Module 15:

Heredity, Inheritance and

Variation

Name: Time Frame: 1 week

Grade and Section:
Date:

Lesson
LESSON 1: CONTINENTAL CRUST AND OCEANIC CRUST
1

General Instruction
This module will serve as a supplementary material/reviewer for future exams.
Use a separate, clean sheet of bond paper in answering the activities embedded in this module.
Upon submitting your answer sheet, strictly follow the following:a. Indicate your Name, Grade and Section
and the Date.
b. Use either short/bond paper or intermediate/legal pad to answer the activities.
c. Since you will be keeping this module, you must COPY the questions and answer them.
d. Upon submission, compile and fasten/staple your answer sheets for them not to be detached, or worse,
lost.
c. Avoid PLAGIARISM.
3. Follow these instructions to avoid deduction of points.
 Genetic mutation is the basis of species diversity among beetles, or
any other organism. Mutations are changes in the genetic sequence, and they
are a main cause of diversity among organisms. These changes occur at many
different levels, and they can have widely differing consequences.

Lesson
2 GENETIC MUTATION

Learning objective/s

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function of
a protein.
a. compare the different types of mutations and their possible results

Deepen

When you copy from the

blackboard, sometimes you may make
mistakes. In a similar way,
mistakes may occur when DNA is
replicated. Look at the figure on
the right to see some common
mistakes in replication. Changes in
the DNA sequence may delete such
protein or change its structure.
When the code in a gene is
changed, a different message may
result. Any change in the sequence
of nitrogenous bases in the DNA,
any mistake in the transcription of
genetic information from DNA to RNA
or pairing of the codon and
anticodon, may cause changes in the
kind, sequence and number of amino
acids of proteins synthesized by
cells. Changes in the protein
structure or level of expression
may lead to changes in cellular
properties and behavior, as a
result, the organism is affected.

Changes in the genes can occur for a variety of reasons. Mutation may
be induced by factors called mutagens. Mutagens are commonly in the form of
toxic chemicals, and harmful radiation. Sometimes, mistakes occur in DNA
replication, mitosis, and meiosis. All of these can alter the DNA sequence
and length.
Most mutations are harmful. Some mutations in a body cell are known to
cause cancer, while mutations in sex cells can cause birth defects. A severe
mutation may lead to cell death and may have no effect on the body.
Sometimes mutations may be useful for the species. For example, a mutation
in blood proteins prevents viruses or parasites to thrive in host organisms.

Let’s investigate
 Activity 1
Chromie Change

Objective:
• Illustrate the kinds of chromosomal mutations
• Differentiate the kinds of chromosomal mutations
Materials:
• modeling clay or any material you opt to use
Procedure:
A. Translocation
1. Using modeling clay make models of two (2)
chromosomes. One should have a different
color and size from the other.
2. Break one part of each of the chromosomes.
Exchange the parts and attach them to each of
the other chromosomes. See illustration on
the right.
3. Fill in the second column (translocation)
of the table.

B. Deletion
1. Make a model of a chromatid (one of the
duplicated copies of a chromosome).
2. When done, remove a portion of it (close to
either end of the chromosome or within the
long arm or short arm). If you choose to
remove a part within the arms, be sure to join
back the bottom part. See sample illustration.
3. Fill in the third column (deletion) of the table.

C. Inversion
1. Make a colored chromatid as shown on the figure below (label as 1).
2. This time break a portion (with 2 colors) of it. Refer to the
illustration on the figure below (label as 2).
3. Reinsert it to the chromatid in reverse manner. See figure below (label
as 3).
4. Fill in the fourth column (inversion) of the table.

1 3

Table 1: Comparing Types of Genetic Mutations

Chromosomal Mutations
Translocation Deletion Inversion
1. How many
chromosomes are
involved?

2. How did you

change the
original
structure of the
chromosomes?

3. Which
condition/s do
you think
result/s to
change/s of
chromosome
material? Please
indicate using
the words loss,
gain, either loss
or gain of
genetic material.

Q1. How are the three chromosomal aberrations different from each other?
How are they similar?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Q2. Do you think the normal genetic content of the chromosome is affected?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Q3. Which condition results to gain of chromosome material? Loss of

chromosome material?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Q4. What are some possible effects of these chromosomal mutations?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

GENETIC DISORDERS

1. Cri du chat Syndrome

“Cri du chat” is caused by the deletion of part of the
short arm of chromosome 5. “Cri du chat” is French, and the
condition is so named because affected babies make high-
pitched cries that sound like a cat. Affected individuals
have wide-set eyes, a small head and jaw, are moderately to
severely mentally retarded, and very short.

Source: player.mashpedia.com
Figure 1. Cri du chat

2. Down’s Syndrome
 It is usually caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21(trisomy 21).
Characteristics include decreased muscle tone, stockier build, asymmetrical
skull, slanting eyes and mild to moderate mental retardation.

3. Edwards syndrome
Edwards syndrome, which is the second most common trisomy after Down’s
syndrome, is a trisomy of chromosome 18. Symptoms include
mental and motor retardation and numerous congenital
anomalies causing serious health problems. About 99% die in
infancy. However, those who live past their first birthday,
usually are quite healthy thereafter. They have a
characteristic hand appearance with clenched hands and
overlapping fingers.

4. Jacobsen syndrome
It is also called terminal 11q deletion
disorder. This is a very rare disorder.
Those affected have normal intelligence or
mild mental retardation, with poor or
excessive language skills. Most have a
bleeding disorder called Paris-Trousseau
syndrome.

5. Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY)

Men with this condition are usually
sterile and tend to have longer arms and
legs and to be taller than their peers. They
are often shy and quiet and have a higher
incidence of speech delay. Klinefelter’s syndrome Turner’s syndrome

6. Turner’s syndrome (X instead of XX or XY)

Female sexual characteristics are present but underdeveloped. They
often have a short stature, low hairline, abnormal eye features and bone
development and a “caved-in” appearance to the chest.

Your TASK
Research at least ONE genetic disorder. Include an image of the sample genetic disorder, discuss
the symptoms and the type of genetic mutation present in it. Put your answer in a short bond paper.

Reference: DepEd Science – 10 Learner’s Material Unit 3. First Edition, 2015.