POWER SYSTEM III

Module: 2
AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL
(AGC)

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 1

 POWER SYSTEM LOAD CHARACTERISTICS: A Preface

❖Operation & control perspective

1. Active and reactive power demands are never steady.
2. Load character affects the power frequency control.
3. Load demand variation puts the machine in trouble i.e. machine speed may
very adversely.
4. Consequent change in frequency is undesirable since allowable change is
accepted for ±0.5Hz.

How to
deal the
situation
??? REGULATION SPEED & EXCITATION

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 2

 INTRODUCTION TO AGC

AGC? ALFC ֍Topics inclusion in module

AGC operation
• Entire system modeling
AVR
• Block diagram representation
• Single area control
• Double area control
• Exciter control

Control representation & methods

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 3

 OBJECTIVES: AGC System

Characteristics:
Definition?
AGC System

֍The effective response to change of load

֍ Frequent & flexible balance adjustment between generation and load

֍ The control judgment in terms of frequency & voltage

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 4

 LIMITING FREQUENCY DEVIATIONS

֎ Reasons for keeping the system frequency constant

>> Directly affect the motor performance >> Havoc in the digital storage and retrieval process.

> > Excessive vibration and cause damage to the turbine blades

>> Under frequency operation of power transformer is >> Under frequency operation decreases the blast
undesirable due to saturation effect of ID & FD fans

Leads
to

❖ Damages power apparatus

❖ May results in complete shut down of plants
❖ Loss of revenue of suppliers

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 5

 FUNDAMENTAL CONTROL ACTION OF AGC

֎ The Need of Automatic

Generation Control

• Active power balance

1. Automatic Load Frequency
Control (ALFC)
• A change in active power demand at one
point is reflected throughout the system
2. Automatic Voltage
Regulator Systems (AVR)
• Multiple number of generators supplying
power into the system

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 6

 AGC CONTROL SCHEME

֍ Automatic Load Frequency Control ֍Automatic Voltage Regulator Systems

(ALFC) (AVR)

The main function of ALFC system is to assess

and rectify the power and frequency. AVR system is to regulate voltage and reactive
power.
120𝑓
𝑁𝑆 = 𝑄𝑣𝑎𝑟 ~ (𝑉𝑆 − 𝑉𝑅 )
𝑃 Case
study

1. Single machine connected to a group of loads

2. Multi-machine connected to a group of loads

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 7

 AGC: Takeaway Points

1 • What is AGC

2 • The need of AGC

3 • Reasons for limiting frequency deviations

4 • The need of AVR & ALFC

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 8

 Thank you

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 9

 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA
Course Name : POWER SYSTEM III

Module: 2

AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL

(AGC)
1
 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Automatic Load Frequency Control (ALFC)

❖Single Area Control

CONTROL AREA ?
❖Double Area Control

Objectives

● To maintain desired ●To assist in controlling the frequency

megawatt output of a of larger interconnection
generator unit matching ●To keep the net interchange power
with the changing load between pool members at the
predetermined value

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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

ALFC: Fundamental Block Diagram Representation

Speed Steam Generator Δf

Governor Turbine and Load

Feedback

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ALFC: Fundamental Block Diagram Representation

COMPONENTS
OF ALFC SCHEME

Speed Governing Steam Turbine Generator Load

System System System

Fly Ball Speed Hydraulic Linkage Speed

Governor Amplifier Mechanism Changer

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ALFC: Fundamental of Speed Governing System

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ALFC: Detail Turbine Speed Governing System Layout

Linkages

Courtesy: Olle I. Elgard: Electric Energy System Theory 6

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Speed Governing System : Function of Fly Ball Speed Governor

❖ Senses the change in

speed(frequency)

❖ Fly ball moves outward when

speed increases

❖ Fly ball moves inward when

speed decreases

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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Speed Governing System : Function of Hydraulic Amplifier

❖ In order to open or close

the steam valve against
high pressure steam.

❖ Low power level pilot

valve movement is
converted into high power
level movement.

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Speed Governing System : Function of Linkage Mechanism

❖Provides a movement to the control valve in proportion

to change of speed

❖Provides feedback

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Speed Governing System : Function of Speed Changer

❖ Provides a steady state power output

setting for the turbine

❖ Movement of speed changer control

the steam flow

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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Thank You

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 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA
Course Name : POWER SYSTEM III

Module: 2

AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL

(AGC)
1
 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Automatic Load Frequency Control (ALFC)

Recapitulations

 Function of ALFC controller

 Entire schematic diagram of ALFC scheme

 Components of ALFC scheme

 Mechanism of each component

2
 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

ALFC: Fundamental Block Diagram Representation

Speed Steam Generator Δf

Governor Turbine and Load

Feedback

Mathematical modeling
???
3
 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

ALFC: Mathematical Modeling

Speed Governing
System

H.W.??

R: Speed regulation, Ksg: Gain, Tsg: Time constant of speed governor

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ALFC: Mathematical Modeling

Turbine Model

H.W.??

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ALFC: Mathematical Modeling

Generator Load
Model

H.W.??

Kps: Power System gain, Tps: Power system time constant

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ALFC: Complete Mathematical Block for an isolated Power System

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ALFC: Steady State Analysis

Assumption

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ALFC: Steady State Analysis

Fixed for turbine

Fixed for power system

Only adjustable constants,

speed governor gain by
changing the links 9
 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

ALFC: Steady State Analysis

Now Ksg is so adjusted that

&

Finally,

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Steady state load frequency characteristics: Case study

 State the steady state changes in

frequency caused by changes in load
demand.

 Linear relationship between

frequency and load for free governor
operation.

 Droop or slope is,

Power system parameter B << (1/R).

So, B can be neglected.

Comments: The droop of the load frequency curve is thus mainly determined by R
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 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Steady state load frequency characteristics: Case study

Illustration: For a 250MW machine with an operating load of 125 MW, let the change in load
be 1% for 1% change in frequency( Schedule frequency=50Hz). Find B.

Solution hints:

MW/Hz

=2.5/250=0.01 pu MW/Hz

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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Thank You

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 POWER SYSTEM III

Module: 2
AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL
(AGC)

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 1

 RCAPITULATIONS

AGC? ALFC ֍Topics inclusion in module

AGC operation
• Entire system modeling
AVR
• Block diagram representation
• Single area control
• Double area control
• Exciter control

Control representation & methods

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 2

 AGC CONTROL SCHEME

֍ Automatic Load Frequency Control ֍Automatic Voltage Regulator Systems

(ALFC) (AVR)

The main function of ALFC system is to assess

and rectify the power and frequency. AVR system is to regulate voltage and reactive
power.
120𝑓
𝑁𝑆 = 𝑄𝑣𝑎𝑟 ~ (𝑉𝑆 − 𝑉𝑅 )
𝑃 Case
study

1. Single machine connected to a group of loads

2. Multi-machine connected to a group of loads

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 3

 AVR COMPONENT REALIZATION

֍ AVR scheme of a generator

MAIN EXCITER
has been designed by several
important elements to perform
the auto regulation process. SCR POWER POTENTIAL
AMPLIFIER TRANSFORMER

֍ Main task execution has to

be done by comparing the ●IMPORTANT
voltage between input reference COMPONENTS
and generated output.
STABILIZING DIFFERENCING
TRANSFORMER DEVICE

According to the scheme ERROR

relevant components are AMPLIFIER

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 4

 AVR CONTROL SCHEME

֍ Schematic diagram of automatic voltage regulator scheme for a alternator

MAIN EXCITER GEN FIELD

EXCITER FIELD GENERATOR

SCR
ERROR
POWER LOAD
AMPLIFIER
AMPLIFIER

PT

STABILIZING Tx

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 5

 Function of
AVR
components

֍ Potential Transformer

Introduces terminal voltage, ֍ Differencing Device

VT
Provides actuating error
𝑒 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑉𝑇

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 6

 Function of
AVR
components

Error Amplifier
SCR Power Amplifier & Exciter
Field
֍ Demodulates & amplifies
the error signal

֍ Power amplification to the signal

𝐾𝑒
1 + 𝑇𝑒𝑓 𝑆

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 7

 Function of
AVR
components
Stabilizing Transformer

Alternator
֍ Provides derivative
feedback
Laplace Transform finally gives,
T.F=??
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑉𝑠𝑡 (𝑠) 𝑠𝑀 ֍ Under no load produces a voltage
𝑣𝐸 = 𝑅1 𝑖𝑠𝑡 + 𝐿1 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑉𝐸 (𝑠) 𝑅1 + 𝑠𝐿1 proportional to the field current
𝑠𝑀
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑅1
𝑣𝑠𝑡 = 𝑀 =
𝑑𝑡 1 + 𝑇𝑠𝑡 𝑆 No Load T.F

𝑠𝐾𝑠𝑡 𝐾𝑔
=
1 + 𝑇𝑠𝑡 𝑆 1 + 𝑇𝑔𝑓 𝑆

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 8

 AVR : MATHEMATICAL MODELING

֍ T.F based control block diagram of AVR of an alternator

Load Change

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 9

 AGC: Takeaway Points

1 • What is AVR?

2 • The need of AVR

3 • AVR OPERATION & CONTROL

4 • AVR MODELING

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 10

 Thank you

@Department of Elecetrical Engineering, IEM Kolkata 11

 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA
Course Name : POWER SYSTEM III

Module: 2

AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL

(AGC)
1
 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

AGC: Control area analysis

Recapitulations

 Function of ALFC & AVR controller

 Entire schematic diagram of ALFC & AVR scheme

 Components of ALFC scheme & Mechanism of each component

 Components of AVR scheme & Mechanism of each component

 Steady state analysis of ALFC

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AGC: Control area analysis

TIE-LINES

Various areas can be connected with one another by one or more

transmission lines in an interconnected power grid through the tie-lines.

When two areas are having totally different frequencies, then there’s an
exchange of power between the two areas that are linked by the tie lines.

Let there be two control areas and power is

to be exchanged from area 1 to area 2.

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AGC: Control area analysis

Control Area

 A coherent area in which the frequency is assumed to be same throughout the

static and dynamic conditions.

 A coherent area is that area where the generators respond in unison to

changes in load or speed changer settings.

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Control area analysis :Two area Load frequency control

The sequence of the subscripts depicts that the flow of power

due to the tie lines is positive in the direction from 1 to 2.

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Two area Load frequency control

For little deviation in the angles and changes by and, the tie line power changes
as follows:

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Two area Load frequency control

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Two area Load frequency control

Examples

Hints

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AGC: Takeaway points

Tie-line function

Concept of Control area

single area and double load frequency control

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Thank You

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