Laminar or Viscous Flow

Prof. Sunil D. Bagade

Points in the Chapter
• Laminar flow through circular pipes,
• Laminar flow through parallel plates,
• Kinetic Energy correction factor,
• Momentum correction factor
 Flow of Viscous fluid through circular pipes
For the laminar or viscous flow through circular pipe, if Reynolds number is
less than 2000.
The Reynold number is given by Where
 = Density of Fluid flowing through pipe
𝑅𝑒 = ρVD/μ V = Average Velocity of Fluid
D = Diameter of Pipe
 = Dynamic viscosity of fluid

Consider a pipe of radius R

𝝉 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒅𝒙
Direction A
R dr Flow Direction from left to
D 𝝏𝒑 r
Of flow 𝒑𝝅𝒓𝟐 (𝒑 +
𝝏𝒙
𝒅𝒙)𝝅𝒓𝟐 right
dx Consider an element of
B C
radius r thickness dr and
length dx
 𝝉 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒅𝒙
Direction
R dr If 𝒑 is the pressure on face AB,
A D 𝝏𝒑
r
Of flow 𝟐
𝒑𝝅𝒓 (𝒑 +
𝝏𝒑
𝝏𝒙
𝒅𝒙)𝝅𝒓𝟐 then (𝒑 + 𝒅𝒙) is the pressure
𝝏𝒙
dx on face CD
B C

The forces acting on element is

1. The pressure force on AB =𝒑𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝝏𝒑
2. The pressure force on CD =(𝒑 + 𝒅𝒙)𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝝏𝒙
3. The Shear force on fluid element = 𝝉 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒅𝒙
Thus Summation of all forces acting on element
𝝏𝒑
𝒑𝝅𝒓𝟐 - (𝒑 + 𝒅𝒙)𝝅𝒓𝟐 -𝝉 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝒑
− 𝒅𝒙 𝝅𝒓𝟐 - 𝝉 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒅𝒙 = 0
𝝏𝒙
 𝝏𝒑
− 𝝏𝒙 𝝅𝒓𝟐 - 𝝉 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝝏𝒙 = 0
𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝒑
− 𝒓 -𝝉𝟐=0
𝝏𝒙
𝜕𝑝 𝑟 ----------(1)
𝜏= −
𝜕𝑥 2
𝝏𝒑
The shear stress  across a section varies with ‘r’ as across a section is constant. Hence
𝝏𝒙
shear stress distribution and velocity distribution shown in fig.
 𝜕𝑝 𝑟
1) Velocity Distribution 𝜏=−
𝜕𝑥 2

We know the shear stress is 𝜕𝑢

𝜏=𝜇
𝜕𝑦
But y is in terms of radius is y is measured from pipe wall
y = R- r and dy = -dr
𝜕𝑢
𝜏=−𝜇
𝜕𝑟
Thus from equation 1
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝑟
−𝜇 = − 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝑟
=
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 2𝜇
Integrate above equation w r t ‘r’, we get
𝜕𝑝 1
𝑢= 𝑟2+ C --------(2)
𝜕𝑥 4𝜇
Where C is the constant of Integration
1) Velocity Distribution 𝑢=
𝜕𝑝 1
𝜕𝑥 4𝜇
𝑟2+ C

To obtain value of constant of integration the boundary conditions are r =R then u = 0

𝜕𝑝 1
0 = 𝑅2+ C
𝜕𝑥 4𝜇
𝜕𝑝 1
𝐶 =− 𝑅2
𝜕𝑥 4𝜇
From equation (2), we get
𝜕𝑝 1 2 𝜕𝑝 1
𝑢= 𝑟 − 𝑅2
𝜕𝑥 4𝜇 𝜕𝑥 4𝜇

𝟏 𝝏𝒑 𝟐
𝒖= − (𝑹 − 𝒓𝟐 ) --------(3)
𝟒𝝁 𝝏𝒙
 𝟏 𝝏𝒑
𝒖 = − 𝟒𝝁 𝝏𝒙(𝑹𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐 )

2) Ratio of Maximum Velocity to Average Velocity

The velocity is maximum, when r = 0, Let Umax is the maximum velocity
𝟏 𝝏𝒑 𝟐
Umax= − 𝑹 --------(4)
𝟒𝝁 𝝏𝒙

The discharge through element is

𝝉 𝟐𝝅𝒓∆𝒙
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
Direction A R dr
D 𝝏𝒑 r
Of flow
𝒑𝝅𝒓𝟐 (𝒑 +
𝝏𝒙
∆𝒙)𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑢 × 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
x
B C
From equation 3
1 𝜕𝑝 2
𝑑𝑄 = − (𝑅 − 𝑟 2 ) × 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
4𝜇 𝜕𝑥
Integrate above Equation between 0 to R
 𝑅
1 𝜕𝑝 2
𝑄= − (𝑅 − 𝑟 2 ) × 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
0 4𝜇 𝜕𝑥
𝑅
1 𝜕𝑝
𝑄=− × 2𝜋 (𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 ) 𝑟𝑑𝑟
4𝜇 𝜕𝑥 0
𝑅
1 𝜕𝑝
𝑄=− × 2𝜋 (𝑅2 𝑟 − 𝑟 3 ) 𝑑𝑟
4𝜇 𝜕𝑥 0
2 2 4 𝑅
1 𝜕𝑝 𝑅 𝑟 𝑟
𝑄=− × 2𝜋 −
4𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2 4 0
1 𝜕𝑝 𝑅4 𝑅4
𝑄=− × 2𝜋 −
4𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2 4
𝜋 𝜕𝑝 4
𝑄=− 𝑅
8𝜇 𝜕𝑥
The Average Velocity is
𝝅 𝝏𝒑 𝟒
𝑸 − 𝟖𝝁 𝝏𝒙 𝑹 𝟏 𝝏𝒑 𝟐
𝒖= = 𝟐
=− 𝑹 ------(5)
𝑨 𝝅𝑹 𝟖𝝁 𝝏𝒙
 1 𝜕𝑝 2 1 𝜕𝑝 2
Umax= − 𝑅 𝑢=− 𝑅
4𝜇 𝜕𝑥 8𝜇 𝜕𝑥

The ratio of Maximum velocity to the Average Velocity is

1 𝜕𝑝 2
Umax − 𝑅
4𝜇 𝜕𝑥
=
𝑢 1 𝜕𝑝 2
− 𝑅
8𝜇 𝜕𝑥

Umax
=𝟐
𝒖

The ratio of Maximum velocity to the Average Velocity is 2

3) Pressure Drop for given length (L) of a pipe
The equation 5 is
1 𝜕𝑝 2 1 2
𝑢=− 𝑅
8𝜇 𝜕𝑥
p1 p2
𝜕𝑝 8𝜇𝑢
− = 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑅
1 L
2

The Integrating above equation

2 2
8𝜇𝑢
− 𝜕𝑝 = 2
𝜕𝑥
1 1 𝑅
8𝜇𝑢
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 2 L
𝑅
32𝜇𝑢
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 2
L
𝐷
 32𝜇𝑢
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 2
L
𝐷
Divide both side by 𝑔

𝑝1 − 𝑝2 32𝜇𝑢𝐿
=
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔𝐷2

𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 𝟑𝟐𝝁𝒖𝑳
= 𝒉𝒇 = ------(6)
𝝆𝒈 𝝆𝒈𝑫𝟐
The equation 6 is known as Hagan Poiseuille Equation
For solution of problem 𝜕𝑝 𝑟 The Shear Stress at wall i.e. r=R
𝜏= − 𝜕𝑝 𝑅
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜏0 = −
𝜕𝑥 2
The Frictional Drag FD

𝐹 D =𝜏0( 𝐷 𝐿)
Where L is Length for which frictional drag
required
Power Required to maintain flow
Velocity gradient at wall
𝑃 = 𝐹D 𝒖
𝑑𝑢 Power Required to for pump for flow
𝜏0 = 𝜇
𝑑𝑦 𝑦=𝑜 𝑃 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉𝒇 Q
• Numerical Rajput 534 and Bansal 391
Flow of Viscous (Laminar) Fluid between Two Parallel Plates
Consider a two parallel plates distance between them is t
Flow Direction from left to right
Consider an element of unit depth, thickness dy and length dx
𝝏𝒑
If 𝒑 is the pressure on face AB, then (𝒑 + 𝒅𝒙)
𝝏𝝉 𝝏𝒙
𝝉+ 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙. 𝟏 t
𝝏𝒚 is the pressure on face CD
Direction A 𝝏
Of flow
D 𝝏𝒑 If  is the shear stress on face BC, then ( + 𝒅𝒚)
𝒑𝒅𝒚.1
dy
𝒑+
𝝏𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚. 𝟏 𝝏𝒚
dx is the pressure on face AD
B C
𝝉 𝒅𝒙. 𝟏 The forces acting on element is
1. The pressure force on AB =𝒑𝒅𝒚.1
𝝏𝒑
2. The pressure force on CD = 𝒑 + 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚.1
𝝏𝒙
3. The Shear force on side BC = 𝝉 ∆𝒙. 𝟏
𝝏𝝉
4. The Shear force on side BC = 𝝉 + 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙. 𝟏
𝝏𝒚
 𝝏𝝉
𝝉+ 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙. 𝟏 t
𝝏𝒚
A D 𝝏𝒑
𝒑𝒅𝒚.1 𝒑+ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚. 𝟏
y 𝝏𝒙

x
B C
𝝉 𝒅𝒙. 𝟏

Thus Summation of all forces acting on element

𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜏
𝒑d𝒚.1 − 𝑝 + 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦. 1 − 𝜏 𝑑𝑥. 1 + 𝜏 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥. 1 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝝏𝒑 𝜕𝜏
− 𝒅𝒙𝑑𝑦. 1 + 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥. 1= 0
𝝏𝒙 𝜕𝑦
𝝏𝒑 𝜕𝜏
− + =0
𝝏𝒙 𝜕𝑦
𝝏𝒑 𝜕𝜏
= --------(1)
𝝏𝒙 𝜕𝑦
 𝝏𝒑 𝜕𝜏
1) Velocity Distribution =
𝝏𝒙 𝜕𝑦

We know the shear stress is

𝜏=𝜇 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦

Thus from equation 1

𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
= 𝜇 =𝜇 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2 𝑢 1 𝜕𝑝
2
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜇 𝜕𝑥
Integrate above equation w r t ‘y’, we get
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑝
= 𝑦+ C1
𝜕𝑦 𝜇 𝜕𝑥

1 𝜕𝑝 𝑦2
𝑢= + C1 𝑦 +C --------(2)
𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2
Where C and C1 = is the constant of Integration
 1 𝜕𝑝 𝑦2
1) Velocity Distribution 𝑢=
𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2
+ C1 𝑦 +C

To obtain value of constant of integration the boundary conditions are y =0 then u = 0 and
y = t then u=0 from equation 1
C=0
1 𝜕𝑝 𝑡2
0= + C1 𝑡 +0
𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2
1 𝜕𝑝 𝑡
C1 = −
𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2
From equation (1), we get
1 𝜕𝑝 𝑦2 1 𝜕𝑝 𝑡
𝑢= + (− )𝑦 +0
𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2

𝟏 𝝏𝒑 𝟐
𝒖= (𝒚 − 𝒕𝒚) --------(3)
𝟐𝝁 𝝏𝒙
 𝟏 𝝏𝒑 𝟐
𝒖= (𝒚 − 𝒕𝒚)
𝟐𝝁 𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝒑
In equation , and t are constant.
𝝏𝒙
Its means u varies with the square of y. hence
equation 3 is equation of parabola. Hence velocity
distribution is parabolic.
 𝟏 𝝏𝒑 𝟐
𝒖= (𝒚 − 𝒕𝒚)
2) Ratio of Maximum Velocity to Average Velocity 𝟐𝝁 𝝏𝒙

The velocity is maximum, when y = t/2, Let Umax is the maximum velocity
𝟏 𝝏𝒑
Umax= ((𝒕/𝟐)𝟐 − 𝒕(𝒕/𝟐))
𝟐𝝁 𝝏𝒙

𝟏 𝝏𝒑 𝟐
Umax= − 𝒕 --------(4)
𝟖𝝁 𝝏𝒙
The discharge through element is
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑦 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑢 × 𝑑𝑦 × 1
From equation 3
1 𝜕𝑝 2
𝑑𝑄 = (𝑦 − 𝑡𝑦) × 𝑑𝑦 × 1
2𝜇 𝜕𝑥
Integrate above Equation between 0 to t
 𝑡
1 𝜕𝑝 2
𝑄= (𝑦 − 𝑡𝑦) × 𝑑𝑦 × 1
0 2𝜇 𝜕𝑥
𝑡
1 𝜕𝑝
𝑄=− (𝑡𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
2𝜇 𝜕𝑥 0
𝑡
1 𝜕𝑝 𝑡𝑦 2 𝑦 3
𝑄=− −
2𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2 3 0
1 𝜕𝑝 𝑡 3 𝑡 3
𝑄=− −
2𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2 3
1 𝜕𝑝 3
𝑄=− 𝑡
12𝜇 𝜕𝑥
The Average Velocity is 1 𝜕𝑝 3
𝑸 − 12𝜇 𝜕𝑥 𝑡 1 𝜕𝑝 2
𝒖= = =− 𝑡
𝑨 𝒕×𝟏 12𝜇 𝜕𝑥
𝟏 𝝏𝒑 𝟐
𝒖=− 𝒕 ------(5)
𝟏𝟐𝝁 𝝏𝒙
 𝟏 𝝏𝒑 𝟐
Umax= −
𝟏 𝝏𝒑 𝟐
𝒕 𝒖=− 𝒕
𝟖𝝁 𝝏𝒙 𝟏𝟐𝝁 𝝏𝒙

The ratio of Maximum velocity to the Average Velocity is

𝟏 𝝏𝒑 𝟐
Umax − 𝟖𝝁 𝝏𝒙
𝒕
=
𝑢 𝟏 𝝏𝒑 𝟐
− 𝒕
𝟏𝟐𝝁 𝝏𝒙
Umax 𝟑
=
𝒖 𝟐

The ratio of Maximum velocity to the Average Velocity is 3/2

3) Pressure Drop for given length (L) of a pipe
The equation 5 is
𝟏 𝝏𝒑 𝟐 1 2
𝑢=− 𝒕
𝟏𝟐𝝁 𝝏𝒙
p1 p2
𝜕𝑝 12𝜇𝑢
− = 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑡
1 L
2

The Integrating above equation

2 2
12𝜇𝑢
− 𝜕𝑝 = 2
𝜕𝑥
1 1 𝑡
12𝜇𝑢
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 2 L
𝑡
 12𝜇𝑢
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 2 L
𝑡
Divide both side by 𝑔

𝑝1 − 𝑝2 12𝜇𝑢𝐿
=
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔𝑡 2

𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝝁𝒖𝑳
= 𝒉𝒇 = ------(6)
𝝆𝒈 𝝆𝒈𝒕𝟐
 𝟏 𝝏𝒑 𝟐
𝒖= (𝒚 − 𝒕𝒚)
𝟐𝝁 𝝏𝒙
iv) Shear Stress Distribution
We know the shear stress is
𝑢
𝜏=𝜇 𝝏𝒑
𝑦 In equation (7)
𝝏𝒙
and t are constant.
But velocity from equation 3 Hence 𝜏 varies with y.
 1 𝜕𝑝 2 The shear stress is maximum at wall
𝜏=𝜇 ( (𝑦 − 𝑡𝑦))
𝑦 2𝜇 𝜕𝑥 i.e. y=0

1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝑝
𝜏=𝜇 ( (2𝑦 − 𝑡)) 𝜏0=− 𝑡
2𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕𝑝
𝜏=− (𝑡 − 2𝑦) ------(7)
2 𝜕𝑥
• Numerical 400