the test of Aldehyde group?

Ans. i) Take organic compound & add Tollen’s reagent & heat, then silver mirror on the
walls of test tube or black ppt. indicates the presence of aldehyde gr.

ii) Take organic compd & add fehling soln A & Fehling Soln B, Then boil the contents, a
red ppt of cuprous oxide indicates the presence of aldehyde gr.

6. What is the test of carbonyl gr. (>c=0)?

Ans. Aq. Soln of compd or Alc. Soln of compd & add small amount of 2,4-dinitrophenyl
hydrazene solution (Brady’s reagent), shake & warm gently & cool, then yellow orange
ppt indicates the presence of carbonyl gr. [Carbonyl gr. is present in both aldehyde &
ketone)

7. What is Tollen’s reagent?

Ans.      Tollen’s reagent is ammonical solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3+NH4OH)

8. What is Fehling’s solution?

Ans. Fehling’s solution is a mixture of fehling’s A & B solutions in equal volume.

Fehling A soln is aq. copper sulphate solution while fehling B soln is a mixure of NaOH &
sodium potassium tartarate (Rochelle Salt)

9.  What is the test of ketonic group?

Ans. Organic compd & add freshly prepared sodium nitro prusside soln & excess of
NaOH solution, then a wine red colour indicates the presence of Ketonic gr.

10.  How can you test carbohydrate?

Ans Take aq. Soln of compd, add molisch reagent & shake the mixture, Add 1-2ml of
conc. H2SO4 with the side of test tube then a red-violet ring is formed at the junction of
the two liquids

11.  What is Molisch reamolischgent?

Ans 10% alcoholic solution of a-naphthol