WHAT IS CRIME MAPPING?

Crime mapping

• is a term used in policing to refer to the process of conducting Spatial

analysis within crime analysis.

• process of using a geographic information system to conduct Spatial

analysis of crime problems and other police-related issues.

• Mapping criminal incidents and other types of police data Through

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) programs has Proven to be an
effective tool in analyzing and preventing crime And allocating law
enforcement resources more efficiently

CRIME MAPPING SERVES THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS WITHIN CRIME ANALYSIS

1.It facilitates visual and statistical analyses of the spatial Nature of crime
and other types of events.

2.It allows analysts to link unlike data sources together based On common
geographic variables (e.g., linking census Information, school information,
and crime data for a common Area).

3.It provides maps that help to communicate analysis results.

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF CRIME MAPPING?

• Crime mapping is very important tool in managing and Controlling crime in

an area.

• Investigators are able to understand:

➢ the crime patterns and trend.

➢ It also help resource allocation and in geographic Profiling of criminals and

suspicious locations.

HISTORY OF CRIME MAPPING

• 1829 In France -Adriano Balbi and Andre-Michel Guerry Created the first
maps of crime.

• Lambert-Adolphe Quetelet (1831 and 1832)-Belgian Astronomer and

statistician, he independently published Three maps dealing with the same
themes but spreading Across larger areas.
➢ He stated, “The greater the number of individuals observed, The more do
individual peculiarities, whether physical or Moral, become.

• Robert Park (1920s and 1930s)-looked to Characteristics of the urban

environment to explain The crime problem in American cities.

• Frederic Thrasher (1927)-He found that gangs were Concentrated in areas

of the city where social control Was weak and social disorganization
pervasive.

TECHNOLOGIES USED IN CRIME MAPPING

Administrative crime analysis Administrative crime analysis Involves the

presentation of key findings of crime research and Analysis to audiences
within law enforcement, local government, And citizenry based on legal,
political, and practical concerns.

Cartography The science of mapmaking.

CompStat A police management system that uses computer Generated

statistics to reduce crime.

CPTED The acronym for crime prevention through environmental Design.

Refers to strategies to reduce crime that incorporate Making changes to the
physical environment to limit the Opportunity for crime to occur.

Crime analysis the study and analysis of crime and crime-related Factors in
efforts to inform and develop strategies to reduce crime And the fear of
crime.

Criminal intelligence analysis typically looks at organized criminal Activity

and seeks to link people, events, and property.

Criminal investigative analysis With criminal investigative analysis, the focus

is on serial criminals. Victim characteristics And elements of crime scenes
are studied to discover patterns That link related crimes together.

Criminology The study of crime and criminal behavior.

Geocoding In geocoding, street addresses and other

Geographic reference points are positioned onto a map using Latitude and
longitude coordinates for computer mapping and Analysis.

Geographic profiling In geographic profiling, a profile of the Offender, based

on the nature of the crime and the facts of the Case, is developed.
Hypotheses Statements derived from theory that can be tested to Either
support or disprove a theory or its assumptions.

Macro Macro-level theories of crime focus on societal-level Variables,

including the structure of government and the economy And how these
variables impact crime rates within a society. Macro-level theories could
focus on city-, state-, country-, or Global-level influences.

Micro Micro-level theories of crime focus on individual Characteristics,

including (but not limited to) IQ, mental state, Temperament, biological
characteristics, and personal finances, And how they influence a person’s
decision to commit a crime.

Police operational analysis- Police operational analysis focuses on the

operations of Police agencies, including staffing and resource deployment.

Projection- The method used to transfer locations on the Earth’s surface To a

flat map.

Scale- The scale of a map indicates how miniature the Representation is; the
larger the scale, the smaller the area Shown on a map.

Strategic crime analysis - Strategic crime analysis involves the study of crime
and other Law enforcement issues to identify long-standing patterns of Crime
and other problems and to assess police responses to These problems.

Tactical crime analysis - Tactical crime analysis examines recent criminal

events and Potential criminal activity by analyzing how, when, and where
The events occur to establish patterns and series, identify Leads or suspects,
and to clear cases.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) - A powerful software tool

-Allows the user to create any kind of geographic Representation, from a

simple point map to a threedimensional visualization of spatial or temporal
data.

THREE TYPES OF CRIME ANALYSIS

1. Tactical crime analysis

2. Strategic crime analysis
3. Administrative crime analysis

TACTICAL CRIME ANALYSIS

•Crime mapping is used to identify immediate patterns for Crimes.

•Such as residential and commercial burglary, auto theft, and Theft from
vehicles.

• For example, spatial analysis of auto theft incidents may Reveal clusters of
activity at specific locations that might Indicate a crime pattern.

STRATEGIC CRIME ANALYSIS

Crime mapping is utilized in long-term applications to analyze The

relationship between criminal activity and indicators of Disorder, such as a
high volume of vacant property or disorder Calls for service:

• To assist in geographic and temporal allocation of resources: Such as patrol

officer scheduling and determination of patrol Areas.

• To examine patterns of crime at or around specific locations, Such as

schools, bars, or drug treatment centers.

•To calculate crime rate information, such as Numbers of residential

burglaries per household.

•To incorporate crime data with qualitative Geographic information, such as

information on Teenage hangouts, student pathways to school, or Drug and
prostitution markets.

ADMINISTRATIVE CRIME ANALYSIS

• A valuable tool used by police, researchers, and media Organizations

• To convey criminal activity information to the public.

• Web sites operated by police departments and news organization

Routinely post maps that depict areas of crime, along with Corresponding
tables and definitions.

For example:

• A police agency can reduce citizen requests for neighborhood Crime

information by placing monthly or weekly crime maps on a Web site that
members of the public can access using computers In their homes or at the
local library.

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

POLYGON FEATURE
•Is a geographic area represented on a map by a Multisided figure with a
closed set of lines.

•Polygons can represent areas as large as Continents or as small as

buildings.

IMAGE FEATURES

• An image feature on a GIS-generated map is a vertical Photograph taken

from a satellite or an airplane that is Digitized and placed within the
appropriate coordinates.

• Such photos, which may appear in black and white or color, Show the
details of streets, buildings, parking lots, and Environmental features
(landscaping).

TYPES OF CRIME MAPPING

1. Single-Symbol Mapping
2. Buffers
3. Chart mapping
a) PIE CHART MAPPING
b) Bar Chart mapping

c) Interactive crime mapping

1.SINGLE-SYMBOL MAPPING

•In single-symbol maps, individual, uniform symbols Represent features such

as the locations of stores, roads, Or states.

•single-symbol maps is that a GIS places all points on such a Map that share
the same address directly on top of one Another

•making it impossible for the map to show how many points there really are.

2. BUFFERS

•A buffer is a specified area around a feature on a Map.

•Buffers can be set at small distances, such as 50 Feet, or larger distances,

such as 500 miles, Depending on the purpose and scale of the map.

•Buffers help in crime analysis by illustrating the Relative distances between

features on a map.

4. CHART MAPPING
-Allows the crime analyst to display several values Within a particular
variable at the same time .(e.g., variable = crime, values = robbery, assault,
And rape).

There are two types of chart mapping:

Pie

Bar

•PIE CHART MAPPING

- The relative percentages (represented by slices of A pie) of values

within a variable are displayed.

• BAR CHART MAPPING

- The relative frequencies (represented by bars) of Values within

variables are displayed.

INTERACTIVE CRIME MAPPING

•refers to simplified geographic information Systems made available to

novice users over the Internet.

• Many police departments have interactive Web Sites where citizens and
police officers can conduct basic crime mapping themeself.