ARTS APPRECIATION

GROUP 1
REPORT FOR MIDTERM
 ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ART
 Line
- Line is an important
element at the disposal of every artist.
Through the lines of painting or
sculpture, the artist can make us
know what the work is about. They
use lines to represent figures and
forms.
 Color
- Color is the aspect of any
object that may be described in terms
of hue, lightness, and saturation. In
all elements of art, color has the most
appeal. Color is a property of light.
When light goes out, color goes with
it.
THREE DIMENSIONS OF COLOR
 Hue
- Hue is the dimension of color that gives the
color’s name. When we say flower is yellow, we are naming
it’s hue. Color names such as red, blue, green, yellow, and so
on indicate the color characteristic is called Hue.
 Value

- Value or sometimes called chiasroscuro refers to

the lightness or darkness of a color. It is a quality which
depends on the amount of light and dark in color.
 Intensity

- Intensity is the third dimension of color. It

refers to the brightness or darkness of color, It gives
color strength similar with Value, as Value states the
lightness or darkness of color.
 COLOR HARMONIES
There are two (2) kinds of Color Harmonies: Related Color
Harmonies and Contrasted Color Harmonies.

 Related Color Harmonies

- These may be monochromatic or adjacent.
Monochromatic harmony is made up of several tones of
one hue or color, like for instance, orange, tan , brown are
from the color orange family while violet, indigo, sky blue
are from the color blue family.

 Contrasted Color Harmonies

- These colors which lie directly opposite each other
in the color circle are called Complementary Colors. Red
and Green, Orange and Blue, Violet and Yellow are
complementary colors. They contrast with each other
strongly; therefore, they are more difficult to use
harmoniously than the related color combinations.
 PSYCHOLOGY OF
COLORS
 Psychology of Colors is the study of hues as
a determinant of human behavior. One important
thing the artist has to remember is that colors
are known to have varied psychological and
emotional connotations. For example, Black
connotes with death or gloom, White connotes
with purity of innocence, Blue is color of heaven,
while Red is color of blood. It is wise for the artist
to remember these psychological connotations
when choosing color for his work.
 OTHER ELEMENTS OF ART
 Texture
-It is the way something feels to the touch, or looks to
the eye. Words like rough, silky, shiny and dull help writers
describe the texture of an object. An artist shows texture to
accomplish the same goal.
 Perspective
-Perspective in art usually refers to the representation of
three-dimensional objects or spaces in two dimensional artworks.
Artists use perspective techniques to create a realistic
impression of depth, 'play with' perspective to present dramatic
or disorientating images. There are two (2) types of perspective:
1.) Linear Perspective - A system of creating
an illusion of depth on a flat surface.
2.) Aerial Perspective - A technique used
primarily in landscape painting to suggest distance or depth.
 Space
- It refers to a feeling of depth or three
dimensions. It can also refer to the artist's use of
the area within the picture plane. In terms of art,
space is the area around, above, and within an
object. With consideration to drawings and
paintings, our goal is to create the illusion of space.
 Form
- Form applies to the over-all design of a
work of art. It describes the structure or shape of
an object. Forms are classified into five (5) namely:
1.) Regular Forms
- Regular forms are those whose parts are related to
one another in a consistent orderly manner. They are
generally stable and symmetrical in about one or more axes.
Examples are platonic solids.
2.) Irregular Forms
- Irregular forms are those whose parts are dissimilar
and unrelated to one another. They are generally
asymmetrical and dynamic.
3.) Centralized Forms
- Centralized forms consist of a number of secondary
forms clustered to produce a dominant, central, and parent
form.
4.) Linear Forms
- Linear Forms are arranged sequentially in a row or
a series forms along a line.
5.) Radial Forms
- Radial Forms are compositions of linear form that
extend outward form central form in a radial manner.
Volume
- The term Volume refers to the
amount of space occupied in three
dimensions. It therefore refers to the
thickness or solidity of an object or shape. It
includes height, width, and depth like a 3D
object.
Elements of performing arts

-Music
as an auditory art, uses a particular language to know its elements in order
to understand the musician's mode or technique of manipulating sounds in
order to create meanings.

-Rhythm
is the basic element of music, the beginning of music. It is the
variation of length and accentuation of a series of sounds.
-Beat
its most fundamental component. The recurrent pulse found in most
music. The beat is that to which we clap our hands or tap our feet.
-Meter
is the regular occurrence of accented and unaccented beats. According to Charles
Hoffer, the beat of music is "a pulse or throb that is sensed rather than sounded and
it recurs regularly... and is not necessarily present in all music."

-Melody
is an organized group of pitches strung out sequentially to form a satisfying
musical entity. Melody occurs in various guises and circumstances and is
heard in terms of pitch.
-Tones
may go up or down or remain on the same level.

-Pitch
-indicates the highness or lowness of sound and is determined solely by the
frequency of molecular vibrations.

- Interval
This relation of one pitch to another is called Interval.

- Sequence
When certain patterns of interval are repeated at a different pitch, we have a
sequence.
-Harmony
Refers to the manner of sound combination wherein we add subordinate
sound to enhance the quality of the main sounds,

A good Melody must contain the following qualities:

1.) The listener must have a sense of satisfaction, completeness, and feeling of
integrity.

2.) line must have a sense of continuity - long in flowing high and low point
oMelodief interest, and a climactic moment. This is called the "la grande ligne" -
the great long line.
-Chord -Discord or Dissonance
-The tonal combination of two If it does not the combination is called
or more tones sounded at the discord or dissonance.
same time is called a chord.

-Concord -Tempo
If the combination or chord refers to the speed of a
seems to produce an certain musical piece. It is
impression of agreeableness measured by a device by the
or resolution to the listener, it musical notes given half or
is called concord. full values. Tempo may be
slow, quick, or moderate.
Here is a list of terms -Dynamics
refers to the amount, strength,
commonly used to indicate or volume of the sound. It is the
tempo: degree and variations of
sonority and force with which
largo - very slow
the music is played from soft to
adagio - slow and stately
loud.
andante - at a walking pace
andantino - alternatively faster or slower than
andante
-Timbre
refers to tone quality. This element helps
allegreto - moderately fast differentiate one type of voice from another or
allegro - fast one instrument from another. In general, when
presto - very fast the elements are organized and combined in
accelerando - gradually becoming faster such a way that the listener finds the
experience rewarding and meaningful, then
ritardando - gradually becoming slower music is created.
DANCE
is an art and a recreation. As an art, it tells a story, a set of moods, or expresses
an emotion, dances vary in form. Some forms of dances are religious dance,
magical dance, commemorative dance, ceremonial dance, recreative dance
and testimonial dance.

Types of Dances:
o Folk dance/Ethnic
are social dances that portray the belies interest, habits, customs, and practices of the native.
o Ballroom dances
are dances of public entertainment, usually in pairs in ballrooms, nightclubs, auditoriums or in
public places Examples are waltz, swing, foxtrot, cha-cha, boogie, tango, body language, rhumba.
o Theatrical dances
are performed for the entertainment of the audience in a theater, Examples are ballet, modern
dance, musical comedy dance, and tap dancing.
The Dance and its Elements
There is always movement in a dance. But not all movements signify a dance. To be a dance, it must consist of
the following basic elements.

1.Theme is the most basic element of a dance. It conveys the 3. Movement refers to
message of a dance. Thus, a dance that does not convey a the bodily actions of the dancer
message, even if there is movement, is not a dance. that include his steps, gestures
of the arms, hands and body,
2.Design is the pattern of movement in time and and facial expression.
space. Pattern in time refers to the unaccented beats of
movements into measures. Pattern in space refers to the 4. Technique is the
path traced by the dancers feet on the floor (ground) and skill of movement executed
the levels on which they move. by the dancer.
5. Music is the auditory background to which a dancer moves. A dance is
always accompanied by any form of music.

6. Costume and body paraphernalia are properties worn by the dancer that
help reflect the message, customs, beliefs, and setting of the dance.

7. Choreography refers to the figures and steps in dancing that enable the
dancers to perform a dance in an organized manner.

8. Scenery refers to the background or setting where the dance is performed

to make it more realistic and enriching.
Literature is one of the arts that is expressive of human feelings. It
chows well-expressed ideas or feelings through symbolic presentation,
usually through short stories, poetry, drama or play, essay, among
others.
Classification of Literature can be categorized into escape and
interpretative literature. Escape literature is for entertainment
purposes, that is, to help us pass the time in an agreeable manner of
life. Escape literature enables us to temporarily forget our troubles.
Interpretative literature enables us to understand our troubles. The
object of escape literature is pleasure while the object of interpretative
literature is pleasure plus understanding.
USES OF LITERATURE
Literature has many uses. These are: o For therapeutic
o For moral values. Here, the purpose of value. It could be looked
literature is to present moral values for the
on as a sophisticated
reader to understand and appreciate; the moral
modern elaboration of the
values may be directly or indirectly stated.
idea oh catharsis – an
o For propaganda. This kind of literature is emotional relief experienced
found not only in history books and advertising by the reader thereby
and marketing books but also in some books helping him recover from a
describing one’s personal success and previous pent-up emotion.
achievements in life.
 I believe a leaf of grass is no less than the journey of the star, And the pismire is equally
perfect, and a grain of sand, and the egg of
the wren,
And the tree toad is a chef-d'oeuvre for the highest,
And the running blackberry would adorn the parlors of heavens,
And the narrowest hinge in my hand puts to scorn all the machinery,
And the cow crunching with depressed head surpasses any statue,
And a mouse is a miracle enough to stagger sextillions of infidels,
And I could come every afternoon of my life to look at the farmer’s Girl boiling her iron
teakettle and baking shortcake.
-an excerpt from Walt Whitman's Song of Myself

This literary work can either be for entertainment or for the purpose of moralizing. The
poem may make the reader understand and appreciate and make him a better person.
 I wandered lonely as a child
I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills When all at once I saw a crowd, A
host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line
Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

The waves beside them danced; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be
gay, In such a jocund company: 1 gazed--and gazed-_-but little thought What wealth the show to me
had brought:

For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which
is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.

- William Wordsworth
General Elements of Literature
-According to Sanchez and others(2002), not all written works can be
considered literature. To understand a good literary work, we should
know first the important elements of literature.
In other words, a writer should bear these objectives in mind:
1. To strive in raising the level of the reader’s humanity.
2. accomplish the purpose of making a man a better person, giving him high sense
of value.
The Important elements of literature are:
1. Emotional appeal
2. Intellectual appeal
3. Humanistic value
I've tried the new moon tilted in the air Above a hazy tree-and-
farmhouse cluster As you might try a jewel in your hair. I've tried it fine
with little breadth of luster, Alone, or in one ornament combining With
one first-water start almost shining.

I put it shining anywhere I please. By walking slowly on some evening

later, I've pulled it from a crate of crooked trees, And brought it over
glossy water, greater, And dropped it in, and seen the image wallow,
The color run, all sorts of wonder follow.

-Robert Frost
The Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo of Jose Rizal are good illustrations
of literature of intellectual appeal.

Both add knowledge or information and remind the reader of what he has
forgotten. Specifically in one of Rizal's philosophical ideas, he said:

Don't you realize that it is a useless life which is not consecrated to a great
idea? It is a stone wasted in the fields without becoming part of any edifice."
(Simon to Basilio)

Humanistic value can be realized when the literary work affirms the dignity
and worth of all people.
Elements of the short story
As previously stated, literature cam be classified as escape and interpretative
literature. A story becomes interpretative as it illuminates some aspects of
human life or behavior.
Setting could be a locale or place where the
PLOT is the sequential event or action took place; or a feeling that
arrangement of related events invites feeling.
and actions of which the story
is composed.
Characters refer to people or animals that
take part in the action of a story.
Point of View refers to
how the author or narrator Theme refers to the message
allows us to see what he wants communicated by the story.
us to see.
 Irony is a contrast among what seems and what is and could be.
According to Bascara (2004), irony can be:
o Dramatic- is a contrast between what the fictional character says and what the
audience or reader know in the same words.
o Situational- is a contrast between expectation and result; intention and outcome.
o Verbal- is a contrast between what is said and what is meant; the opposite is said from
its intended.
Symbolism refers to something that are Style implies control of material
objects, persons, situations, actions, and all through the use of literary and
recognizable things or items that suggest other figurative languages.
meaning.
Elements of Poetry
poetry is a branch of the humanities that imaginatively and figuratively
expresses man’s thoughts and feelings, usually in verse form.
 Language refers to the poet who uses every resource of language: denotative language (actual
meaning); connotative language (implied meaning); poetic language (language that considers diction,
vocabulary and level - simple or conventional); and figurative language (most often simile and
metaphor).
 Connotation is the related or allied meaning of a word.
 Tome refers to the atmosphere, feeling, attitude, stance, or the way the poet looks at his subject or
the world.
 Imagery is the representation of sense experience or the total sensory suggestions of poetry –
visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and bodily images.
Sounds are characterized either as pleasant (full, open, vowel sound) or
unpleasant(short, abrupt, vowel sounds which are irritating).

Thought or meaning refers to the experience the poem expresses Two

meaning are distinguished: the total meaning and the prose meaning.

Speaker. According to Abuan (2000), all poems have a speaker, the voice that
talks to the readers.
Rhythm and meter is related to the “beats of our hearts” and “flow of air from
our lungs”.
Shape of the poem refers to the pattern of arrangement of the words on the
page.(Abuan, 2000)
Elements of the Essay
Essay is a literary composition on a particular subject. It is usually short and it expresses
the author’s personal thoughts, feelings, experience or observation on a phase of life that
has interested him.
The Following elements of an essay are:
 The issue introduced. This reflects the actual purpose of the writer.
 The Writer’s Viewpoint and thought. The final stand of the author, whether he is for or against
the issue he has discussed.
 The relevance of the issue to the life of the reader. This refers to the reader’s perception,
responsiveness, and enjoyment of the theme.
Visitacion de la Torre's essay is a good example of an informal essay, for the issue is treated lightly and
humorously, and the style is entertaining. The purpose of the essay is to give a clear picture of Filipinos as
good lovers; that they are serious when in love but when frustrated, they are brave enough to take the
pains lightheartedly. Such attitude is based on its desire to harmonize with nature through equilibrium-
maintenance (agkakapantay, di-pagkatalo).
Elements of novel
The novel is a long work of prose fiction dealing with characters, situations, and
scenes that represent real life and the setting and action is in the form of a plot. The
purpose of fiction, whether long (the novel) or short (the short story), is to give us
moral lessons and brings us pleasure. Novels, like the other genres, have the
elements of setting, plot, characters, theme, and at times, a moral lesson.
 Setting covers the time, the place, and the background. It involves not only geography but
also the entire climate of beliefs, habits, and values of à particular region and historical period.
Sometimes, it emphasizes a certain locality like Chinatown in Sta. Cruz, Manila in Edgardo
Reyes' "Sa Mga Kuko Ng Liwanag" It is essential that the setting be in keeping with the story
that is told.

 Plot is the skeleton or framework which gives shape and proportion to the novel. It can also be
described as the order of events or happenings in the novel. Conflict is an important element of
the plot.

 Theme of the novel is compared to the subject of painting. Ir is the universal truth found in the
novel, the main idea or topic. In Boris Pasternaks "Dr Zhivago." the theme is man's humanity to
man. Theme Pas not mean moral value, for the latter is the message that teaches the reader.

 Characters are the moving spirit of the novel. They do not only act but also manifest the
moral, emotional, and intellectual qualities endowed to them by the author.
 ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
Drama is a presentation made up of words, sounds, and actions of characters. Some
dramas are in the form of poetry - but all dramas must be performed or acted out by
character on stage, on film, radio, television, or outdoors. The two aspects of drama
are drama as a script and drama as a play. The drama as a script is a dialogue read
by the persons representing characters while the drama as a play is a script coming
to life and is the director's interpretation of a script and acted out by the actual
participants.
 Plot is the soul of drama, or its summary. It is concerned with what happens in the story.
 Character/dramatics personae are make-believe persons, either protagonist or
antagonist and whose personalities are carefully characters say of them.
 Conflict In drama we find a struggle, clash of wills and conflicts.
 Irony arises from a recognition of discrepancy between the expected and actual, the
apparent and real.
 Theme or Idea refers to the dramatic situation that may be taken from bible,
myth, legend, history, or anything familiar to the audience.
Climax The climax is the scene or incident that is the fruition of the accumulated
suspense, and that stirs the most intense feelings or emotion.
 Music and spectacle is a theater convention which is a part of the total appeal
of the drama, and which shows the relationship of script, actor, audience, author
producer, society, genre, stage, and others.
 Costumes and make-up every costume should be comfortable and securely
put together so the performer doesn’t have to worry about it once it is on.
 Dialogue is the conversation between and among the characters of the drama.
 Setting Scenery and Lightning scenery and lighting, furniture, painted,
backdrops, or large props, should appear real.
Perception of the Work of Art
• Proper arrangement of the different art elements in order to produce something
beautiful is called a design of art. The design of things makes objects differ from
one perception to another.
HARMONY
• Is the "art principle which produces an impression of unity through the
selection and arrangement of consistent objects or idea.

FIVE aspects of Harmony:

1. Harmony of Lines and Shapes
Lines are made harmonious by either repeating the shape of the line or by
connecting transitional lines to contrasting lines. A transitional line or merely
transition is usually a curved, graceful line which connects two opposing or
contrasting lines
2. Harmony of Size
a pleasing visual arrangement where the different sizes of elements within a design or
composition relate well to each other, creating a sense of unity and balance, essentially
ensuring that no single element appears too large or too small in relation to the others; it's a
key aspect of proportion in design.

3. Harmony of Color
A color combination or harmony means the use of two or more colors in decorating an article
or object. There are two standards or groups of color harmony. The Related Harmonies and
Contrasting Harmonies.

4. Harmony of Texture
The character of texture can be determined by feeling the object with the fingertips or by
looking at it

5. Harmony of Idea
Combining antique and modern furniture in the same room does not show harmony of idea.
Rhythm
Is the regular, uniform or related movements made through the repetition of a unit or motif.
It is visual movement in a design or arrangement. It is the basis of mostly all primitive arts
because it is the principle which is most quickly felt.

EXAMPLE:
Balance
Is a condition or quality which gives a feeling of rest, repose, equilibrium or
stability.

There are 2 kinds of balance:

FORMAL OR SYMMETRICAL BALANCE
• This is the balance of equal weights placed at equal distances from axis. Formal
balance may be subdivided into two: Bisymmetrical balanced identical objects
(form, value, size, texture, color). Symmetrical balanced of object with nearly
identical description, like face or head of a normal people.
 .

INFORMAL OR SYMMETRICAL BALANCE

• It is the balance of unequal visual weights, the heavier one being nearer the axis
and the lighter one farther. Its occult and free balance.

Proportion
• Is the art principle which shows pleasing relationship between a whole and its
parts and between the parts themselves. The standard Greek proportion for two
dimensional or flat surfaces is the Greek oblong or rectangle whose ratio is "two is
to three"(2:3). At present, similar ratio like (3:5), (3:8) and (7:10) are used.
• The Partbenon, a building in Athens, Greece, is considered the
most perfectly proportioned architectural structure in the world.
• There are 3 aspects of proportion: proportion in groupings of
objects, proportion in space division, and scales.
Emphasis
• Is the principle of art which trends to carry the eyes from the center of interest
or dominant part of any composition to the less important or subordinate parts.
This is the guiding principle of the Greek and Japanese arts.

Methods of Emphasizing objects.

1.) By arrangement or groupings of objects. If objects are grouped together, the on to
be emphasized should be located at the center and should be the biggest and
brightest in color
2.) By decoration. Objects which have decorations are better or more emphasized
than those without them.
3.) By color contrast. Contrasting color such as the complementary combination and
triads are more emphatic than analogous or any other related harmonies.
 .

4.) By the use of plain background space. Simple decorations which are placed
against sufficient plain background will be more emphatic than when the
background space is small.
5.) By the use unusual lines, shape, sizes of color: Novelty or newness, a minor art
principle, applies to this method. Very extraordinary figures or subjects tend to
carry the eyes first to them.
6.) By action or movement: Dynamic illustrations usually attract more attention
than the passive ones.

Other Art Principles:

1. Novelty or newness. A new style of dress or dance appears more attractive and
interesting than ordinary design or dance.
2. Variety or variation. A set of furniture which is arranged in certain way and
remains as it is for long periods of time appears to be monotonous on the long
run. Variation in the arrangement or style of furniture more interesting and
attractive.
 .

3. Utility, Adaptability, or function. A work of art must not only possess beauty but
also utility. The object must be adaptable to the purpose for which it is made. In
designing modern structures, function is now the first consideration.
4. Contrast. This is synonymous to opposition or contradiction. This principle has
some relationships with balance and emphasis. This contrasting lines or colors may
balance each other. The center of interest in a composition in in contrast with
the subordinating parts in the same composition.
PAINTING, SCULPTURE AND
ARCHITECTURE
 PAINTING
PRE-HISTORICAL PAINTING (40,000 BC-9000 BC)
Paintings were focused on animal spear and other rudimentary
materials. The drawings or illusions are primarily focused on hunting
and stylistic treatment.
GREEK ART
The Prehistoric Greek Art was seen in four periods:
1. Formative or Pre-Greek –motif was and sea and nature
2. First Greek period –largely Egyptian influence
3. Golden Age (480-400 BC)
4. Hellenistic Period (4th century-1st BC) heightened individualism, tragic
mood, and contorted faces (lacaustic painting)
ROMAN ART
The Prehistoric Roman Art had gone through two periods:
1. Etruscan period (2000-I000 BC) –subject matters of painting were on ancestors
worship; catacombs and sarcophage.
2. Roman period (2000 BC-400 AD)-the subject matters of painting were
commemorative statues, sarcophage, frescoes, design, with vine motifs.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
There were three art classifications during the Medieval Period.
1. Early Christian art- Subject matters of art were symbols: cross, fish, lamb, alpha,
and omega, triumphal wreaths, grapes, doves, and peacocks and later-haloed Christ,
saints and the Virgin Mary, and martyrs.
2. Byzantine art –The subject matters of painting were Christ as the Creator, and
Mary, as the mother of God.
3. Gothic art – The subject matters of painting were religious and grosteque; more
calmer and plastic style.
FRANCO-FLEMISH PAINTING
Portable easel paintings and oil paintings were
utilized. Illustrations consisting of altar pieces
with general wings that open and close.
Children’s faces were painted like small adults;
spectator was even drawn into the picture.
RENAISSANCE ART
The Renaissance is divided into three(3) periods:
1. Early Renaissance (14th-15th )- The styles of painting are simplicity pretty, gesture
and expression. Painting was on man and nature in fresco technique.
2. High Renaissance (16th century)- Its center was in Florence, Venice, and Rome.
Painting style consists of the deepening of pictorial space, making the sky more
dramatic with dark clouds and flashes of light.
3. Mannerism period- subject matter is on human figure with the use of oil painting
and color. Colors were sumptuous, warm, and sensual.
BROQUE ART ROCOCO ART ROMANTIC ART
Painting style is ornated and The painting style emphasized The emphasis of painting
fantastic appealing to the voluptuousness, picturesque, and is on the painter’s reactions
emotion, sensual and highly intimate presentation of farm and to events, landscapes, and
decorative; with light and country. Famous Rococo painters people. Painting is richer
shadow dramatic effect. The were Watteau, Fragonard, Hogarth, than the Rococo art.
paintings showed figures in Reynolds, and Ingres.
diagonal, twists, and zigzags.
19th Century Painting (Modern Art)
Art was aimed to please the public. Various movements
appeared.
1. Impressionists-Paul Cezanne was the greatest
impressionist and the Father of Modern art. His efforts
were toward the achievement of simplicity, brilliance and
perfect balance in art, brightness of colors and sense of
depth in art.
2. Expressionists-Vincent Van Gogh was the Father of
Expressionism. He use bright, pure colors mixed on the
palette but applied to the canvas in small dots or strokes
replying on the beholders eyes to see them together.
3. Simplicity in art-Paul Gauguin was simple in his artistic
style. He studied the technique of craftsmen, applied these
to his canvas, simplifying the outline of forms but strong
patches of colors.
 SCULPTURE
SCULPTURE is an aesthetic art. The technique is modeling. Modeling in
sculpture means that a material is shaped and formed into a single mass.
Pre-historic Sculpture-Consisted of rude forms carved in stones and woods
in order to produce figures and images.
EGYPTIAN SCULPTURE
Four(4) period:
1.First dynamic period- 5000 years ago. The subject
matters of sculpture are the sun, moon, starts, sacred
animals. Statues began to flourish in this period.
2.Old kingdom period- statues were either single
figure of family group. The faces of statues were always
calm and grave.
3.Middle kingdom period – faces of statues depicted individual moods but their bodies
were still rigid and straight in posture.
4. New kingdom period – figures were lifelike and vigorous looking .

GREEK SCULPTURE
Three(3) period:
1.Dedalic period – marble was used as material.
2.Classical age- this was the golden age or age of
penicles in Greece. The human body with all its
beauty and splendor was the emphasis of the art .
3.Later Greek period – male and female figures were
shown with very little or no clothing at all.
ROMAN SCULPTURE- was no more
represented in bust forms of famous men and
women. The figure showed their individual
imperfection as if they were in real life.

BYZANTINE SCULPTURE- is classified

into two(2)
1.Early Byzantine Sculpture- no statues
adorned the churches and basilicas; only symbol
or signs as mosaic.
2.Later Byzantine Sculpture- these statues are
tall ,dignified, straight, exquisitely carved,
something covered with jewels.
ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE- were on
biblical characters and human figures. Biblical
character and human figures were carved in
fully clothed, flat and elongated-looking. Arches
of church were decorated with patterns of
zigzag and geometric designs.

GOTHIC SCULPTURE- The statues of

human figure were given a natural and life.
Look both in bodies and facial expressions
RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE - three(3) groups
1.Early Renaissance Sculpture - great and
detailed attention was given to anatomical
shapes, proportions and perspective ,to indicate a
more scientific attitude towards art.
2.Middle Renaissance Sculpture- by the end
of the 15th century, sculpture became more
secular than religious in nature.
3. Later part of the Renaissance- the artist
were given complete freedom on the choice of a
subject in sculpture.
BAROQUE SCULPTURE-started in the 17th
century. The work of Bermini and the “Piedad”
of Gregorio Fernandez, a famous Spanish
sculptor were representative of baroque
sculpture.

ROCOCO SCULPTURE- this sculpture

was first used in the court of the French
King Louis XV.
 ARCHITECTURE
The beginning of architecture must be placed within the
Neolithic Age, the New Stone Age , which lasted roughly from
8000 to 3000 BC. Before the Neolithic Age (during Paleolithic
and Mesolithic Periods), man used caves for shelter and most
probably for religious ceremonies. The oldest traces of early
man are tools made of stone. Some of these tools are more
than 200,000 years old .
ARCHITECTURE IN THE ANCIENT WOLRD
In the Ancient World, Architecture is divided into 4 areas.
1. Architecture of Mesopotamia
The temple becomes the predominant building type in Mesopotamia Since there was no local
supply of stone , mud bricks and fired bricks were the principle building materials.
A.]Architecture of the Sumenians -centralized arrangement with vertical axis of the structure that
convey a sense of stability and order.
B.]Architecture of the Assyrians
C.]Architecture of the NCO
D.]Architecture of the Persians
2.The Architecture of the Ancient Egypt
The primitive Egyptian architecture in the valley of the Nile used readily available materials such as
seeds, papyrus ,and balm branch ribs. Timber and wood were the utilized
A.]Architecture of the old kingdom[3000-2130 BC]
B.]The Architecture of the middle kingdom [2130- 1580BC]
C.] The Architecture of the new kingdom [1580-322] BC]
3.] Aegean and Ancient Greek Architecture

A.] The Aegean Architecture [1600-1200BC]

B.]Ancient Greek Architecture
The Ancient Greek architecture is essentially columnar and trabeated the spacing of the
columns towards the corners is sometimes narrower ,which also maker for a better , dynamic
visual appearance.

4.] Etruscan and Ancient Roman Architecture

The Etrusan house was a simple rectangular structure which grew progressively more complex.
It was a place of shelter protected by the wide overhang of its roof. The ancient roman
architecture is a combination of axis and center. The roman were the first to develop interior
architecture space on a large scale.
ASIAN ART
Ancient Near-Easter and Islamic Art
◦ During the ancient periods, artists crafted fine objects and architects
designed movements with distinctive religious and political associations. In
the early times of West Asia (the area of present-day Iran, Iraq, Syria,
Lebanon, Israel and Jordan), a number of civilization emerged, producing
impressively palace and temple structures and decorative-art objects.
◦ Among the ancient art objects found in the Near East are the Near East
are the plaster-covered skulls from Jericho, Jordan.
◦Islamic Religious art is largely
aniconic. The Holy Book of
Islam (Koran) condemns the
work ship of idols and refers
to Allah (the Arabian word of
God) as the single creator of
all.
INDIAN ART
◦ The art of the Indian subcontinent can be
traced back as early as the Indus Valley
civilization, an urban culture that grew up
around Harappa (Pakistan) and other sites
in Western India.
◦ The Aryans do not seem to have produced
imagines of gods or living creatures.
Only few artifacts had survived since the
time of their dominance, The Vedic Period.
 Hindu Art
◦ The Hindu pantheon is large,
many work shippers tend to focus
their prayers either on Vishnu,
the preserver, or Shiva, the
destroyer.
◦Most early Hindu architecture had
been lost, probably owing to
its being constructed in wood.
Hindu architecture styles are well-
documented in structures cut from
granite boulders.
◦Buddbist Art
◦ Buddbist is the second major religion in
India that antedates Hindu Art.
◦ The three basic forms of Buddhist
architecture are the stupa,
Cbaityn hall and vibara.
◦ Under the Kushan dynasty, artists began to
depict divinity in human form, perhaps to
reveal the figures in Hindu Art.
◦ The gesture of his hand (mudra) conveys
particular meaning.
East Asian Art
◦Art forms of China, Korea, and Japan share many cultural
philosophical and religious associations .
China
◦ Bronze ritual vessels are the most impressive
ancient Chinese art form.
◦ Tang artist worked in a naturalistic mode,
producing vital but elegant images.
◦ The leading figure painting was Wu Daozu and
the leading landscape painter was Wang Wei.
Korean and Japan
◦ The various artist in Korean and Japan
were strongly inspired by eminent
cultural models of Chinese artists and
architects focused much energy on
Buddhist sculpture and temple
construction.
◦ Korean and Japanese artists created their
own approaches.
◦ Painters worked in brush and ink; and
ceramic and lacquer artist excelled.
 Painting in
z
the
Philippines
Painting During the Spanish Period
▪ Painting in churches started in Manila area with the priest as painter
decorators.

▪ Early religious painting had similarities with European works.

▪ Native Filipino painters had the freedom to choose color of figures.

▪ Some painters during this period were Jose Dans, Damiano Domingo,
Justiniano Asuncion and Alfonso Ongpin.

The Academia
▪ A Royal Degree promulgated on March 13, 1846 founded the Academia de
Dibujo y Pintura in the City of Manila.

▪ Agustin Saez was the director and sole faculty member.

▪ Lorenzo Rocha who succeed Saez as Director joined the school in 1867.

▪ Simon Flores y dela Rosa and Lorenzo Guerrero are some student studied in academia

19th Century Master

Juan Luna
▪ Studied under Saez, Rocha, and Guerrero in academia.

▪ Painter of the “Spolarium” that make him won gold medal.

▪ He died in Hongkong in 1899 with heart attack.

Felix Ressurreccion Hidalgo y Padilla

▪ Came from wealthy family of Manila and studied in academia under Saez.

▪ Painter of the Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas Al Populacho; Barca de Aqueronte; Oedipos

and Antigone

▪ He died in Spain in 1913

 z
Spolarium by Juan Luna

Planting rice by Fabian de la

Rosa
Painting During the American Period
▪ Painting has lesser direct utility value unlike architecture. There were fewer
painter but they painted simply nfor the love of art.

▪ Painting was a standstill because commerce was generally restricted during

the period between Spanish rule and the assumption of the American
government that naturally disabled the artist financially.

▪ In 1903, the Manila “art world” began with the assistance of other painters.

Rafael Enriquez
▪ Organized the Associacion International de Artistas. It sponsored an
exhibition on the Escolta.
Vicente Rivera y Mir, Gaston O’ Farell, Ramon Peralta, Jorge Pineda, and
Fernando Amorsolo are the winner on that exhibition.

Fabian de la Rosa
▪ A realist in the true sense of word and a landscape painter with distinct qualities
of his works.

Jorge Pineda (1879-1946)

▪ Landscape artist and mastered the art of lithography.

Juan Abelardo, Ramon Peralta, Toribio Artillon, and

Emillo Alvero
▪ The four decorator who engaged scenic painting.
 z

Isidro Ancheta
▪ Figure painter, his stint in the academia was cut short by the Revolution

Painting in the Modern Period

▪ In 1951, a gallery for the modern painting was established on a side street of
Calle Mabini in Ermita. It is called the Philippine Art Gallery.

▪ Artist on Mabini street become known as the “Mabini Painters”

▪ The favorite subject of the gallery were Heads of Igorots, Ifugaos, Mindanao
Moslems, Bagobos, and Mangyans
 Sculpture in
z
the
Philippines
 z

Spanish Period
▪ Before the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in the early 16th century some
forms of native sculpture mostly idols existed but the Spaniards destroyed
the native idols.

▪ The subject matter of sculpture during Spanish period was focused on

images of saints, crosses, crucifixes and other religious objects.

▪ The flowering of Filipino sculpture started in the 19th century.

▪ Scuplture developed very slowly in the Philippines. The carvers learned from
their predecessors or from th experience of fellow carvers.
 z
Sculpture during American Period
▪ After the revolution in 1896, the Filipino sculptors began erects
monuments.

▪ Some of the monuments that was construct are the monuments of Jose
Rizal in the plazas all over the archipelago.

▪ The “Cry of Balintawak” it is also honored the other heroes but it was
known as Bonifacio Monuments.

▪ The monument of the fifteen martyrs (Quince Martires) in Naga City and
many more.

Guillermo Tolentino
▪ Was commissioned to do the statue of the Oblition. And Rizal figure in
biñan City (Laguna).
z
Architecture
z
in the
Philippines
 z
Architecture in the Philippines

Architecture During the Pre-Spanish Period

▪ The Pre-Spanish Filipino house had a pyramidal roof. The walls were low,
the floor was raised a few feet above the ground.

Architecture During the Spanish Period

▪ Adobe stone were used as materials for construction.

▪ At the time of Governor Lavezares, stronger palisades were build to protect

the Walled City. Later the palisades were replaced by stone wall.
 Early Churches of Intramuros
z

San Agustin Church

• Is one of the few churches constructed in the
Philippines with a true barrel vaulting that made the
churches with stood the severest earthquakes.

Manila Cathedral
• Which was destroyed by earthquakes in 1863 was
rebuilt under Father Urcioni. He is also an architect.

• It had three Naves; the sacristy was behind the main

altar; huge octagonal tower and façade was in the
renaissance style.
 Early Churches in Northern Luzon
z
San Fernando City (La Union) Churches
• Gives the appearance of a false front when seen
from the sides. This is the result of the restoration of
the façade, the only portion of the church accorded
with architectural treatment originally

Bauang Church (La Union)

• Is a quassi classic style, the façade is a tall
rectangle whose inclined sides probably followed
the pitch of the tile roof that covered the nave
originally. Four tall composite pillars adorned the
rectangle in the traditional manner. False doors are
on each side of the portal. The capitals of the pillars
are of two sections separated by two bands.
 z
La Purification Parish Church
(Binmaley)
• Quadrangular and of five stories. Topped by
bell shaped cupolas suggestive of the sugar
vats of the region.

Lingayen Church
• Has octagonal towers with six stories. Also
topped by bell shape cupolas suggestive of
the sugar vats region.
Dagupan Church
z
• Is a distinct contrast to Lingayen and
Binmaley church. It shows the traditional
manipulation of space into vertical zones
achived by four pairs of pilasters.

Vigan Cathedral (Ilocos Sur)

• Said to be the first building in Ilocos Region
to have a tile roof. The façade of the
cathedral is of the classic order. Doric and
Ionic capitals, triglyphs and dentils make
up the organs.
Laoag Church (Ilocos Norte)
z
Completed in 19th century, was built by the
Augustinians. Two squat piers of buttress the façade.
The second story of the façade is triangular in shape
while the lower story is decorated with Romanesque-
Byzantine pillars while the bell tower stand apart from
the church.

Paoay Church (Ilocos Norte)

• Stands as a rarity among churches in Luzon
because of the presence of 26 tapering buttresses.
Each buttress is crowned by blunt-ended
pinnacles. From a distance the squat edifice looks
like a fort.
Bacarra
z Church (Ilocos
Norte)
• Bell tower is a three story
high and set apart from
the church. The cupola is
like an inverted
muscovado sugar vat.
Pilaster supporting
pediments flanks the
window opening.
 Pampanga and Bulacan Churches
Lubao
z Churches
• Suffered heavy damage in 1942 because of
Japanese shelling. The roof and ceiling was
damaged but the three-story high retable escaped
damage.

San Miguel de Mayumo Church (Bulacan)

• Noted for once beautifully painted ceiling of the nave
and dome. The decoration in local tempera
deteriorated but restored later.

Barasoain Church (Malolos, Bulacan)

• Has a façade with a mixed features “compuesto
style”. It is two stories crowned by curved
pediments. Three storey high tower is octagonal.
 Rizal Churches
z
Morong Church
• Its façade is of local Baroque architecture. The
façade is three-storey high. The cornices and
balustrades of the first and second stories fit
into the curved recession.

Tanay Church
• The bell tower stands four story high, was built
in 1873. The church façade is surmounted by a
pediment. The first storey is decorated with
ionic pillars and the second storey with
composite ones. The statue of St. Ildefonso is
lodged in the niche.
 Some Early Churches in Laguna and Batangas
z
Paete Church
• The façade has two storey. Each storey is treated like a
freeze, ornamental four-petalled flowers and Byzantine-like
pilasters. The retable leans the Baroque order-twisted in
columns, broken pediments and semi volutes.

Pakil Church
• The façade has composite order. A stilted arch rising from
engaged composite columns frame the main altar.

San Jose Church (Batangas)

• Was constructed with two-storey façade. The engaged
pillars became pilasters. The pecular angle terminators of
the triangular flaps turned inhalf volutes.
 Some Early Visayan Churches
z
Miagao Church (Ilo-ilo)
Was constructed in the 18th century using stones gathered by
the townfolk. The “tobriya” gathered from a far distance were
used for the structural parts while the other types of stones
for ornamentation. Originally, the façade has twin tower of
equal height with high relief of stone carvings.

Pardo Church (Cebu)

• Has a façade that looks like fortress because of the tower
buttresses and the central portion which rises high and
topped by the pointed cupola of the belfry.

Carcar Church (Cebu)

• Situated on an elevated ground. Its façade is of rare wide
design. The bell tower is capped by four-sided ogee
cupolas, which look like onion.
 z
Some Churches in Metro Manila
Tondo Church
▪ Was redesigned by Luciano Oliver in 1873. the new
façade was compuesto. The dome structure is made
of steel framing, the roofing with iron sheet.

Binondo Church
▪ Built in 18th century originally had the shape of
truncated cone. It was damaged by the 1863
earthquake. It was rebuild later.

Sta. Cruz Church

▪ Was destroyed in 1863 earthquake. Originally, it has
a very impressive tall tower either beautiful carvings
which adored the retable. When it was
reconstructed, the tower was restored. The façade
was of classic order.
Quiapo Church
z
▪ The roof collapsed during the earthquake. When it was rebuild, its octagonal tower
had three stories. Its façade was of compuesto order with triangular pendiment.

Malate Church
▪ Was damaged by the 1863 earthquake. When it was constructed, it was
reported that it was not beautifully constructed as before. The general
appearance of the façade was ineffective as buttresses.
Quiapo Church
z
▪ The roof collapsed during the earthquake. When it was rebuild, its octagonal tower
had three stories. Its façade was of compuesto order with triangular pendiment.

Malate Church
▪ Was damaged by the 1863 earthquake. When it was constructed, it was
reported that it was not beautifully constructed as before. The general
appearance of the façade was ineffective as buttresses.
 z
Other Residential Buildings Constructed in the
Early Years

▪ Old houses were built to serve as memorials and were built with architectural
designs. Some of them were the Syquia Mansion in Vigan City, a three
storey house with high-pitched roof facing the town plaza; the Valenzuela
house with its Caryatids in Malolos Bulacan; the Rizal house in Calamba,
Laguna with lanterns on its roof ridge; the Monte de Piedad building with its
imposing pediment and fluted column style in Manila.
 Architecture
z During the American Period

▪ During the early stage of the American period repair, rehabilitation and
construction of buildings and other structures were done principally by army
engineers employed by Governor Taft.

Daniel H. Burnham
▪ Chicago architect and was commissioned to design architectural structure in
Manila, Baguio and other places. Its tooks almost decades before the Burnham
plan was carried out. Among the structures erected and specified in the plan
were Congress of the Philippines, Finance Building, Agriculturre, Post Office
and Supreme Court.
 z
Concrete Building in Manila

▪ The Philippine Normal School (Philippine Normal University) and the

Philippine General Hospital (PGH) in Taft Avenue were the first big
reinforced concrete buildings erected in Manila. Tile was used as
roofing, as specified in Burnham plan. The PGH design was under
supervision of Tomas Mapua.
 Thez Classic Style of Juan Arellano and Antonio
Toledo
▪ Both Juan Arellano and Antonio Toledo
designed some of the Philippine buildings.
The Congress of the Philippines building has
a rectangular plan with elaborate decoration.
Corinthian columns dominate the huge
portico. The pediments of the double-pitched
roof are decorated with sculpture figure.

▪ The Post Office building designed also by

Toledo and Arellano situated in Plaza Lawton
(Liwasang Bonifacio) was erected in 1926. it
was designed to cater to the public. One side
of the spacious lobby is a continuous counter
with grills set with window at interval.
 z

▪ Toledo also designed the UP building in Ermita, Manila. Arellano designed

the Villamor Hall in UP. Other classical architecture included the
Pangasinan Provincial Capitol which was erected in 1920; Capitol
Building of Bacolod City (designed by Arellano); Magsaysay High School
Building, Bacolod City; the Macabebe Town Hall in Pampanga; the Pililia
Town Hall in Pililia, Bulacan; Malolos Town Hall; the Taal Town Hall; the
Batangas Town Hall, and others. Classical architecture became famous
for its porticos and vestibules, colonnades and arcades.
 Contemporary Architecture
z
▪ With the advent of this new architecture, classical architecture lost ground. Architect
who travel and learned abroad came back with their knowledge in art. Some of these
buildings with contemporary designs are; the Philippine National Bank building, which
was five storey high; the Insular Life building, which stoods prominently on the south
east corner of Plaza Cervantes, the old Ideal Theater in Quiapo, Manila; the
Metropolitan Theatre in Liwasang Bonifacio; the Cebu Provincial Capitol; Rizal
Memorial Stadium; Quezon City and some buildings in UP Diliman. Among the famous
architect during this time were Fernando Ocampo, Juan Nakpil and Pablo Antonio.
Other promising architects were Felix Mendoza, V. Formoso, C. Arguelles, Cesar
Consio, and O. Arellano.