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Geology Prelim

The geotechnical properties of soils, including specific gravity, density index, consistency limits, particle size analysis, compaction, consolidation, permeability, and shear strength, influence the stability of civil engineering structures. These properties depend on factors like the soil composition, mineralogy, grain size, and moisture content. The document discusses how each geotechnical property affects civil structures and provides definitions and explanations of these key properties.

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88 views23 pages

Geology Prelim

The geotechnical properties of soils, including specific gravity, density index, consistency limits, particle size analysis, compaction, consolidation, permeability, and shear strength, influence the stability of civil engineering structures. These properties depend on factors like the soil composition, mineralogy, grain size, and moisture content. The document discusses how each geotechnical property affects civil structures and provides definitions and explanations of these key properties.

Uploaded by

Wild Rift
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ROLE OF GEOTECHNICAL

PROPERTIES OF SOIL IN CIVIL


ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
Introduction
The occurrence and distribution of soils in nature varies from
location to location. The type of soil depends on the rock type,
its mineral constituents and the climatic regime of the area.
Soils are used as construction materials or the civil engineering
structure are founded.
Geotechnical properties of soils influence the stability of civil
engineer structures. Most of the geotechnical properties of soil
influence to each other.
Geotechnical Properties of Soil
1. Specific Gravity
2. Density Index
3. Consistency Limits
4. Particle Size Analysis
5. Compaction
6. Consolidation
7. Permeability
8. Shear Strength
Specific Gravity
• Is the ratio of the mass of soil solids to the mass of an equal volume
of water.
• Minerology or chemical composition.
• Reflects the history of weathering.
Density Index
• Degree of compaction of fine grained soils.
• Compaction density or proctor density.
• Density index is expressed in percent and is defined as the ratio of the
difference between the void ratio of a cohesionless soil in the loosest
state and any given void ratio to the difference between its weight.
• It is a measure of the degree of compactness and the stability of
stratum.
Consistency Limit
• Water contents that corresponds to these changes of state are called the
Atterberg limits.
• Range of the plastic state is given by the difference between liquid limit
and plastic limit and is defined as the plasticity index.
• Decrease of attraction force, liquid limit of the soil decreases and
accordingly plasticity index decreases.
• Clay content increases intermolecular attraction force increases and liquid
limit increases.
• Shrinkage limit is the maximum water content express as a percentage of
oven-dried weight at which any further reduction in water content will not
cause a decrease in volume of the soil mass.
• The finer the particles of the soil, the greater are the amount of shrinkage.
Particle Size Analysis
• Percentage of different sizes of soil particles coarser than 75µ are
determined by sieve analysis whereas less than 75µ are determined
by hydrometer analysis.
• Apparao and Rao explained the grain size analysis is widely used in
classification of soils.
Compaction
• Soil compaction is one of the ground improvement techniques. It is a
process in which by expending compactive energy on soil, the soil
grains are more closely rearranged. Compaction increases the shear
strength of soil and reduces its compressibility and permeability.
Consolidation
• When a soil layer is subjected to compressive stress due to
construction activities, it undergoes compression. The compression is
caused by rearrangement of particles, seepage of water, crushing of
particles, and elastic distortions.
• Settlement of structure is analyzed for three reasons: appearance of
structure, utility of the structure, and damage to the structure.
• The consolidation rate depends on the compressibility of the soil (rate
of decrease in volume with stress) and soil permeability, which in
turn, is dependent on the viscosity of the liquid.
Permeability
• The amount, distribution, and movement of water in soil have an
important role on the properties and behavior of soil. The engineer
should know the principles of fluid flow, as groundwater conditions
are frequently encountered on construction projects.
• Water pressure is always measured relative to atmospheric pressure,
and water table is the level at which the pressure is atmospheric.
Shear Strength
• The shear resistance of soil is the result of friction and the
interlocking of particles and possibly cementation or bonding at the
particle contacts. The shear strength parameters of soil are defined as
cohesion and the friction angle.
• The shear strength of soil depends on the effective stress, drainage
condition, density of the particles, rate of strain, and direction of the
strain. Thus, the shearing strength is affected by the consistency of
the materials, mineralogy, grain sized distribution, shape of the
particles, initial void ratio, and feature such as layers, joints, fissures,
and cementation.

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