CE 22003 :

Mechanics of Materials

Dr. Khin Aye Mon

1
 Chapter 9 :
Stress Transformation

2
 Objectives of the Study

▪ Apply stress transformation equations to plane stress

situations to determine any stress component at a point.
▪ Use transformation techniques to identify key components of
stress, such as principal stresses.
▪ Apply the alternative Mohr’s circle approach to perform plane
stress transformations.
▪ Extend Mohr’s circle analysis to examine three-dimensional
states of stress.

3
 Contents

▪ General State of Stress

▪ Plane-Stress
▪ Plane-Stress Transformation
▪ Principal Stresses and Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress

4
General State of Stress

▪ The general state of stress at a point

is characterized by six components.
➢ 3 components: 𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 and 𝜎𝑧 (the
normal stresses )
➢ the other three: 𝜏𝑥𝑦 , 𝜏𝑦𝑧 , and 𝜏𝑥𝑧 (the
shearing stresses)
▪ Not often encountered in engineering
practice.
▪ Most loadings are coplanar, and so
the stress these loadings produce can
be analyzed in a single plane.

5
Plane-Stress

▪ General state of plane stress at a

point
➢ two normal-stress components, 𝜎𝑥 ,
𝜎𝑦 , and
➢ one shear-stress component, 𝜏𝑥𝑦
which act on only four faces of the
element

6
 Plane-Stress

▪ Plane stress in the x–y plane is shown in

Fig. (a).
▪ The state of plane stress at the point is
uniquely represented by
(a) ➢ two normal-stress components and
➢ one shear-stress component acting on
=

an element.
▪ To be equivalent, these three
components will be different for each
specific orientation 𝜃 of the element at
the point.
(b)

7
Plane stress in x-y plane

8
 Plane-Stress Transformation

▪ Determine 𝜎𝑥′ , 𝜎𝑦′ & 𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ associated with the element after rotating
through an angle 𝜃 about the z axis

9
10
 Plane-Stress Transformation (cont’d:)

Sign Convention:

11
 ∑Fx’ = 0
∑Fy’ = 0
Sectioned Area Showing the Forces
12
▪ Use force equilibrium equation:

13
Recall the trigonometric relations:
Sin 2𝜃 = 2 Sin 𝜃 Cos 𝜃
Cos 2𝜃 = Cos2 𝜃 – Sin2 𝜃 = 1 – 2Sin2 𝜃 = 2Cos2 𝜃 – 1
1+cos 2𝜃 1−cos 2𝜃
Cos2 𝜃 = Sin2 𝜃 =
2 2

Rewrite the above equations as follows:

1+cos 2𝜃 1−cos 2𝜃
𝜎𝒙′ = 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃 (or)
2 2
𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒙′ = + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽
𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝝉𝒙′𝒚′ =− 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽
𝟐

14
▪ For expressing the normal stress 𝜎𝑦′ :
➢ Calculating by using equilibrium
equation (or)

➢ Replacing 𝜃 in 𝜎𝑥 ′ Eq. by the angle

(𝜃 + 90° ) that the 𝑦’axis forms with
the x axis.
➢ Since cos (2𝜃+180° ) = - cos 2𝜃 and
sin (2𝜃+180° ) = - sin 2𝜃
▪ Therefore,
𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒚′ = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 − 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽
𝟐 𝟐

15
𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚 = 𝝈𝒙′ + 𝝈𝒚′

16
Example 1:
Determine the state of stress at a point on
another element oriented 30° clockwise
from the position shown.
Solution:

17
Practice
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element
shown in Fig.
Determine the stresses acting on an element inclined at an angle
θ = 45°.

18
Note:

Shear failure along a 45° plane of

a wood block loaded in
compression

19
Principal Stresses and Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress

From Transformation equation, notices that

𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒙′ = + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 Depend on the angle
𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚 of inclination (𝜽)
𝝉𝒙′ 𝒚′ = − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽
𝟐

So, important to determine the orientations

➢ causes 𝜎 to be max & min

➢ causes 𝜏 to be a max.

20
In-Plane Principal Stresses
Principal stresses: max (σ1) and min (σ2) normal stresses
▪ To determine ‘θ’ that causes σmax and σmin ,
➢ differentiate 𝝈𝒙′ Eq. with respect to ‘θ’
➢ set the result equal to zero
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑥 ′ = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
2 2

21
In-Plane Principal Stresses (cont’d)

𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝜽𝒑 =
(𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚 )Τ𝟐

where, θp = orientation of the planes of principle stresses

The solution has two roots, θp1 and θp2 .

22
 2θp2 = 180° + 2θp1
2θp2 - 2θp1 = 180°
θp2 - θp1 = 90°

Substituting Cosine & Sine values from the Fig

into transformed eqn and simplifying: obtain-
( in-plane
principal
stresses)
23
▪ The corresponding planes on which they act are called the
principal planes of stress.
▪ 𝜏𝑥 ′𝑦′ = 0 no shear stress acts on the principal planes

24
Example (2)

𝜃𝑝1 & 𝜃𝑝2 = ?

Principal stresses, 𝜎1 & 𝜎2 = ?

Solution

(a) For principal stresses, orientation of element -

25
 2θP = - 47.49º → θP = - 23.7º
θP = - 23.7º (or) θ P = 66.3º

Principal Stress.

26
 θ = θP = -23.7º

∴ θP1 = 66.3º , θ P2 = - 23.7º

27
Practice:
For the state of plane stress shown in
Fig., determine (a) the principal
planes, and (b) the principal stresses.

28
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress
To determine the orientation of the element that is subjected to
maximum shear stress:
▪ differentiate 𝝉𝒙′ 𝒚′ eqn. with respect to θ
▪ set the result equal to zero
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ =− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃
2

** θs = θP + 45° τmax

29
Substituting Cosine & Sine values from the Fig into transformed
eqns; and simplifying: obtain-

(maximum in-plane shear stress)

Substituting the values for sin 2θs and cos 2θs into Eq. 9-1,
obtain-
(An average normal stress on the
planes of maximum in-plane shear
stress )

30
31
Example (4)

maximum in-plane shear stress = ?

associated average normal stress = ?

Solution

32
For maximum in-plane shear stress, orientation of element -

Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress:

33
𝜃 = 𝜃𝑆 = 21.3°

For Average Normal Stress,

34
Practice
Figure shows an element in plane stress.

(a) Determine the principal

stresses and show them on a
sketch of a properly oriented
element.
(b) Determine the maximum
shear stresses and show them
on a sketch of a properly
oriented element.

35
Example 5
When the torsional loading T is
applied to the bar in Fig., it produces
a state of pure shear stress in the
material. Determine
(a) the maximum in-plane shear
stress and the associated average
normal stress, and
(b) the principal stress.

Torsion failure of cast iron. Torsion failure of mild steel.

36
 Solution:

Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress.

Principal Stress.

37
𝜃 = 𝜃𝑃 = 45°

Thus, 𝜎2 = −𝜏 at 𝜃𝑃2 = 45°

38
Example 6
When the axial loading P is applied to the bar in Fig., it produces a
tensile stress in the material. Determine (a) the principal stress and
(b) the maximum in-plane shear stress and associated average
normal stress

Axial failure of mild steel.

Axial failure of cast iron.

39
40
 References

1) Mechanics of Materials (10th Edition), R.C. Hibbeler

2) Mechanics of Materials (8th Edition), Ferdinand P. Beer,
E.Russell Johnston, Jr., John T. DeWolf and David F. Mazurek
3) Mechanics of Materials – SI Edition (8th Edition), James M.
Gere and Barry J. Goodno

41