Unit-3 (Operating system)

System tool - A system backup is the process of backing up the operating system, files
and system-specific useful/essential data. Backup is a process in which the state, files
and data of a computer system are duplicated to be used as a backup or data substitute
when the primary system data is corrupted, deleted or lost.
CLIPBOARD VIEWER Its displays the current content of the clipboard.
Windows Clipboard and pasting data from the clipboard. The clipboard data formats vary
among applications.
Disk defragmenter :- Disk gets fragmented when users create or delete files and
folders. The same is also caused by installation and uninstallation of programs. When a
file or folder is deleted from the hard disk, the occupied space becomes free for new
files. Now when a new file gets saved, the first available free space that is large enough
for the file is used and the remaining part is saved in consecutive available free spaces
or fragments.
Such fragmented disks brings down the performance of a system as it takes a long time
to retrieve the fragmented data. Hence, periodic disk defragmentation is necessary to
keep up the performance. Endpoint Central provides an option to run the disk
defragmenter tool on multiple machines simultaneously. It supports the following options:
 Verbose: Displays the complete analysis and disk defragmentation reports.
 Analyze: Analyzes the volume and displays a summary of the analysis report.
 Force Defragmentation: Forces disk defragmentation regardless of whether it needs to be
defragmented.
DriveSpace :- is to increase the amount of data the user could store on disks by
transparently compressing and decompressing data on-the-fly. It is primarily intended for
use with hard drives, but use for floppy disks is also supported. This feature was
removed in Windows XP and later.
ScanDisk :- is a Windows utility used to check your hard disk for errors and to correct
problems that are found. These errors often occur when Windows locks up and must be
restarted. To run ScanDisk in Windows 95 and NT, click the Start button, select
Programs, then Accessories, then System Tools, and then Scandisk.
System information window update:-

Communication:-

How do I setup a dial-up network?

To configure a dialup connection on your laptop, follow these steps:
1. Open the Settings app. Press Win+I.
2. Choose Network & Internet.
3. On the left side of the screen, choose Dial-Up.
4. On the right side of the screen, choose Set Up a New Connection. ...
5. Choose Connect to the Internet and click the Next button. ...
6. Choose Dialup.
How to Manually Connect to a Wi-Fi Network on Windows 10
1. From the Windows desktop, navigate: Start. ...
2. From the Related settings section, select. Network and Sharing Center. ...
3. Select. Set up a new connection or network. ...
4. Select. Manually connect to a wireless network. ...
5. Enter or configure the following info then select. Next. ...
6. Select.
HyperTerminal is a communications and terminal emulation program that came with the
Windows 98 and Windows XP operating systems.

Phone dial :-To make a call on your PC: Open the Phone Link app and select Calls. In
the Search your contacts box, search for a contact name or number. Alternately, you can
directly enter a phone number on the dial pad. Select the Dialicon.
Browsing the web with internet explorer:-
Internet Explorer (IE) is a World Wide Web browser that comes bundled with the
Microsoft Windows operating system (OS). The browser was deprecated in Windows 10
in favor of Microsoft's new Edge Browser. It remains a part of the operating system even
though it is no longer the default browser.
Web Browsing is the act of looking through a set of information quickly, without a
specific sense of purpose. In the context of the internet, it usually refers to using the
world wide web. The term may imply a sense of aimlessness, with the user just wasting
time on the internet.

Communication through outlook express:-

Outlook Express is a free online communication tool from Microsoft that you can use for
e-mail or newsgroups. It is included with Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 for Windows
operating systems. With Outlook Express, you can download your e-mail messages from
the UH mail server onto your computer's local hard drive.

Definition – A multi user operating system allows to permission of multiple users

for accessing the single machine at a time. All different users can access that
system running operating system with the help of several terminals, which are
connected in networking form. 
Main objective of designing of Multi user OS is used to time sharing and batch
processing on mainframe system. Now these days, this multi user operating
system is used in the large organization, government sector, educational
system such as large scale university, and mostly used in the servers side like as
Ubunto Server or Windows Server. These servers grant the permission of multiple
users to accessing the operating system, kernel, and hardware simultaneously.
Features and Characteristics of Multi User Operating System
There are some features and uses of multi user operating system.
Multi Tasking – Multi user O/S is capable to perform couple of tasks at concurrently,
and multiple programs can be run on this operating system at a same time.
Resource Sharing – In the multi user operating system, several peripheral can be
shared such as printers, fax m/c, plotters, and hard drives etc. Due to this feature, users
can share own documents. In this system, tiny time slice of CPU time is allotted to all
users.
Background Processing – In which, if given instructions are not processed, and then
they perform their tasks in the background as well as other programs are interacting with
system in the current time.

Disadvantage of Multi User OS

If, virus attacks on one computer, then this virus spreads on entire network system
simultaneously, and finally all computer system can get fails.
All information of computer is shared publicly, so your private data is shared on the entire
network.
Building on our article about how to edit user accounts, I will try to complete this subject
with a tutorial about creating and deleting user accounts and how to turn on or off the
guest account in Windows 7. I'll also explain what is the difference between the available
account types and help you understand the usage scenarios and limitations for all
available options.
CONTENTS
1. What Is an User Account & When You Need More than One?
2. Where to Find the User Account Control Panel
3. How to Create a New Account
4. How to Switch Between User Accounts
5. How to Delete an Account
6. How to Turn the Guest Account On/Off
7. Conclusion
What Is an User Account & When You Need More than One?
User accounts allow multiple users to share the same computer, each having their own,
private Documents folder, e-mail inbox, settings, etc. It also improves security and
reduces file-sharing and network problems. Having your own account means that you
can do all the customization you want to your Windows 7, without affecting other user
accounts. Other users will have their own visual customization, their own application
settings, etc.
A new account should be created when there is another person who needs to work on
the same PC as you. There are two types of accounts: administrator and standard (limited
user). The administrator has full access to all user accounts from a computer. He or she
can create and delete user accounts, create account passwords for other users, change
other account's name, password, picture and account types. As a rule, there must be at
least one administrator user account on a computer.
A user with standard account rights has access to programs that have already been
installed on that computer and cannot install other software without the administrator
password. He can change his account picture and create, change or delete his password
but he cannot change his account name or type. Also, some programs (mostly older
ones) might not work properly on this type of account and may require a temporary or
permanent change of the account type to administrator.
Where to Find the User Account Control Panel
There are different ways of finding the User Account control panel. The first method is to
open Control Panel from the Start Menu.

User Accounts
In Control Panel, choose 'User Accounts and Family Safety'.

User Accounts
From the 'User Accounts and Family Safety' panel, choose User Accounts.
 User Accounts
The other way of finding the User Accounts control panel is to search for 'user account' in
the Start Menu search box.

User Accounts
How to Create a New Account
In the 'User Accounts and Family Safety' control panel, select 'Add or remove user
accounts'.

User Accounts
The Manage accounts window is the starting point for all the operations that you can do
with user accounts: create, edit and delete an account. To make a new account,
choose 'Create a new account'.

User Accounts
In the 'Create New Account' window you have to write the name of the new account and
then select the account type: Standard or Administrator. Then, click on 'Create Account'.

User Accounts
A new folder with the new account name will be created in the 'C:\Users' folder, where all
the personal files of the new user are kept. To this folder no other user than the
administrator and the new user have access. By default, the new account doesn't have a
password set. We recommend that after you log in with the new user to edit your
account and create a password. For more information on changing a user account, we
recommend our tutorial on How to Edit User Accounts.
If you want to access the new account, use the Log off or Switch user options.
How to Switch Between User Accounts
To switch between user accounts, open the Start Menu, go to Shut Down and click on the
arrow next to it.

User Accounts
If you want to switch from the currently logged user to the new one, without logging off
and closing your running programs and files, click on Switch User.

User Accounts
If you want to log out from the current user and close all its running programs and files,
before logging with the new user, click on Log off.
Next, in the logon screen, click the new account to log in.
How to Delete an Account
From the Manage Accounts control panel, click on the account that you want to delete.
 User Accounts
Then, select 'Delete the account' and choose if you want to keep or to delete the user's
file.
User Accounts
NOTE: If you decide to keep the user's files, they will be saved in a folder with the
deleted account's name, on the desktop.
If you choose to delete the files, you will be prompted first for a confirmation of deletion.

User Accounts
If the account you wish to delete is still logged on, you might lose the data from that
account.

User Accounts
Therefore, this operation it is best done from an administrator account, without having
the user you want to delete logged on in parallel (by using the switch option mentioned
above).
Method 1: Change Windows 10 Password from Control Panel
1. Open the Control Panel. Set the View by option to Large icons. Click User
Accounts.

2. Click the Manage another account link.

3. Click the user account that you want to change the password for.

4. On the next screen, click the Change the password option.

5. Type in your current password and then enter the new one you wish to use.
Click Change password.

Windows 7 Accessibility Features :-

Windows 7 has an Ease of Access Center, which was originally introduced in Windows
Vista. It’s a single place where all of the accessibility features and settings can be found.
Windows 7 includes some new accessibility tools, and improvements to existing ones.
Magnifyer
Magnifier is a simple screen magnification tool. It lets you increase on-screen content up
to 16 times in size. The magnified area tracks the mouse or keyboard, and Magnifier now
supports full screen, lens and docked modes.
Speech Recognition
Speech Recognition is a tool that lets you control your computer using your voice. An
interactive tutorial guides you through the setup process. You can then dictate into
almost any application, such as your email or Microsoft Word, and serve the web by
“saying what you see”.
Narrator
Narrator is a basic screen reading tool. It lets you hear on-screen content read aloud,
including information about your desktop and error messages. You can also use it to
access most common Microsoft applications, such as Windows Mail or Notepad.
On Screen Keyboard
On Screen Keyboard is a virtual alternative to a proper keyboard. It displays a full
keyboard on-screen, which you can resize and customise. You can select keys using your
mouse or keyboard, and predictive text is also available.
Windows Touch
Windows Touch is an alternative to a keyboard or mouse. It works in conjunction with a
touch-screen monitor and lets you control on-screen content by touch. You can scroll
through information, play multi-media, resize windows and pan or zoom on-screen
content.
Visual Notifications
Visual Notifications are on-screen alternatives to audio cues. Instead of playing standard
system sounds such as the email notification, Windows 7 can give you a visible cue such
as an on-screen flash instead.
Keyboard Access
Windows 7 includes a range of options that help you use a keyboard:
 Sticky Keys let you use a multi-key command, such as Alt + f4, by pressing each key
separately instead of both together.
 Filter Keys mean that if you press a key too many times in quick succession, or hold
it down too long without meaning to, Windows won’t respond.
 Mouse Keys let you use the arrow keys on the numeric pad to control the mouse
pointer.
 Keyboard Shortcuts let you access buttons, form fields and menus without using a
mouse.
Personalisation
Personalisation is a range of options that let you customise the way Windows looks and
feels. Amongst other things, you can choose high or low contrast colour schemes,
increase or decrease text size, and add or change audio sounds.
Windows 7 has plenty of accessibility features, aimed at helping people with a wide range
of disabilities. In some cases, such as Speech Recognition and Narrator, they are simple
tools in comparison to existing access technologies. In other cases, such as the On Screen
Keyboard and Visual Notifications, they are robust solutions. In all cases, Microsoft has
made a real effort to make Windows 7 as flexible and customisable as possible for people
with disabilities.

Sharing Information Between Programs

Office can convert data or text from one format to another using a technology known
as object linking and embedding (OLE). OLE allows you to move text or data between
programs in much the same way as you move them within a program. The familiar cut
and paste or drag and drop methods work between programs and documents just as
they do within a document. In addition, all Office programs have special ways to move
information from one program to another, including importing, exporting, embedding,
linking, and hyperlinking.
 Importing and Exporting
Importing and exporting information are two sides of the same coin. Importing copies a
file created with the same or another program into your open file. The information
becomes part of your open file, just as if you created it in that format. Some formatting
and program-specific information such as formulas may be lost. Exporting converts a
copy of your open file into the file type of another program. In other words, importing
brings information into your open document, while exporting moves information from your
open document into another program file.
Embedding
Embedding inserts a copy of a file created in one program into a file created in another
program. Unlike imported files, you can edit the information in embedded files with the
same commands and toolbar buttons used to create the original file. The original file is
called the source file, while the file in which it is embedded is called the destination
file. Any changes you make to an embedded object appear only in the destination file;
the source file remains unchanged.
For example, if you place an Excel chart into a PowerPoint presentation, Excel is the
source program, and PowerPoint is the destination program. The chart is the source file;
the document is the destination file.
Linking
Linking displays information from one file (the source file) in a file created in another
program (the destination file). You can view and edit the linked object from either the
source file or the destination file. The changes are stored in the source file but also
appear in the destination file. As you work, Office updates the linked object to ensure you
always have the most current information. Office keeps track of all the drive, folder, and
file name information for a source file. However, if you move or rename the source file,
the link between files will break.
Verify that the sharing component is installed
To verify that File and Printer Sharing is on your computer (typically installed by default):
1. Navigate to the Network and Sharing Center.
2. Click Change adapter settings.
3. Right-click the local connection icon and select Properties.
4. In the area below "This connection uses the following items:", look for File and
Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks.
o If this component is not available:
1. Click Install. Select Service, and then click Add....
2. Select File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks, and then click OK.
3. Click Close. If a dialog window appears telling you to restart your computer, do so.
o If the component is available, make sure it is checked.
o
Share a folder, drive, or printer
Once File and Printer Sharing is installed, to share a folder or drive:
1. Right-click the folder or drive you want to share.
2. Click Properties. From the Sharing tab, click Advanced Sharing.
3. Click Share this folder.
4. In the appropriate fields, type the name of the share (as it appears to other computers),
the maximum number of simultaneous users, and any comments that should appear
beside it.
5. If you would like to grant access to particular groups or individuals, click Permissions to
add the appropriate groups or usernames.
6. If you are using NTFS, check the permissions in the Security tab to ensure that they
are properly set to allow access to the share. Because Security settings override Share
permissions, it is possible for people on the Permissions list to be denied access to the
share because they either are not specified or are denied specifically in the Security list.
Note:
FAT32 does not provide the same level of security as NTFS; if you're using FAT32,
you will not see the Security tab.
7. Click OK.
To share a printer:
1. From the Control Panel, open Devices and Printers.
2. Right-click the printer you want to share. Click Printer Properties, and then select
the Sharing tab.
3. Check Share this Printer. Under Share name, select a shared name to identify the
printer. Click OK.
Access a shared folder or printer
To find and access a shared folder or printer:
1. Search for Network, and click to open it.
2. Select Search Active Directory at the top of the window; you may need to first select
the Network tab on the upper left.
3. From the drop-down menu next to "Find:", select either Printers or Shared Folders.
4. You can now enter search terms in the appropriate fields to modify the search; to start
the search, click Find Now. To search for shared printers and folders that match any
criteria, click Find Now without entering any search terms.
5. You will see a list of shared printers and folders that are available on the network.
Double-click the item to which you want to connect.
If you know the exact name of the computer and the share, or the exact name of the
printer, you can enter it directly:
1. Navigate to a search field. Enter two backslashes, the name of the computer, another
backslash, and then the name of the share or printer. For example, if the name of the
computer is bl-iub-threepio.ads.iu.edu and the name of the share is r2d2, type:
\\bl-iub-threepio.ads.iu.edu\r2d2
2. Click OK.
If you need to repeatedly access a shared folder or network drive, you can map to it.
Mapping creates a persistent link to the share, allowing you to double-click its icon in My
Computer whenever you want access.
Map a network drive in Windows
Map a network drive to get to it from File Explorer in Windows without having to look for
it or type its network address each time.
1. Open File Explorer from the taskbar or the Start  menu, or press the Windows logo
key  + E.
2. Select This PC from the left pane. Then, on the File Explorer ribbon, select More  > Map
network drive.

3. In the Drive list, select a drive letter. (Any available letter will do.)

4. In the Folder box, type the path of the folder or computer, or select Browse to find the
folder or computer. To connect every time you sign in to your PC, select Reconnect
at sign-in.
5. Select Finish.
Share your network printer
Windows 10
In Windows 10, you can share your printer with many PCs on your network. To share a
printer from the PC that the printer is connected to (the primary PC) with secondary PCs
that the printer is not connected to, you must set up sharing settings for the printer,
connect the printer to the primary PC (either wirelessly or by using a USB cable), and then
turn on the printer. Also make sure the primary PC is turned on, connected to the printer,
and connected to the network.
Note: When sharing a printer, make sure that sharing settings are set up on the primary
and secondary PCs. Also, make sure you know the name of the primary PC. For more info,
see the Set up Sharing settings and Find your PC name sections at the end of this topic.
Share the printer on the primary PC
There are two ways to share your printer: using Settings or Control Panel.
Share your printer using Settings
1. Select the Start  button, then select Settings > Devices  > Printers & scanners.
2. Choose the printer you want to share, then select Manage.
3. Select Printer Properties, then choose the Sharing tab.
4. On the Sharing tab, select Share this printer.
5. If you want, edit the share name of the printer. You'll use this name to connect to
the printer from a secondary PC.
Share your printer using Control Panel
Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)
Last updated: October 31, 2012
What Does Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) Mean?
Object linking and embedding (OLE) is a Microsoft technology that facilitates
the sharing of application data and objects written in different formats from
multiple sources. Linking establishes a connection between two objects, and
embedding facilitates application data insertion.
OLE is used for compound document management, as well as application data
transfer via drag-and-drop and clipboard operations.
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Techopedia Explains Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)
An OLE object may display as an icon. Double clicking the icon opens the
associated object application or asks the user to select an application for
object editing.

Alternatively, an OLE object may display as actual contents, such as a graph

or chart. For example, an external application chart, such as an Excel
spreadsheet, may be inserted into a Word application. When the chart is
activated in the Word document, the chart's user interface loads, and the
user is able to manipulate the external chart's data inside the Word
document.

OLE-supported software applications include:

 Microsoft Windows applications, such as Excel, Word and PowerPoint
 Corel WordPerfect
 Adobe Acrobat
 AutoCAD
 Multimedia applications, like photos, audio/video clips and PowerPoint
presentations.
OLE has certain disadvantages, as follows:
 Embedded objects increase the host document file size, resulting in
potential storage or loading difficulties.
 Linked objects can break when a host document is moved to a location
that does not have the original object application.
 Interoperability is limited. If the embedded or linked object application is
unavailable, the object cannot be manipulated or edited.