Mee curriculum 2021 STUDENT'S BOOK Electrical Trade Theory Tae SA Chuturgoon aaa ity@ Electrical Trade Theory Student's Book SA ChuturgoonElectrical Trade Theory Nz ‘Student's Book © intext SA Ghumurgoon, 20 (© in published edtior: Troupant Publishers, 2021 Allights erred No par of this publication may be represiuced, ‘sored i a retieal stm anced in any form cerby any means clonic, photocopying recording, ortherwise without the prior serie permision ofthe copyright holder orin accordance with the provisions ofthe Copyright Act, 1978 lasamended]. Any penion who docs any unauovised atin ration to this publication muy be liable for criminal prosecution and cl clsims for demages. Firtedition 2016 Second eition 2021 PO Box 4532 Nonthi 5 Distributed by Macmillan South Africa [Pry] Lid ISBN: 978-1-4308-0876-3 Web PDF ISBN: 978-1-1308-0877.0 [Risilegal to photocopy any page of this book without written permission from the publisher. Acknowledgements Selected images used under licence from Shutterstock com. SANS regulitions reproduced wth permission by the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS), Regulations taken from SANS 1OL4?-1, The wiring of premises Part I: Law-noliageinsallations. South African Bureau of Standard, 2030, Edition 8, ISBN 978 0-626-84408. 1 White every effort has been made to ensure that the information published in this work is accurate, the authors editors, publisher and printers take na responsibilty for any loss or damage suffered by any person as. result of reliance upon the information contained herein. ‘The publisher respectfully advises readers to obtain professional advice concerning the content, ‘While every efor has been made to trace the copyright holders and obtain copyright permission from them, in some cases this has proved imposible {duc tologstic and time constraints. Any copyright holder who becomes aware of infringement on our side is invite a contact the publisher. ‘To onler any of these books contact Macmillan Customer Services at et (011) 731.3300 Fax (011) 7313535 Enail-castomerservices@macmillaneducation.cozaContents Module 1: Alternating-current circuit theory 1 Unit 1.4: Dynamically induced emfs and AC waveform Unit 1.2: Statically induced emfs. Unit 14: Three-phase circuits Summary of Module 1 Summative assessment for Module 1 Module 2: Conductors, insulators and cables Unit 2.1: Conductors ———____________ Unit 2.2: Insulators... Unit 23: Cables and cable, Unit 2.4: Installation of cables. Summary of Module 2... Summative assessment for Module 2. Module 3: Electrical reticulation 80 Unit 341; Reticulation networks Summary of Module 3 Summative assessment for Module Module 4: Switchgear and protective devices a Unit 4 Unit 4.2: Protection against overcurrents.... Unit 4.3: Protection against leakage currents and phase imbalance Unit 4.4: Protection of overhead lines... Summary of Module 4. Summative assessment for Module Module 5: Batteries Unit 5.1: Lead-acid batteries. Unit 5.2: Sealed lead-acid (SLA) batteries wm Unies.3: Lithiurs-ion batteries Summary of Module 5. Summative assessment for Module Switchgear Module 6: Direct-current machines Function and construction of DC macl ‘Summative assessment for Module 6... Module 7: Alternating current machines Summary of Module 7. Summative assessment for ModuleModule 8: Transformers 202 Unit 8.1: Construction and operation of a single-phase transform 203 Unit8.2: ‘Three-phase transformers. Summary of Module ‘Summative assessment for Module 8.. Module 9: Earthing Unit9.1: Leakage current and the earthing chain Unit9.2: Earth fault current protection... Summary of Module 9. Summative assessment for Module 9.. Module 10: Measuring instruments Unit 10.1; Function of measuring instruments. Unit 10.2: Direct and indirect methods of connecting measuring instrument Unit 10.3; Range extension of measuring instruments... Unit 10.4: Digital measuring instruments. Summary of Module 10. Summative assessment for Module 10... Madule 11; Renewable energy Unit L1.t: Generating electricity using renewable energy sources, Summary of Module 11 ‘Summative assessment for Module 11. Short answers Abbreviations and symbols 21 Glossary 275 Practice exam 283 NOTE TO THE STUDENT ‘The syllabus weighting of the work covered in this textbook is as follows: Ec eaoces Eicon Ct Pecan soso} question. Alternating-current circuit theory 7 Conductors, insulators and cables 3 3 2 Electrical reticulation 0 8 8 Switchgear and protective devices 0 10 10 Batteries ° 10 10 Direet-current machines 0 10 70 ‘Alternating-current machines 0 8 8 Transformers. 5 5 10 Earthing ° 10 10 ‘Measuring instruments 3 3 6 Renewable energy 0 4 4 TOTAL 18% 82% 100%Alternating-current circuit eel a Overview of Module 1 ae An alternating-current (AC) reticulation network is preferred to a direct- rework tet apes ond current (DC) network for supplying domestic and industrial consumers ote teatty, because AC voltages are easy to transform to higher or lower voltages. AC power supply systems are single phase or three phase. In Sauth Africa, the supply authority uses a three-phase network, In this modiule, you are going to learn how emfs are Induced, the features of AC waveforms, power and power factar in single- and three-phase AC circuits, and haw three-phase circuits are connected using star and delta connections. Unit 1.1: Dynamically induced emfs and AC waveforms Calculate the magnitude of an emf induced in a rotating conductor. * Calculate the magnitude of instantaneous currents and emfs. © Define the following terms: Instantaneous value, Average value. Roat mean square (RMS) value. © Form factor. © Maximum value. * Calculate the form factor of a sinusoidal wave. Unit 1.2; Statically induced emfs © Explain how emfs can be statically induced: ©. Self-induced. © Mutually induced. Unit 1.3: Power in an AC circuit * Calculate the three powers in single- phase circuits. © Define power factor. * Calculate power factor, Unit 1.4; Three-phase circuits * Calculate the three powers in three- phase circuits. © Draw circuit diagrams to lilustrate star and delta connections. * State the relationship between phase and line values in a star- and delta- Figure 1.1: Three-phase low-voltage connected system. (fuse links > ‘TVET FIRST Alternating-current circuit theory [I€ st Discuss the following in clas * Physical mation is one of the requirements for an emf ta be induced in a coil. Da you think that it Is possible far an emf to be induced in a coil in the absence of physical motion? * three-phase supply has three five conductors and a three-phase EEE motor has six connection terminals. How is It possible for six connection carrying current from the terminals to be connected to this three-phase system? point of supply tthe point * From your knowledge of electromagnetism which you gained in N1, ne can yau explain the difference between a direct current (DC) and an bpbdetitionertird alternating current (AC)? produce movement By areslunteer io gpetse cect lint ese Lals as ‘Waveforms We are first going to revise DC current covered in N1 to enable you to understand AC current. 1.1.1 Direct- versus alternating-current circuits a) Direct-current circuit Definition of direct current (DC) Direct current (DC) is electric current that flows in one direction only. conventional current In any DC circuit, the movement of electrons or the flow of current is in one Sead direction only (see Figure 1.2), Conventional current flow is the flow of current ttenegave tema of @ from the positive terminal of a battery to the negative terminal af the battery. cae + enor Electron flow, however, is the flow of current from the negative terminal of a Setter used vo ponsfer battery to the positive terminal of the battery. caren om goer You learned in NI that during the flow of current, the current experiences the etectron Row de ow of resistance (R) of resistor R. Because of this resistance, the steady DC current cre ee generates heat. terminl of 2aery ; | restscance (mp ‘The voltage and current quantities can be represented by waveforms in the pposton thro form of straight lines, Figure 1.3 shows that the voltage and current values are seers fo ib constant at any time from zero (0) to infinity (50).This also suggests that the heat vitor: on elctrkot ‘amporent ha its ‘or regulates the low of tte catenti on efecric drat Infinity (ek 0 number thats fa lore to be colesoted produced is constant. EE] Mocutes THETPIRSE:7 5. rot ae . ES - 33 Lo r 0 Time 80 (infinity) Figure 1.2: DC circuit Figure 1.3: DC voltage or cerrent waveform b) Alternating-current circuit R Definition of alternating current (AC) Alternating current (AC) is electric current that reverses its direction 1 of flow many times per second and at regular intervals. 7 Figure L_4 shows a simple AC circuit. Note that the supply has no Figure 14: AC circuit polarity so we cannot determine the direction of current flow. slectromotive force {emn; voinage measured crest avotage source uring open crc or ‘urna the open-clreult vortage, that when 20 ‘urrent i flowing ‘open circu: on Incomplete eecrical conection though which ‘urrent canna flow alk afeneth of wre noun ina joined sequence of concentric rings or turns rmagnetle Mine 0 measurement ofthe teat ‘magnets fled which passes through agnen surface ‘magnetic Meld: oreo or region around « magnet in Inhicn magnetic Forces con be observed relative speed: the speed of s moving body with respect ro another boo. thealperence i speed benwter the co andthe magnet field ‘TVET FIRST 1.1.2 Electromagnetic induction Definition of electromagnetic induction Electromagnetic induction is the process of producing an electromotive force (emf) across a coil linked to a changing magnetic field. a) Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction ‘The generation of an AC wave is best explained by Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction: Vhenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, an. electromotive force is induced in the conductor, © Second law: The magnitude of the induced emf depends on the rate of, change of magnetic flux linkages. laws can be simplified to read as follows: © When a conductor or coil moves or cuts across a magnetic field, an ernf is induced in the conductor or coil. The magnitude of the emf depends on the rate of cutting or simply the velocity at which the conductor is rotating, OR © Amemfis induced Fa coil placed in a magnetic ficld wherever there is relative motion between them. The magnitude of this emf depends on the magnitude of the relative speed between the coil and the magnetic field. b) Three requirements for inducing an emf Faraday was able lo prove that there are three requirements for an emf to be induced as shown in Figure 1.5: Anermatng-urrent ceut theory© Magnetic field lines (also called magnetic lines of flux). * Acoilorconductor, * Some type of motion, '* Magnetic flux * Cail or conductor * Rotation or motion Induced emf —> 1 Figure 1.8: Diagrammatic representation of Faraday’ laws c) Types of electromagnetic induction Figure 1.6 shows the two ways in which an emf can be induced: * Dynamically. © Statically. induced emf I Dynamically Statically induced induced conductor moving in a fixed fixed conductor in a changing magnetic field magnetic field Self Mutually induced Induced AC generators (alternators) T ! OC generators ‘eddy currents transformers Figure 1.6: Types of electromagnetic induction You will learn about dynamically induced emfs in this unit and about statically induced emyfsin Unit 1.2. 1.1.3 Dynamically induced alternating emf Dynamically induced emf Ifa conductor consisting of a wire coil is physically rotated inside a magnetic field, it causes an alternating emf ta be induced in the rotating coil, The emf is said to be dynamically induced as the emfi motion. induced as a result of physical Figure 1.7 isa diagrammatic representation of dynamically induced emf, BY vocuies > magnetic netd tines: su tol ued to feprewrt magrth ey ‘hte coed magnet ines off eddy currant: on induce? efecric current formed within the Body of conductor thts located I 2 vorying magne eld dynamically induced ‘emf: en produced os ¢ ‘resid of plysical moun statically induced emt: ‘no physical movin x ‘required ta Induce on emt er 1 irsteod induced by 0 hanging magnetic tt alternating em voltage developed na call of twice by changing the ‘fuehrough toe colt by ‘moving he cot tosh the moet et or by fering the arection ofthe ‘ux wit respec tothe col ‘TVET FIRSTsinroldat toting he hope of sine wave single phase: sytem mich tne ive conductor and ane dstnc wave ele Eenerator: omochine thot converts ane farms of energy into once. p¢cathy mechanic! meray ia electrical enerwy alternator: an elecrical reveroter thot converts ‘mechanical energy io tdecrica enery nthe form of ahermoning curren wire lop: 0 engi of wire that folded tock an iseif so thot teaver on opening In the mite of cated oneurn col Generating an AC waveform * AC Generator by Creative Learning | bensvout, be/eQvamifnwty * Faradays Law by schulerruler | itps/fyouts her sr TVET FIRST emf, ———»} (dynamically induced) Figure 1.7: Dynamically énduced emf a) Sinusoidal waveform Dynamically induced emf can be represented by a sinusoidal waveform. This waveform is also called a changing or alternating waveform. In N1 you learned how this waveform is generated using a simple single-phase generator or alternator (see Figure 1.8). The wire loop has two coil sides or conductors, Each conductor is connected to a slip ring, conductor B magnetic poles slip rings Y conductor A axis of Figure 1.8: Simple single-phase alternator Figure 1.9(a) shows the rolation of one conductar of the wire loop (conductor A), Figure 1.9(b) shows how emfs and currents are induced in the conductor as it rotates, Definition of a cycle Acyele isone complete set of changes (one complete wave) of an alternating quantity. In Figure 1.9(b), up to the 180° point, the positive half cycle of the graph has been completed. During this time, the current is flowing in one direction. The same explanation can be offered for rotation from the 180* point through to 360°, This is the negative half of the cycle. During the negative half cycle, the current flows in the opposite direction. This is because the direction of the motion of the conductor relative to the magnetic lines of flux is reversed. Anernatingcurrentcrcut neory ERIn Figure 1.9(b) the sinusoidal waveform re presents one complete cycle made up of four sections: * First section from position I to position 3: The emf increases fram zero to its maximum, producing current flow in one direction. The current also increases from zero to maximum, Second section from position 3 te position 5: The emf decreases from its maximum to zero, maintaining current flow in the same direction. The current also decreases from maximum to zero. * Third section from position 5 to position 6: ‘The emf increa reverse direction from zero to its maximum, producing current flow in the ‘The current also increases from zero to maximum. * Fourth section from position 6 to position 7: ‘The emf decreases from its maximum to zero, maintaining current flow in the reverse direction. The current also decreases from maximum to zero, Emt 4 vetty of veloe g | eonduttor A of (2) Rotation of one conductor (b) Inducing emf and current Figure 1.9: Generating an AC wave b) Magnitude of an emf induced in a rotating conductor We can find the magnitude of the emf induced in a rotating conductor using the following formula: Calculating the magnitude of dynamically induced emf e= Blvsind ohare magnetic Mux density © ¢= magnitude of the dynamically induced emf in volts (V), ene comet B= magnetic flex density in testas (1). fregh tipeeoree > TE vee sve r€ # [= length of conductor in metres (m). ears * v= velocity of the conductor in metres per second (m/s), Upshe ong hough * 0 angular displacement of the conductor; angle through which the which on object moves on gu 8 8 ee conductor has moved in a circular path; angle of rotation in degrees (*). An armature conductor ofa DC generator is 425 mm long. Itis rotated ata velocity of 20 m/s inside a magnetic field with a uniform flux density of 1,95 T. Calculate: a) The magnitude of the emf induced in the conductor at the instant when the conductor is at 45° to the magnetic field. b) The magnitude of the emf induced in the conductor at the instant when the conductor is at right angles to the magnetic field. ¢) The magnitude of the emf induced in the conductor at the instant when the conductor is at 180° to the magnetic field. Solution Given: |= 425 my v = 20 m/s; B= 1,95T a) e=Blvsin@ For calculation = (1193)(425 x 10°") (20) sin 45° questions, always: * State the formula =1,72V used. b) e=Blusind * Show the 2 iy ramet substitution. 1,95) (425 x 10-*} (20) sin 90° © Retind offal TREY 4 tu ~ 168 V ibtiwes decimal’ | mesureen(dfined by ©) e=Bivsind places the tmernadene! Sater of Uns fe meri syste used 1,95) (425 10°) (20)sin 180" * Showthe stant. | _inscece onéinausry =0V 1. Explain what you understand by the following: LL Direct current. (2) 1.2 Conventional current flaw. (2) 1.3 Electron flow. (2) 1A Alternating current, (2) 2, State Faraday’s two laws of electromagnetic induction, (3) 3. Name two ways in which an emf can be induced. (2) 4. Give two alternative names for a sinusoidal waveform. (2) > TVET FIRST Alternating-current circuit theory