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Chapter 4 Torsion

- Shear stress in circular shafts under torsion is calculated using the torsion formula, which relates shear stress to torque, polar moment of inertia, and radius. Shear stress varies linearly from zero at the center to a maximum at the surface. - The angle of twist in a shaft under torque is calculated using the angle of twist formula, which relates angle of twist to torque, shear modulus, polar moment of inertia, and length. Angle of twist measures the relative rotation between the ends of the shaft. - Examples show calculating shear stress and angle of twist for various shaft geometries and torque conditions, and comparing results to material properties.

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395 views20 pages

Chapter 4 Torsion

- Shear stress in circular shafts under torsion is calculated using the torsion formula, which relates shear stress to torque, polar moment of inertia, and radius. Shear stress varies linearly from zero at the center to a maximum at the surface. - The angle of twist in a shaft under torque is calculated using the angle of twist formula, which relates angle of twist to torque, shear modulus, polar moment of inertia, and length. Angle of twist measures the relative rotation between the ends of the shaft. - Examples show calculating shear stress and angle of twist for various shaft geometries and torque conditions, and comparing results to material properties.

Uploaded by

شكار حسين
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 4: Torsion in Round Shafts

- Shear stress in a round shaft


- Angle of twist in a round shaft
4.1 Shear Stress in a Round Shaft

Many structures and machine parts are loaded in torsion.


Power transmission parts are typically circular solid shafts or
circular hollow shafts because these shapes are easy to
manufacture and balance, and because the outer material
carries most of the stress. For a given maximum size, more
material is available along the entire surface of a circle than at
the four corners of a square.
Therefore, the stress in the shaft also varies linearly from the center
to the surface of the shaft. So τ=0 at the center, and τ=τmax at
the surface.
The torsion formula is

The maximum shear stress is at the outer diameter


Section Property

• Calculate the polar moment of inertia of the cross-sectional


area. For a solid section of radius c.

for a tube of outer radius c0 and inner radius ci


Example 4.1: The torque on a 0.25 inch diameter circular shaft is 5
ft⋅lb. What is the shear stress? Report the answer in ksi.
Solution:
The distance from the centroid to the surface is
c=d/2= 0.25/2 =0.125 in.
The polar moment of inertia of a circle is

So, the shear stress is

Once we have the shear stress, we can compare it with the


allowable shear stress for this material. If the calculated stress is
higher than the allowable stress, then we can either select a stronger
material or use a larger diameter shaft.
Example 4.2: A torque of 800 N⋅m is applied to a hollow shaft. The
inside diameter is 100 mm; the outside diameter is 120 mm. What
is the shear stress on the inside and outside surfaces? Report the
answer in MPa.

Solution:
Example 4.3: The pipe shown has an inner diameter of 80 mm
and an outer diameter of 100 mm. If its end is tightened against
the support at A using a torque wrench at B, determine the shear
stress developed in the material at the inner and outer walls
along the central portion of the pipe when the 80-N forces are
applied to the wrench.
Solution:
Example 4.4: The shaft shown is supported by two bearings
and is subjected to three torques. Determine the shear stress
developed a points A and B, located at section a–a of the shaft.
Solutions:
Angle of Twist in a Round Shaft

Normal strain is defined as the change in length of tensile member


divided by its original length: ε=δ/ L . We can define shear strain
on a torsion member as the change in location of a point on the
surface of the shaft divided by the length of the shaft: γ=δshear/ L
The angle of twist, θ, is measured in radians, so we can substitute
δshear=c θ . Now the shear strain is γ=cθ/ L .
The ratio of normal stress to normal strain is Young's modulus,
E=σ/ε . We have a similar ratio for shear stress and shear strain:
the shear modulus G=τ/γ . The math is the same; just the
symbols have changed. Shear modulus is a materials property,
just like Young's modulus. Substitute the expression for shear
strain, and we have G=τ/γ = τ L/cθ
Rewrite the equation to find the angle of twist θ= τ L/G c .
Since shear stress τ=Tc/J , we can substitute this expression into
the angle of twist equation to get θ= τ L/G c=TL/JG .
So, the angle of twist formula is
θ= TL/JG .
Here
θ =the angle of twist of one end of the shaft with respect to the
other end, measured in radians
T=the internal torque found from the equation of moment equilibrium.
J=the shaft’s polar moment of inertia
G=the shear modulus of elasticity for the material
Example 4.5: A solid round steel shaft has a torque of 600 ft.lb.
The shaft has a diameter of 1.25 in. and a length of 36 in. What is
the angle of twist? Report the answer in radians and in degrees.
G=12,000 ksi

Solution:
Example 4.6: The gears attached to the fixed-end steel shaft are
subjected to the torques shown . If the shear modulus of elasticity
is 80 Gpa and the shaft has a diameter of 14 mm, determine the
angle of twist on gear A.The shaft turns freely within the bearing at
B.
Solution:
Example 4.7:
Solution:

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