MODULE ARTS APPRECIATION

CHAPTER 4: AUDITORY ARTS and PERFORMING ARTS

Objectives:
a.) Explain the components of Auditory Art.
b.) Analyze the various elements incorporated with the different kinds
of performing arts.

MUSIC
 Composed of tones and silences organized in such a manner to convey the
emotions and ideas conceived by the composer.
 The composer’s work must be interpreted by another artist- the performer who
makes the composer’s work come to life.
Music as Auditory Art
 Music Moves through time, thus it is called temporal.
 Music appreciation is the acquired ability to listen to music intelligently.
3 Components
 Ability to appreciate
 Acquired by anyone who makes up his mind to do so
 Conscious effort
Functions of Music
1. An attempt to imitate the natural sound
2. Release of one’s emotions or feelings (therapeutic)
3. As signals in wars
4. Means of worship and vehicles of rituals
5. Used to accompany dance
6. A form of entertainment in community celebrations

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7. Symbols of life’s cycles

Sound (Tones): The Physical Material Property of Music
 Vibration is what produced a sound
 Regular vibrations produce tones or musical sounds
 Irregular sounds yield noise
Sound in general has 4 qualities:
1. Timbre
2. Pitch
3. Intensity
4. Duration

TIMBRE
This refers to the quality which enables us to distinguish one sound from another.
A sound may not be audible unless it is amplified by something.

Resonator - any object which amplifies the vibrations.

PITCH
This refers to the relative highness or lowness of a tone. This is the result of the
frequency of vibrations. The higher the frequency the higher the Pitch.

Scale- series of different tones which are arranged at definite fixed distances or
intervals from one another.

Octave- western music uses a scale of 12 pitches in 7 different tones designated as A,

B, C,D,E,F,G, or la, ti, do, re, mi, fa, sol

Sharp- mean a tone is to be raised

Flats- tone to be lowered

INTENSITY
This refers to the loudness or softness of a sound. This results from the pressure
or force which is used to cause the vibrations that produce a sound.

Dynamics- the degree of loudness or softness in music

a. Forte- loudly
b. Fortissimo- very loudly
c. softly
d. very softly

Crescendo- the music to become gradually louder

Decrescendo or diminuendo to become gradually softer

Staff- five parallel lines and the spaces between the lines

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DURATION
It refers to the length of time which a sound occupies.

Notes- relative time values indicated in musical notation by symbols

TYPES OF NOTES

Musical Notation: Learning the kinds of notes:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y46FuaUMtBw

Elements of Music

Rhythm- the tones and silences of varying durations moving through time.
Time Signature
a. 2/4
b. ¾
c. 4/4
d. 6/8

Melody- is the pitch added to the rhythm.

Characteristics
a. Dimension- distance between the highest and lowest notes
b. Progression- the motion of upward or downward, the distance between one
tone and the next
c. Direction- considers the distance between individual, successive tones
d. Register- considers the pitch of most notes.

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Harmony- the simultaneous sounding of tones. Is the horizontal aspect while harmony
is the vertical side.
Tonality- or key feeling when a single key is used thus providing a tonal center.
Chord- 3 or more tones of different pitches sounded together.
Consonance- quality when the combination of sounds or tones is satisfying
Dissonance/ Discord- when the combination of sounds is unpleasant.

Tone Color- This is the result of tempo, dynamics and the timbre or the medium or
mediums.

Tempo’s speed indicated into:

a. presto- very fast
b. fast
c. moderate- moderate speed
d. andante- moderate slow
e. adagio- slow
f. largo- very slow

Ritardando- the gradual slowing down

Accelerando- gradual increase
Tempo Rubato- music to be played with irregularity

Texture- is the characteristic disposition and relation relationship between melody and
harmony.

Types of Texture:
a. Monophonic- one melody is sung or played with no accompaniment
b. Homophonic- song sung to the chordal accompaniment of a guitar or piano or
any instrument, or two people sing one soprano and the other alto, homophonic
music is produced
c. Polyphonic- results when two or more melodies are played together, also
known as contrapuntal
d. Non- melodic texture- quality of richness or thinness of the music closely
related to harmony than to melody and measured by number of parts, spacing of
tones, register of tones and timbre.

Form- the overall design or plan is called a musical structure or musical form.
Sectional Forms:
1. Binary
2. Ternary Forms

Movements- exposition, developments and recapitulation

Sonata- movement is fast and consists of 3 section
Concerto- meant to be played by an instrument with an
entire orchestra.

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For more information about the elements of Music please click the link below:
https://wmich.edu/mus-gened/mus150/Ch1-elements.pdf

PERFORMING ARTS

The performing arts refer to the forms of art where an artist uses his own face,
body and presence. The major types of performing arts include music, opera, dance,
drama, and spoken words.

MUSIC is a form of art whose medium is silence and sound. The word "music" was
derived from the Greek word "mousike" which means the art of the muses. The
common elements of music include rhythm, pitch, dynamics, timbre and texture. The
performance, creation, significance and definition of this art depend on the social
context and culture. Music can range from organized composition up to improvisational
music to aleatoric forms.

Music can be assorted into different genres or subgenres, although the divisions
of these genres are usually vague and subtle. It is also said that there is a very strong
connection between mathematics and music. To a lot of people who belong to various
cultures, music plays an important part in their lives. Music is usually associated with
the way of life of different kinds of people across the land.

OPERA is a form of performing arts

wherein musicians and singers perform a
dramatic work that combines text, which is
called the libretto and musical score. This
form of art is a popular part of the
Western classical music tradition. The art
incorporates a lot of elements of spoken
theatre, including scenery, acting and
costumes. Sometimes it also includes
dance. The performance in an Opera is
usually done in an opera house. It is also accompanied by either a musical ensemble or
an orchestra. Opera originated in Italy by the 16th century and it soon spread to the rest
of Europe as it gains popularity. Various musicians in Europe developed a lot of ways in
flourishing this form of art and made it even more popular.

For direct experience of what an opera is please click the link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fKKiaSLLEY

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DANCE is a form of performing arts

that refers to the art of moving the body
rhythmically and usually in accordance
to music. It is used as a form of social
interaction and expression, or it is
commonly presented in a performance
or spiritual setting. It is also seen as a
form of nonverbal communication, a
type of communication where words
are not used. Definitions of what dance is really all about usually varies in each culture,
society or person.

Some people considered even the movement of the leaves as a form of dance
while some even considered martial arts, like karate, as one form of it. Dance can also
be social, participatory, and performed for an audience. It can as well be erotic,
ceremonial or competitive in purpose. Nowadays, dancing has evolved into many styles.
These styles include ballet, break dancing, and krumping. Nevertheless, each type of
dance, whether what style, has something that is common. It does not only involve the
usage of the human body kinetics and flexibility but also physics.

Types of Dance - Categories

Here are some of the most popular dance categories and types:

Ballroom Dances

These dances started appearing first in Italy, during the early years of
Renaissance. Popularity of this kind of entertainment quickly swept over the Europe,
United States and the World.

 Waltz - This graceful and slow two person dance was first introduced in mid-19th
century and was greatly popularized by the music of the famous composer
Johann Strauss.
 Viennese Waltz - Original form of waltz, first performed at the Italian courts is
today remembered as Viennese Waltz. It differs from the much more famous
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"English Slow Waltz" by having much faster 180 beats per minute and was the
first who introduced "closed hold" between performers.

 Tango - Originally created in the Argentinean region of Rio de la Plata, this

dance is today known by many of its variations (Argentine tango, Uruguayan
tango, Finish Tango and two types of Ballroom tangos - standard and American)
and the fascinating sensual and energetic style.

 Cha-Cha-Cha - This incredibly rhythmic dance created in Latin America

managed to meld together both the slow and very energetic movements, making
it an instant hit among the dancers around the world.

 Rumba - Popularity of this Cuban dance came from its focus on sensual hip
movements of dance partners. Since its creation in 1930s many types of Rumba
were created, most notably Cuban Rumba (with the style of the African slaves
which created it), Catalan Rumba (with Spanish flavor), Flamenco Rumba and
African Rumba.

 Samba - Samba is a famous dance and musical genre that originated form the
coast of Africa and land of Brazil. Today infectious rhythm of Samba is regarded
as the national dance of Brazil, and its famous Brazilian Carnival gathers millions
Samba dance fans every year.

 Mambo - This Cuban dance that accompanies the music of the same name was
introduced in 1930s, and quickly managed to gain popularity with the exploits of
famous musicians and dancers such as Perez Prado, Benny Moré, Tongolele,
Adalberto Martínez, Rosa Carmina and Lilia Prado.

 Quickstep - Light-hearted and fast movement, powerful forms and syncopations,

represent the core style characteristics of the Quickstep, one of the most popular
ballroom dances today in the world.

 Jive - Jive is one of the five most popular Latin dances and is also known under
the names of swing, boogie or boogie-woogie. It is considered to be one of the
liveliest of all Latin dances, promoting the happy and bloopy type of
performances, with lots of knee movement and hip rocking

 Bolero - Bolero is an Argentine dance, but it also has different international

variations of the same name coming from Cuba and Spain.

For a direct experience of the kinds of ballroom dances please click the link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50uQ6N1lrRo

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African-American and Traditional Jazz dances

 Charleston - This extremely popular dance type was popularized by famous

tune called "The Charleston" by composer and pianist James P. Johnson.
Charleston craze soon took over the enthusiastic dancers of Prohibition era of
United States.

 Swing - This dance is today synonym for the jazz and swing music of the 1920s-
1930s.Because of the many styles of Jazz music, Swing also comes in many
flavors - Lindy Hop, Jitterbug, Boogie Woogie, West Coast Swing and Rock and
Roll.

 Tap Dance - This extremely popular form of dance was first introduced during
1920s Prohibition era in United States. Originally created by the African slaves,
tap dancing came into the mainstream with the performances of Nicholas
brothers. Few short years later, tap dancing conquered Hollywood and then
entire world.

 Moonwalk - This extremely famous dance move that emuates the illusion of
walking backwards was first performed by pop icon Michael Jackson in March of
1983, and ever since then it gained planetary fame. No single dance move ever
created managed to receive this amount of popularity and recognition.

 Boogie-woogie - This quick and energetic style of dance became widely popular
during 1930s and 1940s.

For a direct experience of the kinds of jazz please click the link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpCBMwAweDI

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Worldwide Dances / Latin dances

 Salsa - This Latin dance is today one of the most popular dances in Latin
America, North America, Europe and Australia. It's very sensual form, energetic
movement and innovative choreography that was influenced by Mambo,
Changuyi and Rumba made it very popular all around the world.

 Flamenco - This famous Spanish dance originated from the region of Andalusia,
and it gained its name only in 18th century. Its magical, passionate and energetic
fusion of singing (cante), guitar playing (toque), dance and handclaps (palmas)
made it famous in entire world and became one of the accepted heritages of
entire humanity.

 Argentine tango - Among many types of tango dance, Argentinian dance strives
to preserve original form of tango that was first created in the region of Rio de la
Plata

 Lambada - This famous dance that originated from Para, Brazil became
internationally popular during 1980s. It managed to successfully fuse aspects of
Forro, salsa, merengue, maxixe and the carimbó into unforgettable dance style.

 Polka - Appearance of polka in mid-19th century created one of the largest

"dance crazes" that our world ever seen.

 Jive

 East Coast Swing - Swing dance has many variations, of which one of the most
popular is the East Coast Swing.

 Capoeira - Capoeira dance is a unique dance that can be found in the combat
moves of the Afro-Brazilian martial art of the same name that takes heavy
inspiration from music, dance, and acrobatics.

 Country/ Western Dances - - The country dance style is a social dance activity
that is closely associated with American country and its Western traditions. It is

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made not from a single dance but encompasses many forms and styles of dance
that can be performed to country-western music.

 Folk Dance - Folk dances represent musical, cultural heritage, reflections of

daily life or ethnic history of people who live in a certain region or country.
Popular all around the world in hundreds of unique variations and styles, folk
dances (also known as traditional or ethnic dances) are usually performed at
dance gatherings with the accompaniment of traditional music of the region.

 Belly dance - Belly dance is one of the most famous oriental folk dances in the
world. It is an expressive form dance that originated from Egypt, and it
emphasizes the complex movement of the torso and entire body utilizing sudden
percussive movements, unstopping fluid body motions and presence of small
and fast shimmies, shivers and vibrations of the hips or the ribcage.

For a direct experience and other kinds of latin please click the link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qg8OJB_NpgA

Professional Performance Dance

Professional dancing was first introduced in the early years of Italian

Renaissance when music, dance, arts and poetry started to rise in popularity after the
millennia of medieval stagnation. Refined by the efforts of the France and
Russia, ballet became the premier technical concert dance.
 Ballet - Ballet is without any doubt one of the most highly technical and famous
of all performance dances. It was originally created in 15th century Renaissance
Italy, but it received popularization in countries such as France and Russia.
 Contemporary dance - Contemporary dance is a highly complicated type of
modern performance dance that originated in the mid-20th century as an
alternative to classical dance styles (such as ballet), modern styles (free dance)
and Jazz dance.

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 Concert Dance - Concert dance (also known as stage dance) is any

choreographed dance that is performed for an audience, usually at the theatre or
an organized gathering setting with the presence of set music.
 Modern Dance - Modern dance is an influential performance dance that
originated as a reaction against the classical ballet and its movement style.
Shaped by many factors in late 19th and early to mid-20th century, modern
dance evolved into a popular free dance style that includes elements of
performance art, release technique, improvisation and contact improvisation.
 Tap Dance - Among many types of popular dances around the world, tap dance
may be one of the most unusual dances. Instead of focusing on body movements
and dancing with a partner, tap dance is characterized by the creation of
percussion-like musically-focused rhythm performance using tap shoes striking
on the floor in accordance with the dancing music.

For a direct experience and an example of professional dance please click the link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xd2nTXsivHs

Modern Dances

Advancements in music technology brought the birth of many new types of

dances. Introduction of electronic and rock music brought the era of House, Punk, Rave
and Disco dance.
 House dance - After the years of popularity of Disco, the genre of House music
and house dance became born in New York and Chicago clubs

 Punk dance - Born as an extension of 1960s garage rock, the punk rock
managed to attract fans who enjoyed not traditional social dances of before, but
more energetic and sometimes violent dance style of moshing (sometimes called
slam-dancing) and headbanging.

 Rave dance - Fueled by the unending focus on pulsating beats, loud volume and
psychedelic music effects, dancers of rave music are free to create their freestyle

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of movements, with no rules about dance routines or synchronized moves,

usually in dark and crowded venues of dance clubs, nightclubs, and festivals.

 Disco dance - The popular disco music genre of the 1970s would not found such
popularity if it was not so easy to dance with

 Bollywood dance - The cultural history of India and the rest of southern Asia
would not remain the same without the strong influence of Bollywood movie
industry which has promoted Hindi dance music to the world.

For a direct experience of a Bollywood dance please click the link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_KHlvvFkAc

Hip-hop & Funk dance

Dancing style of Hip-Hop evolved from the music style that was first introduced
during 1970s. Powered by the great popularity, exposure in media, movies and
television programs, hip-hop dances found a great foothold in United States, France,
United Kingdom and South Korea.
 Breakdance (Breaking) - One of the most athletic dances in the world,
Breakdance, have originally found its popularity in the 1970s as the street dance
in the New York’s Bronx.
 Bounce - Born in the 1980s as a mix of New Orleans hip-hop music and the
traditions of the Mardi Gras Indian chants, Bounce dance can today be danced
both in its common and hypersexual form.
 Electric boogaloo - Funk style of hip-hop was popularized not only by its music
but also by the worldwide acceptance of the famous dance style called Electric
Boogaloo, which was originally promoted in the 1970s by the dance group of the
same name.
 Street Jazz - Created with the influences of African American slaves, Jazz dance
gained popularity in the early 20th century as any form of dance that was
performed alongside then new Jazz music
 Jookin' - Jookin’ or so-called ―gangsta waling‖ style of dance is a street dance
that originated quite recently in the 1990s on the streets of Memphis, Tennessee.

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 Locking - Funk dance is incredibly diverse, and one of its famous variations is
―locking‖. The core gimmick of this style of hip-hop dance is to suddenly stop and
hold the position (or get locked) in the middle of dance routines for a short while,
and then suddenly resume the dance.
 Popping - Very close in style with popular Electric Boogaloo, Popping is another
variation of the funk-themed street dance from the 1960s and 1970s that found
popularity all around the world.

To have a visual overview and a direct experience with the kinds of Dance please click on the
link below: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5QiYGVpvZE

DRAMA refers to a mode of fiction represented in a

performance. The word "drama" originated from the
Greek word "drao" which means action. Dramas are
usually enacted by actors on a stage for an
audience. The structure of the text for dramas is
usually influence by collective reception and
collaborative production. Masterpieces that can be
considered to be in this form include the classical
Athenian tragedy, "Oedipus the King" of Sophocles
and "Hamlet" of William Shakespeare.

Types of Drama
Let us consider a few popular types of drama:
 Comedy – Comedies are lighter in tone than ordinary works, and provide a
happy conclusion. The intention of dramatists in comedies is to make their
audience laugh. Hence, they use quaint circumstances, unusual characters, and
witty remarks.
 Tragedy – Tragic dramas use darker themes, such as disaster, pain, and death.
Protagonists often have a tragic flaw — a characteristic that leads them to their
downfall.
 Farce – Generally, a farce is a nonsensical genre of drama, which often overacts
or engages slapstick humor.
 Melodrama – Melodrama is an exaggerated drama, which is sensational and
appeals directly to the senses of the audience. Just like the farce, the characters
are of a single dimension and simple, or may be stereotyped.
 Musical Drama – In musical dramas, dramatists not only tell their stories through
acting and dialogue, but through dance as well as music. Often the story may be
comedic, though it may also involve serious subjects.

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SPOKEN WORD is often used as an

entertainment or musical term, referring to
works that are intended to be performed by a
single person who will speak by himself
naturally. Musically, this is different from
rapping for the latter involves rhythm while
spoken words do not follow such. Spoken
words is said to be more akin to speaking or
narration.

For an example of a Spoken Word please refer on the link below:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDxYVtVhPzE

https://wmich.edu/mus-gened/mus150/Ch1-elements.pdf
https://www.teach-nology.com/teachers/subject_matter/arts/performing/

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