CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1. Crime
A crime is an unlawful act committed against the community that is punishable by the state
or a country. As it is in the interest of the society such behavior is prohibited and punished by
the law. Crime has many factors that are grouped with the challenge of insecurity in both
developed and underdeveloped countries. Some of the factors are poverty, loss of assets and
lives, unemployment, low income, fear of victimization, emotional depressions etc.

As crime rates is the main challenge for countries growth it affects both economically and
socially. It can be against lives (e.g., murder), property (e.g., money, theft, blackmailing),
public security (e.g., terrorist activities) etc. Offensive behaviour is also considered as a
criminal behaviour (e.g., damage that is caused to the environment). To control all these
crime rates most of the countries applies crime prevention laws and measures.

Manual crime recording system will not provide the accurate and reliable data for decision
making. Therefore, the demands of the current crime situation have failed. Geographical
Information System (GIS) has provided a great deal in mapping and crime analysis process
which helps to handle the spatial data analysis of crime problems.

1.2. Crime in GIS

A GIS is a set of computer based tools for analyzing and mapping spatial data. GIS uses
geography and computer software generated maps as an interface for integrating and
reaching large amount of location based data.

Crime mapping process is an important part of crime management, monitoring, and control
in police department. This process can assist police to protect citizen’s more effectively.
Simple maps that outline the positions where crimes are concentrated had happened can be
manipulated to support direct patrols to exist in areas they are needed. Therefore, an
identification of where and why crime has happened can develop efforts to support crime
mapping. Crime mapping process offers crime analysts graphic descriptions of crime-related
concerns to identify crime hot spots (high-crime density areas), along with the other trends
and patterns. Hotspot analysis supports police recognize high-crime places, varieties of crime
being committed, and the best action to counter.

The growth of internet technology, especially web-based GIS techniques, is presenting new
possibilities for use of crime mapping to raise crime prevention actions. Web-based GIS
becomes technology distributed for conventional GIS applications because interactive maps
and cartography are available now for any standard. Web browser with any plug-in and
spatial installation. A web based GIS application makes the users access to GIS and its
essential functionalities like receiving directions, navigation, finding locations, panning and
zooming maps via web browsers ad service providers. Current applications of web-based
crime mapping concentrate on raising society policing other than analytical purposes such as
pattern analysis and estimate.

A few countries are using this web-based GIS applications and services to map crime data for
people security purpose. The users of this applications are appreciating these applications.
These applications are playing an important role in the security of the community. Hence, a
web-based GIS application and services can be developed to show locations of crimes. The
application that will be developed can be manipulated by the general public and law
enforcement agencies if necessary. Recently, a number of different crime mapping and
analyzing techniques are implemented in different regions in the world for the better security
purposes.

1.3 Crime Analysis

A crime investigation is the use of facts to analyze the nature and cause for a crime. It
involves systematically studying the crime scenes and the evidences gathered together. There
are many social, temporal, spatial and demographic factors which give assistants to police in
the evaluation or understanding of crime scenes.

Crime analysis is defined as a analytical and technical process which provides relevant
information relative to crime patterns and trends correlations to assists personnel in planning
the allocating of police staffs in respected jurisdiction.
Police use this understanding methods every day for the decisions about how to allocate
scarce resources are based partially on where the demands for this very high police are
required and where they are require low staffs.

Police departments has advice to be particularly attentive to some behavior in some of the
areas, but are given no guidance about other areas where this type of behavior is neglected.
Community policing is particularly attentive to high-crime rate neighborhoods, where
residents have great difficulty in exerting social controls. Problem-oriented policing pushes
police officials to identify concentrations of crimes and criminal activity in their respective
police limits, determines what are the causes for these concentrations, and then implement
responses to reduce these concentrations and this process of identifying of crimes is known
as crime analysis is dedicated to locating concentrations of crime—hot spots—and much of
crime mapping is devoted to their detection.

The term hot spot has a numerous meanings. This project examines four types of crime
mainly in greater detail such has place (point); street (line); area (polygon which can operate
on point, line, or polygon level. These project describe the levels of hot spots and how these
levels can be depicted on maps. This chapter examines why crime mapping, crime analysis
and police actions need to be consistent.

1.4 CLUSTERS

In GIS clustering is the method of grouping a set of spatial objects into groups
called as Clusters .Objects within a cluster which shows a high degree of
similarity, whereas the clusters are as much dissimilar as possible. The goal of
clustering is to do generalize and to reveal a relation between spatial and non-
spatial attributes of data set. In clustering process we use K-means clustering
method for the clustering of the point crime data.

1.5 HOTSPOT
The analysis of groups or features which has similar high (hot) or low (cold) values are found
in a cluster. A hot spot is an area that has more than average number of crimes, or an
area where people have a higher-than-average risk of victimization. Areas of concentrated
crime are often referred to as hot spots. Researchers, Scholars, Ecologist and police use the
term in many different ways. Some refer to hot spot addresses and others refer to hot spot
blocks.
Like researchers, crime analysts look for concentrations of individual events that might
indicate a series of related crimes in the same location or spot.

1.6 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY.

The main objective of the crime is to understand how the crime pattern and hotspots are
created.

 To create a Crime data set point map.

 To locate the hotspot and cold spots by using Euclidean Distance method for
spatial distribution of crime.
 To develop the Interpolation map by using Inverse Density Weightage (IDW)
method
 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Fahui Wang in his book of Geographic Information Systems and Crime Analysis published
in the year 2005, gave an idea about the classification of crimes, how to identify the nature of
the crimes by using GIS in applied science and technology and also how the police can
deploy their staffs to learn about the homicide (murder), Burglary, and crime analysis
warning system. To know about the pattern of crime and decide whether the crime is
patterned crime or un patterned crime. How to incorporate the GIS data for most types of the
crime.

Ananth Joshi et.al (2017) research paper Crime Analysis using k-means Clustering helps
us to know about the artificial intelligence data mining tools that help us to substitute the
missing values of the crime data that will help the police department to know the various
widely affected area by drug offences, homicides, burglar alarm and notice the suspicious
activities of noise complaints by qualitative and quantitative approach by using k-means
clustering methods.

Jyothi Agarwl et.al (2013) researches on Crime Analysis using K-means Clustering by using
rapid data miner tools. In this paper she had proposed the crime incidents that can be grouped
and forms a definite cluster by using a data mining tool called rapid data miner. For
extracting a crime patterns by analyzing the crime and criminal data set. To predict the crime
based on the spatial distribution of crime rates using data mining techniques.

Enas Ali Mohammed (2018) in his research paper on Mapping the spatial Distribution of
Crimes in Iraq, concentrates mainly on developing web-based GIS mapping of crime in the
city. This research provides and forecast the crime data for the police and public to avoid
some high crime rate areas. In this research the researcher has used MSQL, MS Visual
Studio, Java Script , and Google maps for their research study.

Pranav Kedia (2016) researched on Crime Mapping and Analysis by Using GIS. In this paper
he looks at the possibility of utilizing of Geographical Information System for crime
mapping and its analysis for effective law enforcement and crime management. This option
was explored by showing the procedural method of creating database with all spatial and
non-spatial data. Creating hotspot map based on temporal and spatial analysis such as query
and Kernel Density Estimation(KDE) method using QGIS software and GPS. The analysis
shows area of crime hotspots, areas deficient in securities outfit and areas requiring constant
police patrol. The study proves that GIS gives us a better synoptic detailed perspective to
crime mapping, study, analysis, decision making, and better presentation to a common people
and thus prevents crime. It suggests that migrating from traditional method of crime
management to GIS demands building the required infrastructure and recruiting trained
personnel and facilities.
 CHAPTER-3
CHAPTER

METHDOLOGY
In this section we mainly discus
discuss about the study area, data,
ata, and the methodology followed:

3.1 Study Area

In this project i have taken the San

San-Francisco as a study area. I am considering the available
data from the
he open source of San-Francisco police department official website. The San
Francisco police department is wide open for the open GIS technologies which helps them to
adopt a better and advanced systems for the development of the police department.

San Francisco is the city lies in the northern part of California. It is the 16th most densely
populated city in the United States of America (USA) with the land area of about
a 46.89Sq
miles(121.4Sqkms).The population is about 8,82,519 according to
o the recent census data of
2020.

San Francisco is the main county(District) for their administrative purpose. The oldest town
in the San Francisco is the china town. San Francisco lies in between the coordinates of
37⁰46’.48”N
⁰46’.48”N 122⁰25’9.12”W.

Figure 3.1 Representing the Study Area Map

Table 3.1 Data of San Francisco

Area 121 sq km

Population 8,82,519

Male 4,50,968

Female 4,31,551

GDP $501Billion

GDP Growth Rate 1.77%

Latitude 37⁰46’.48”N

Longitude 122⁰25’9.12”W

3.2 Data Source:

 Crime Data from the SFPD (San Francisco Police Department)

 San Francisco official administrative portal
 Open source census data from SF

The crime data for the month of March 2021 has been taken for this project.

3.3 Software Used

 MS-Excel
 QGIS 3.18
 ArcGIS 10.5

3.4 Census Data of San Francisco.

This data is collected from US census department . In this table 1.1 we can see the percentage
of growth of population from the year 2010 to 2021. By observing the below table 1.1 we
came to know that there is a decrease in population growth percentage.
Table 3.2 Year wise census data of San Francisco

Figure 3.2 The graph representing the population change percentage

The Figure 3.2 graphs shows that there is a population declination from the year
y 2016 there
is a less population growth from the past 5 yyears.
 The overall population of the San Francisco is in between 8 to 9lakhs. There are so
many different languages speaking people in the city. The most spoken languages are
English and Chinese. Other than this Spanish and other tr
tribal
ibal languages are spoken more.In
more.
the Table 3.3 the number of population based on the languages spoken.

From the above Table 3.2 by taking population and year data find out a population density
for the study area. Poulation density is equal to the Number of population living per square
miles .

Figure 3.3 Image showing the population density growth

From the figure 3.3 shows that there is a population density growth increasing the positive
direction. The population density is about 19100 per square miles.
3.5 Crime Mapping Analysis
Analysis: Block Diagram

Figure 3.4 Block Diagram representing the Crime Mapping Analysis

Internet / Intranet based application enhances the ability of the investigating team to dissipate
confidential information across the customized maps, detective analysis and secure plan of
action to all the concerned district of
offices on a real time basis. This figure explains in details
the various components of the complex looking block diagram with an easy flow of
activities.

The sheer power of internet in this cases gives a dynamic edge to both Geographic
Geograp Profiling
and Crime mapping thus enabling the user (investigator) to analyses the crime offender’s
activities with more intelligence and visually leading evidences. It also provides the ability
for the user to access many applications from a single ser
server
ver and also centralizes the
administration of both applications and data analysis with the facility to accommodate system
expansion as and when the user clients increase.
 3.6 Methodology of work flow

Collection of Crime data

Re-arranging into the

required format

Input the layers

Iput the

Point Layers Line Layers Polygon Layers

Crime Data points Road/Railway District/ Block

Boundary

Hotspot Analysis

Interpretation

Analysis of Crime data

In the very first step we have to download the data from the San Francisco official website
of police department . The website provide the data in the excel sheet format. The data comes
with the additional data which is not necessary for our analysis. The required columns are
Sl No, Incident ID, Date, Time, Incident Category , Incident Sub
Sub-Category,
Category, Latitude and
Longitude of the place of crime incident.

Figure
Figure: 3.6 Crime data of San Francisco
In the next step before importing the point data we should download the shape files of the
San Francisco.From the administration web portal of San Francisco.

Now after downloading the shape files import the shp file to the ArcGIS 10.5

Figure 3.7 Showing the imported the XY data points into the shape file.

After importing the shapfile to arcgis . Now insert the XY point data into the ArcGIS. The
XY point data will indicate the crime incident spots or points. Such points are known as
Incident points. The mapping of such crime point data is known as Crime Mapping.

After mapping the crime points next step is to copy the point shape for the further purpose of
Analysis. In the next step we will copy the shapefiles. Now further process will be continued
in the copied shapefile.
In the above shown figure 3.5 of flow chart consist of three types of spatial layers which ease
us for knowing the crime points with these additional layers. Import these layers into
ArcGIS. This layers with their respective attributes gives us a more précised idea of crime.

The next process is developing the clusters this process involve the following three steps.

DATA MANAGEMENT TOOL

FEATURE CLASS

INTEGRATE TOOL

In this process the points will get integrated based upon the XY tolerance value. The XY
tolerance value is based on the radius of the point given. For ex. 10m,. This process involves
the following steps.

1. Go to Arctool box
2. Select Data Management tool
3. Select Feature Class
4. Select the integrating tool for the integrating of points
 Figure 3.4 Showing the integrating tool for the Icount

The next step is generation of the Hotspot by using the Euclidean distance method.

\
SPATIAL ANALYSTIC METHOD

MAPPING CLUSTERS

HOTSPOT ANALYSIS

1. In this step select a spatial analytical tool.

2. Select the mapping clusters.

3. In mapping clusters select the Hot Spot Analysis tool.

The icount data field is generated by integrating the point data The Hotspot is generated by
considering the icount data field

Figure 3.8 Showing the Hotspot Analysis tool

Figure 3.9 Screenshot showing the output of hotspots

1). The last step is to interpolate the point data by using IDW method.

SPATIAL ANALYSTIC TOOLS

INTERPOLATION

IDW

(INVERSE DISTANCE WIGTAGE

The interpretation involves the above mentioned steps.

1. Select Spatial Analytics tools from the arc tool box.

2. Select interpolation tool.
3. Select the IDW method of interpolation.

Figure 3.10 Screenshot of IDW method tool box

The generated IDW map is seen as shown below figure.

Figure 3.11 Screenshot of IDW output map

 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

After following the methodology given above we have obtained the following results.

In this chapter we have discussed the following obtained results are discussed below.

4.1 Population Density Map

POPULATION DENSITY MAP

Text

Legend
SFPD Boundary
Buiding blocks
Population
0 - 2000
2001-4000
4001-6000
6001-8000
Kilometers
0 0.75 1.5 3 4.5 6 8001-10000
>10000

Figure 4.1 Map showing the population density

 From the figure 4.1 we came to know that in which blocks and where the population
density is concentrated more. The average population density is about 19,100 per square
miles. The highest number of population in a block is about 12,169 in the Tenderloin
police boundary the lowest number of population is about 63 in the Taraval police limits.

4.2 Robbery Crime Mapping

After importing the crime data points into the ArcGIS, the points are displayed on the map.
This data points indicates where the crime incidents took place.

4.2.1 Cluster Mapping

CLUSTER MAPPING OF ROBBERY

Legend
SFPD BOUNDARY

Robbery_Collectevents
CLUSTERS
1

0 0.5 1 2 3 4 2
Miles
3

ROAD NETWORKS

Figure 4.2 Map Showing the Clusters developed in San Francisco

The above map shows the clusters developed in an area. These clusters are developed on the
basis of integrating the crime data points. The developed clusters are having the radius of
50m. The clusters developed in this map are about three types on the basis of crime points.
The maximum no of crimes observed in a cluster is about 3 crime data points and the
minimum were 1.

4.2.2 Hotspot Mapping

HOTSPOT MAP OF ROBBERY

±
!!
((
!
( !
(
!
(
!
(! ( ( ! !
!
(!((! (
!
( ! ( !
! (
!
( !
( ( !
( !
(
! ( !
! ( !
( (!
!(
(!
! (!(!( !
(
!
( ( !
( (!
!(!( ! (( !
(
!!
!
( !
( (!
(
(!
(! (!
! ( !
(
!
( !
( !
( !
( (!
! (
(!
!(
!
(! !
(
!
( ! (
!( !
( !
(
!
( !
(
(!
( !
(! (( !
( ! (
! ( !
! !
(!
( !
(
( !
( !
!
( !
( (
!
(
!
(
!
(
(!
! ( ! ( !
(
!
(
!
( !
( ! ( ! (
!
(
!
( !
( ( !
! (!
(
!
(! (
!
(
!
( !
( !
(
!
( !
( !
(!
(
!
( !
( !
(
!
(
!
( !
(
! !
( ( !
( !
(!
!
( !
(!
( !
( ! (
!
( ! !
( ( !
( !
(
( !
( ( !
! (! (!
( !
( ! (
!
(
!
(
!
(
!
( ! ( !
(
!!
(( (
!!(!(
!
( !
( ! !
!
( ( (
!
(

Legend
SFPD BOUNDARY
!
( Coldspot 99%
!
( Coldspot 95%
!
( Coldspot 90%
!
( Not Significant
!
( Hotspot 90%
!
( Hotspot 95%
0 0.5 1 2 3 4
Miles !
( Hotspot 99%
ROAD NETWORKS

Figure 4.3 Map showing the Hotspots of San Francisco

In the above figure 4.3 shows the hostspot map of San Francisco we can observe the hotspots
and as well as cold spot. Other than this we can also observe the Not significant points.

By studying the figure 4.1 and 4.3 we can analyse that there is a three patterns of crime
hotspots based on the hotspot seen in the map.

For the first Hotspot generated very the crime rates are high or the high concentration of
crime these is the usual type of crime observed.

The second type is the hotspot generated near the highways we can observe the hotspots are
getting generated. These is the new pattern type of hotspots near by the highways. So we
have to concentrate as there is a series of robbery occurring along the highways.

The third type of hotspots observed is near the TARAVAL Police judiciary limits were the
population density and population is low. The houses are at far distances and where there are
lone houses.

We have to increase the security in the hotspot places. The street lights in the highways and
lone house areas have to be check regularly. The CCTV cameras has to installed in such
places and we have to increase the police patrolling in the highways

4.2.3 Interpolation Mapping (IDW Method).

By observing the figure 4.4 The interpolation map we can observe that most crime has taken
place as indicated in the dark red colur composition . This is the place where the crime rates
are where high. We can also see that orange colour complosition showing the little bit less
number of crimes . So we have to concentrate on this orange inidcated locations and take
precautionary measures befor they are getting converted into the crime hotspots. The
yellowish locations parts shows the moderate number of crime spots which can be controlled
by regural patrolling of polices vehicles in this areas in regural interval.
Figure4.4 Map showing the IDW interpretation of Robbery