LOGIC GATES

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Raushana Ershad
XII - D
Roll No:
Sharjah Indian School
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone who supported

me during this physics project. Special thanks to my teacher Miss Sabeena
for their invaluable guidance, feedback, and for providing the necessary
information. Their help was key to making this project a success.

I am also thankful to my classmates for their encouragement and for

creating a collaborative and motivating environment. Their support has
helped me a lot.

Lastly, I extend my heartfelt appreciation to my family for their constant

encouragement and understanding. Their unwavering support and
encouragement provided me with the strength and motivation to
complete this project.

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 INDEX

PAGE NUMBER CONTENT

1 Certificate

2 Acknowledgement
4 Introduction
5-6 AND gate
7-8 OR gate
9-10 NOT gate
11-12 NOR gate
13-14 NAND gate
15 Applications of Logic gates
16 Conclusion
16 Bibliography

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 INTRODUCTION

Digital electronics is a field that focuses on devices and systems that use
digital signals to process and represent information. Unlike analog
electronics, which use continuous signals, digital electronics work with
discrete signals, typically represented by binary numbers (0s and 1s). This
binary system forms the basis of all digital circuits.

❖ LOGIC GATES
A logic gate is an electronic circuit designed by using electronic
components like diodes, transistors, resistors, and more. As the name
implies, a logic gate is designed to perform logical operations in digital
systems like computers, communication systems, etc. A logic gate can take
two or more inputs but only produce one output. The output of a logic
gate depends on the combination of inputs and the logical operation that
the logic gate performs.

Logic gates are crucial in digital circuits because they form the basic
building blocks that perform essential logical operations. They enable
digital devices to process information, make decisions based on
conditions, and perform calculations. Without logic gates, modern digital
electronics, including computers and smartphones would not function as
we know them today.

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 TYPES OF LOGIC GATES

There are three basic logic gates. i) AND Gate, ii) OR Gate, iii) NOT
Gate

AND Gate:
In digital electronics, the AND gate is one of the basic logic gates that
performs the logical multiplication of inputs applied to it. It generates a
high or logic 1 output, only when all the inputs applied to it are high or
logic 1. Otherwise, the output of the AND gate is low or logic 0.

Properties of AND Gate:

- AND gate can accept two or more than two input values at a time.
- When all of the inputs are logic 1, the output of this gate is logic 1.
The operation of an AND gate is described by a mathematical expression,
which is called the Boolean expression of the AND gate.

For two-input AND gate, the Boolean expression is given by,

Z=A.B
Where, A and B are inputs to the AND gate, while Z denotes the output of
the AND gate.

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REPRESENTATION OF ‘AND' GATE:

TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT
A B Z
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

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OR Gate:
This gate produces a low or logic 0 output only when it's all inputs are low
or logic 0. For all other input combinations, the output of the OR gate is
high or logic 1. This logic gate is termed as OR gate. An OR gate can be
designed to have two or more inputs but only one output. The primary
function of the OR gate is to perform the logical sum operation.

Properties of OR Gate:
- An OR gate have the following two properties:
- It can have two or more input lines at a time.
When all of the inputs to the OR gate are low or logic 0, the output of it is
low or logic 0.

The boolean expression for a two input OR gate is given by,

Z=A+B
The boolean expression for a three-input OR gate is,
Z=A+B+C

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REPRESENTATION OF ‘OR’ GATE:

TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT
A B Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

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NOT Gate
NOT gate is another basic logic gate used to perform a complement of an
input signal applied to it. It takes only one input and one output. The
output of the NOT gate is a complement of the input applied to it.
Therefore, if we apply a low or logic 0 output to the NOT gate it gives a
high or logic 1 output and vice-versa. The NOT gate is also known as an
inverter, as it performs the inversion operation.

Properties of NOT Gate:

- The output of a NOT gate is the complement or inverse of the input
applied to it.
- NOT gate takes only one output.

It’s boolean expression is:

Z=Ā
The bar over the input variable A represents the inversion operation.

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REPRESENTATION OF ‘NOT’ GATE:

TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT
A Ā

0 1
1 0

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NOR Gate:
The NOR gate is a type of universal logic gate that can take two or more
inputs but one output. It is basically a combination of two basic logic gates
i.e., OR gate and NOT gate.
NOR Gate = OR Gate + NOT Gate

Properties of NOR Gate:

- A NOR gate can have two or more inputs and gives an output.
- A NOR gate gives a high or logic 1 output only when its all inputs
are low or logic 0.

The boolean expression of a NOR gate is given below:

C = Ā+B ( draw bar over A and B )
​The variables A and B are called input variables while variable C is called
the output variable.

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REPRESENTATION OF ‘NOR’ GATE:

TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT
A B Z
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

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NAND Gate:
The NAND gate performs the inverse operation of the AND gate. Similar
to NOR gate, the NAND gate can also have two or more input lines but
only one output line.
The NAND gate is represented as a combination of AND gate and NOT
gate.
NAND Gate = AND Gate + NOT Gate

Properties of NAND Gate:

- NAND gate can take two or more inputs at a time and produces one
output based on the combination of inputs applied.
- NAND gate produces a low or logic 0 output only when it's all
inputs are high or logic 1.

Boolean expression of NAND gate:

C = A̅B̅
A and B are the input variables and C is the output variable.

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REPRESENTATION OF ‘NAND’ GATE:

TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT

A B Z

0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

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 APPLICATION OF LOGIC GATES:

Here are some of the main applications of Logic Gates:

➢ Computers: Logic gates are the foundation of digital circuits like

processors and memory modules. They facilitate arithmetic
operations, data storage, and data processing.

➢ Calculators: They play a crucial role in calculators, enabling the

execution of complex mathematical operations.

➢ Digital Watches: In digital watches, logic gates are used to count

time and display it digitally.

➢ Telecommunication Systems: Logic gates help in the digital

processing of data and signals in telecommunication devices.

➢ Control Systems: They are used extensively in control systems such

as traffic lights, elevators, and automated machines for
decision-making processes.

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 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, logic gates are a fundamental component of digital

electronics and computing. They are the means by which binary
information is manipulated, allowing for the execution of complex logical
operations. From basic digital devices to sophisticated computing systems,
logic gates play an indispensable role in our modern digital age. With a
solid understanding of logic gates and their operations, one can grasp the
functioning of the digital world that surrounds us.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/logic-gates/

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/logic/logic_1.htm

https://maker.pro/blog/what-are-logic-gates-and-why-are-they-important

https://www.electricity-magnetism.org/logic-gates/

https://elchoroukhost.net/logic-gates-and-truth-tables-explained/

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