SAS NO.

23
Lesson title: Map Information and
Types of Maps used by Analysts
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this module, you should be able
to:
1. Discuss Map Information.
2. Discuss the idea why analysts use diff. types
of maps.
What is GIS?
MAP INFORMATION
For our purposes, we will focus on Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) high-performance computer software that allows
users to process geographically related data. This data (topography,
political boundaries, population density, calls for service, crimes
etc.) is store as information in virtual layers (one layer for each
variable) to be displayed on the computer in the form of a
multilayer, virtual map. A single layer may be displayed or several
layers can be combined to show relationships among the layers
(types of information or what is called geo-processing).
What is Projection?
Projection
 It is a method used to
transfer locations on
the Earth’s surface to a
flat map.
 It determine how the
latitude and longitude
grid of the Earth is
represented in paper.
What is Geocoding?
Projection systems are discussed in more detail in the
exercises elsewhere in this text, but for our purposes here,
you should know that there are many different projection
systems to choose from and it is important to know what
system your data is projected with. Nevertheless, you should
be aware of the problem and work with local experts to
address this issue and if necessary, create solutions for your
purposes. The problem becomes more important as the scale
of the map increases from municipal to regional level and
when importing and exporting data between applications.
This is especially important in geocoding events onto a map.
In the geocoding process, street addresses are positioned
onto a map using latitude and longitude coordinates.
What is Coordinate
System?
Coordinate systems
provide the x-y
reference system to
describe locations in
two-dimensional space
(Harries,1999).
TYPES OF MAPS USED BY CRIME ANALYSTS
There are many different types of maps that might be
constructed depending on what information the analyst wants
to present and what audience will receive the information. He
or she might map a simple, single event such as that depicted
by traditional pin maps or show the distribution of crime
across a particular area (a choropleth map or shaded grid map,
such as police beat or district or a census block), multiple
hotspots located across a jurisdiction that are related to
multiple criminal events which typically include liquor stores ,
pawn shops, high schools, drug houses, shopping malls, etc.)
or a series of connected criminal events such as crime
committed by a child molester or serial murderer.
PIN MAP

CHOROPLETH MAP

SHADED GRID MAP

TYPES OF MAPS USED BY CRIME ANALYSTS
An analyst might also utilize the statistical capabilities
provided in GIS software and other programs, which
expand the program`s capabilities to attempt to predict
an offender`s next target or areas where offenders might
live, work, play or retreat to after performing a criminal
event. According to Caplan and Kennedy (2011) have
also developed a method to produce risk terrain maps
that the analysts can use in efforts to identify variables,
or risk factors most associated with a particular crime or
crimes and to predict emerging hotspots.
SAS NO.24
Lesson title: Map Data
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this module, you should be
able to:
1. Discuss Map Data
2. Identify the four (4) types of Map Data
 MAP DATA
Many different maps can be created. However, most crime maps include a limited number of map
components.

The five major components of a GIS include:

 Hardware
 Software
 Data
 Personnel
 Methods
 MAP DATA
Many different maps can be created. However, most crime maps include a limited number of map
components.

Real world data are presented by four feature

types in a GIS:
 Point
 Line
 Polygon
 Image features
Geographic Information System
It such as roads, buildings, lakes, and
mountains into forms that can be displayed,
manipulated, and analyzed along with police
information such as crime, arrest, and traffic
accident data.
POINT FEATURES
A point feature is a discrete location that is usually
depicted on a GIS-generated map by a symbol or
label. A point feature is analogous to a pin placed
on a paper wall map. A GIS uses different symbols
to depict the locations of data relevant to the
analysis, such as crimes, motor vehicle accidents,
traffic signs, buildings, police beat stations, and
cell phone towers.
LINE FEATURES
A line feature is a real-world element that can
be represented on a map by a line or set of
lines. The lines in Figure 4.2, for example,
represent streets. . It might represent streets
and other types of line features include
rivers, streams, power lines, and bus routes.
POLYGON FEATURES
A polygon feature is a geographic area represented on
a map by a multi-sided figure with a closed set of
lines. Polygons can represent areas as large as
continents or as small as buildings; in GIS-generated
maps they may be used to depict county boundaries,
city boundaries, parks, school campuses, or police
districts. The five polygons in. It might represent
police districts in a city.
IMAGE FEATURES
An image feature on a GIS-generated map is a
vertical photograph taken from a satellite or an
airplane that is digitized and placed within the
appropriate coordinates. Such photos, which may
appear in black and white or color, show the details
of streets, buildings, parking lots, and environmental
features (landscaping). An example of an image
feature, an aerial photograph of a residential
neighborhood.
What is Single-Symbol Mapping?
In single-symbol maps, individual, uniform
symbols represent features such as the locations of
stores, roads, or states. An important thing to keep
in mind about single-symbol maps is that a GIS
places all points on such a map that share the same
address directly on top of one another, making it
impossible for the map to show how many points
there really are.
What is a Buffer Map?
A buffer is a specified area around a feature on a map.
Buffers can be set at small distances, such as 50 feet, or
larger distances, such as 500 miles, depending on the purpose
and scale of the map. Buffers help in crime analysis by
illustrating the relative distances between features on a map.
The example map in Figure 4.6 shows a park (polygon
feature) with a 500-foot buffer, which could be used to show
whether drug arrests were made within 500 feet of the park.
Buffers can also be used as polygons for data aggregation
and comparison.
SAS NO.25
Lesson title: Mapping software and
resources Geographic Information of
crimes.
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this module, you should be
able to:
1. Discuss Mapping software and resources
2. Identify the geographic information of
crimes
MAPPING SOFTWARE AND RESOURCES
In today`s world of crime analysis, the beginner analyst
is fortunate to have a plethora of crime mapping tools,
software and resources at his or her disposal from a
variety of sources. This section provides a brief
overview of some of the most known and wonderful
resources available to analysts. The field is rapidly
changing and growing and these changes bring new
software and resources o an almost daily basis.
SOFTWARE
The wide use of crime mapping and analysis has greatly
increased due to the development and availability of
relatively inexpensive computers, printers and analysis
software that are adequate to the task. Today there are many
mapping and GIS programs available on the market and more
are being developed each year. There are five more common
programs, three are professional, commercial systems and
two are programs that were developed for special use under
government funding and are available free online.
The first two programs, currently the leaders in GIS systems used by law
enforcement in the United States are MapInfo (www.mapinfo.com) and
ArcGIS (www.esri.com). ArcGIS is the most commonly cited program
used by police departments that utilize crime mapping applications in the
United States (Paynich,2007) GeoDa is a standalone spatial analysis
program developed by Dr. Luc Anselin then at the University of Illinois for
use as an introduction to spatial analysis. CrimeStat is a standalone spatial
statistics program for the analysis of incident locations. It was developed
under research grants from the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) by Dr.
Ned Levine & Associates, who is sole distributor of CrimeStat and makes it
available for free to law enforcement and criminal justice analysts and
researchers. You will use CrimeStat in several of the exercises contained
elsewhere in this text. CrimeStat must be used in conjunction with a
mapping program such as ArcView or MapInfo, to project the analysis onto
a map. Without it, the analyses are simply numerical outputs to be
interpreted by analysts.
ArcGis
MapInfo
GeoDa
CrimeStat
Another commercially available tool for
crime mapping and analysis is CrimeView.
CrimeView is an extension for ArcGIS that
allows the user to perform specific analyses
as needed or to create automated analyses,
including hotspots maps, threshold alerts and
cyclical reporting.
CrimeView
List of contributions of gis in crime

1. CRIME IDENTIFICATION
GIS offers a broad platform for determining location coordinates. In
most cases, crime takes place in interior areas. One can send an alarm
when involved in a crime situation. The signals generated by the
device and can be tracked using GIS as well as its location coordinates
located.
2. CRIME AWARENESS
GIS is used to generate maps and digital content on areas that are
worst affected by crime. The information generated is issued to media
houses for press releases and this creates awareness.
List of contributions of gis in crime

3. EVACUATION
Some criminals like terrorists are usually very merciless. Such
terrorists might be demanding a very large amount of ransom. Because
most governments do not negotiate with terrorists and criminals, one of
the only ways might be an evacuation. These evacuations require
government agencies in the security sector to have ample information
about the location of terrorists and hostages before making their plans.
4. CRIME MAPPING
Crime mapping enables both specialists and non-experts to picture and
analyze crime hot spots. This can be done on a map or a suitable
graphical representation object.
List of contributions of gis in crime

5. CRIME INVESTIGATION
Police and undercover agencies own GIS for crime investigation.
Crime tracking is thus easily achieved with the help of small
computer devices that make use of GPS and GPRS and the
geographic information system. All possible routes that could have
been taken by crime suspects are undoubtedly spotted and the
suspects found in their hiding places.
6. STORAGE OF CRIME INTERVIEW DATA
GIS enable data collected from different crime victims by the
different government`s security officers to be stored securely in
remote databases and be backed up for sampling and analysis.
List of contributions of gis in crime

7. CRIME PATTERN ANALYSIS

For most places, it has been found that a given pattern of crime incidents is
identified. Some places also exhibit certain times of high crime than others. In
other places also, geographic features around those areas are also seen to favor
criminal activities.
8. CRIME PREDICTION
After pattern analysis is done, crime prediction can now be simple to realize. Past
trends are a foundation of what might in the future. GIS can be feed with data
involving crime at various geographical locations. This data undergoes processing
and probabilistic statistics to try to unmask where the next crime incidence is to
take place.
What is Chart mapping?
Chart mapping allows the crime analyst to display
several values within a particular variable at the
same time (e.g., variable = crime, values = robbery,
assault, and rape). There are two types of chart
mapping: pie and bar. In pie chart mapping, the
relative percentages (represented by slices of a pie)
of values within a variable are displayed.
Pie Chart Mapping
Bar Chart Mapping
What is Density mapping?
In density mapping, analysts use point data to shade
surfaces that are not limited to area boundaries (as is
the case in graduated color mapping). In their most
basic form, density maps are shaded according to the
concentration of incidents in particular areas. Such
maps are used to compare small variations in crime
levels from one area to another rather than to compare
levels of crime within fixed artificial geographic
boundaries, as in area maps.
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