Physic

Project

Boolean Logic Gates

Name: Sohan Ajay Vernekar

12 B
Euro School
 Index
Sr No Topic Page No

1 Introduction 3

2 Type of Logic 6
Gates
3 Application of 11
Logic Gates
4 Advantage and 16
Disadvantage of
Logic Gates
5 Working Principle 18
of Logic Gates
6 Conclusion 20

7 Bibliography 21
Introduction
 1854 George Boole introduced a systematic treatment of
logic and developed for this purpose an algebraic
system known as symbolic logic, or Boolean algebra.
 Boolean algebra is a branch of mathematics, and it can
be used to describe the manipulation and processing of
binary information. The two-valued Boolean algebra has
important application in the design of modern
computing systems.
 This chapter contains a brief introduction the basics of
logic design. It provides minimal coverage of Boolean
algebra and this algebra’s relationship to logic gates and
basic digital circuit.
 Logic gates are the heart of digital electronics. A gate is
an electronic device which is used to compute a function
on a two valued signal. Logic gates are the basic building
block of digital circuits.
 Basically, all logic gates have one output and two inputs.
Some logic gates like NOT gate or Inverter has only one
input and one output. The inputs of the logic gates are
designed to receive only binary data (only low 0 or high
1) by receiving the voltage input.
 The low logic level represents Zero volts and high logic
level represents 3 or 5 volts positive supply voltage.
 We can connect any number of logic gates to design a
required digital circuit. Practically, we implement the
large number of logic gates in ICs, by which we can save
the physical space occupied by the large number of logic
gates. We can also perform complicated operations at
high speeds by using integrated circuits (IC).
 By combining logic gates, we can design many specific
circuits like flip flops, latches, multiplexers, shift
registers etc.
Type of Logic Gates
Digital systems are said to be constructed by using logic gates.
These gates are the
AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR and EXNOR gates. The basic
operations
are described below with the aid of truth tables.

AND gate
The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1)
only if all its
inputs are high. A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation i.e.
A.B. Bear in
mind that this dot is sometimes omitted i.e. AB

OR gate
The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if
one or more of
its inputs are high. A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation.

NOT gate
The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted
version of the input
at its output. It is also known as an inverter. If the input variable is
A, the inverted
output is known as NOT A. This is also shown as A', or A with a
bar over the top,
as shown at the outputs. The diagrams below show two ways that
the NAND logic
gate can be configured to produce a NOT gate. It can also be done
using NOR
logic gates in the same way.
NAND gate
This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by
a NOT gate.
The outputs of all NAND gates are high if any of the inputs are
low. The symbol is
an AND gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle
represents
inversion.

NOR gate
This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a
NOT gate. The
outputs of all NOR gates are low if any of the inputs are high. The
symbol is an OR
gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents
inversion.

EX-OR gate
The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a high output if
either, but
not both, of its two inputs are high. An encircled plus sign ( ) is
used to show the
EOR operation.
EX-NOR gate
The 'Exclusive-NOR' gate circuit does the opposite to the EOR
gate. It will give a
low output if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high. The
symbol is an
EXOR gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle
represents inversion.
The NAND and NOR gates are called universal functions since
with either one the
AND and OR functions and NOT can be generated.
 Application
of Logic
Gates

Application of OR gate
Wherever the occurrence of any one or more
than one event is needed to be detected or some
actions are to be taken after their occurrence, in
all those cases OR gates can be used. It can be
explained with an example.

Suppose in an industrial plant if one or more

than one parameter exceeds the safe value, some
protective measure is needed to be done. In that
case OR gate is used. We are going to show this
with the help of a diagram.

The above figure is a typical schematic diagram

where an OR gate is used to detect exceed of
temperature or pressure and produce command
signal for the system to take required actions.

Application of AND Gate

There are mainly two applications of AND gate as
Enable gate and Inhibit gate. Enable gate means
allowance of data through a channel and Inhibit
gate is just the reverse of that process i.e.
disallowance of data through a channel. We are
going to show an enabling operation to
understand it in an easier way. Suppose in the
measurement of frequency of a pulsed
waveform. For measurement of frequency a
gating pulse of known frequency is sent to
enable the passage of the waveform whose
frequency is to be measured. The diagram below
shows the arrangement of the above explained
operation.

Application of Ex-OR/Ex-NOR Gate

These type of logic gates are used in generation
of parity generation and checking units. The two
diagrams below shows the even and odd parity
generator circuits respectively for a four data.

With the help of these gates parity check

operation can be also performed. The diagrams
below show even and odd parity check.

Figure (a) shows the parity check using Ex-OR

gates and the figure (b) shows the parity check
using Ex-NOR gates.

Application of NOT gate or Inverters

NOT gates are also known as inverter because
they invert the output given to them and show
the reverse result. Now the CMOS inverters are
commonly used to build square wave oscillators
which are used for generating clock signals. The
advantage of using these is they consume low
power and their interfacing is very easy
compared to other logic gates.
The above figure shows the most fundamental
circuit made of ring configuration to generate
square wave oscillator. The frequency of this
type generator is given by

Where, n represents the number of inverters and

tp shows the propagation delay per gate.
 Advantage and
Disadvantage of Logic
Gates
Advantages of Logic Gates
The advantages of Logic Gates are:
 Logic gates are quick yet use low energy.
 Logic gates don’t get overworked.
 Logic gates can lessen the prescribed
number of I/O ports needed by a
microcontroller.
 Logic gates can bring about straightforward
data encryption and decryption.
 Logical Operations are performed using
Boolean Algebra which makes the circuit
design more economical and simple.
 Logic ‘1’ and Logic ‘0’ can be easily
distinguished.

Disadvantages of Logic
Gates
The disadvantages of Logic Gates are:

 Operating Voltage is limited.

 Time delay occurs between input and output.
 Working
Principle of
Logic Gates

To understand the working principle

of Logic Gates, let us consider the
example of Street Lighting System.
Fig below shows the Circuit Diagram
of Street Lighting System which
mainly consists of Logic Gate (s) (NOT
and OR Gate), Switch and Light
Sensor. The operational condition for
the street light to function is as
follows:

Switch: On = 1, Off = 0
Light Sensor: Dark = 0, Bright = 1
Street Light: On = 1, Off = 0
Bibliograph
y
 https://www.google.com/
 https://www.circuitstoday.com/
 https://electricalfundablog.com/
 https://www.electrical4u.com/
 https://www.etechnog.com/
 https://www.vedantu.com/