PERFORMANCE ART

 Is an artwork or art exhibition created through actions executed by the artist or

other participants. It may be witnessed live or through documentation,
spontaneously developed or written, and is traditionally presented to a public in a
fine art context in an interdisciplinary mode.
 Artworks that are created through actions performed by the artist or other
participants, which may be live or recorded, spontaneous or scripted.
 Is a movement that draws inspiration from live performances, often using the
artist's own body or actions as a medium.

5 Major Types of Performance Art:

1. Poetry
2. Storytelling
3. Theater
4. Music
5. Dance

6 Formal Elements of Performance Art:

1. Time
2. Space
3. The artist's presence
4. The artist's body
5. The interplay between the audience and the artist
6. Sound

MUSIC

Music has been a vital part of the human experience across the world since ancient
times. Music is the art of combining sounds into a coherent perceptual experience,
typically in accordance with conventional modes and patterns and for aesthetic
purposes.

Purpose/Functions Of Music:

1. It provides pleasure and relaxes the senses.

2. It can imitate moral qualities.
3. It expresses emotions (joy, love, melancholy, grief, agony, etc.)
4. It can be a means of communication (in opera, musicals, harana, etc.)
5. It can perform a purgative or therapeutic function by arousing or releasing pent-
up emotions of fear, anger, pity and enthusiasm.

Properties Of Music:
 1. Pitch - refers to the relative highness or lowness of a tone.
2. Duration - refers to the length of the time which a sound occupies.
3. Timbre - refers to the quality which enables us to distinguish one sound from
another.
4. Intensity/Volume - refers to the loudness or softness of a sound.

Elements Of Music:

1. Melody - is the series of consecutive tones, varying in pitch and duration, but
forming a line of individual significance and expressive value.
2. Rhythm - it refers to the time element produced by accent and duration of
musical sounds. An accent is a stress or emphasis on a note.
3. Dynamics - this means the force or percussive effects, degree of loudness and
softness, (forte means loud; mezzo-forte is very loud; piano is soft; pianissimo is
very soft)
4. Harmony - the simultaneous sounding of two or more tones.
a. Tiempo - is the rate of speed of a composition or section.
b. Texture - refers to the number of tones one is expected to apprehend
simultaneously.

Types of texture:
i. Monophonic
ii. Polyphonic
iii. Homophonic

5. Color - this is the result of the difference in timbre or quality in a variety of voices
and instruments.
6. Style - this refers to the composer or singer’s way of doing his/her part.

Principles Of Music:

1. Theme
2. Unity
3. Variety
4. Length
5. Structure

The Media Of Music:

1. The Vocal Media - refers to the human voice.

a. Soprano - high register female voice
b. Mezzo-Soprano - medium register female voice
c. Alto or Contralto - low register female voice
d. Tenor - high register male voice
e. Baritone - medium register male voice
f. Base - low register male voice
 2. The Instrumental Media - refers to musical instruments.
3. The Ensemble Medium - produce when two or more performers equally sing or
play a piece of music.

a. The orchestra
b. The symphony orchestra
c. Concerto
d. Band
e. Bandall
f. Chamber orchestra

Genres Of Music:

1. Instrumental Music - is any music that does not feature vocals as the primary
focus. It is characterized by its lack of lyrics and its focus on instrumental
elements such as melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre.
1. Baroque - known for its grand, dramatic, and energetic spirit, as well as its
stylistic diversity. It prevailed during the period from approximately 1600 to
around 1750. Some of the notable composers that use this genre are as
follows:
 Johann Sebastian Bach
 Antonio Vivaldi
 George Fredric Handel
 Arcangelo Corelli
 François Couperin
 Johann Pachelbel
 Franz Peter Schubert
2. Classical Music – is a genre written in Europe around 1750 to 1830 that is
characterized by its elegance, balance, and homophonic textures. It
includes several forms like sonatas, symphonies, and operas.
 Franz Joseph Haydn
 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 Antonio Salieri
 Muzio Clementi
 Ludwig Van Beethoven
 Luigi Boccherini
3. Romantic Music – is a term denoting an era of Western classical music
that began in the late 18th or early 19th century. It was often ostensibly
inspired by (or else sought to evoke) non-musical stimuli, such as nature,
literature, poetry, super-natural elements, or the fine arts. It included
features such as increased chromaticism and moved away from traditional
forms.
 Frederic Chopin
 Franz Joseph Liszt
 Giuseppe Verdi
 Clara Wieck Schumann
  Carl Maria Von Weber
 Wilhelm Richard Wagner
 Jacques Offenbach
 Johannes Brahms
 Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
 Richard Georg Strauss
4. Modern Music – The defining characteristic of contemporary music
(including modern art in general) is the breakdown of all conventional
aesthetics that unleashes complete freedom in any aesthetic dimension,
including melody, rhythm, and chord growth. Only the definition itself of
"rock" has been redefined.
 Claude Debussy
 Arnold Schoenberg
 Joseph-Maurice Ravel
 John Cage
 Philip Glass
2. Folk Music - the traditional and spontaneous music of people, rac, nation or
religion. It has passed down from one generation to another and is generally not
a composer’s work; it is traditional music often played by local people.
3. Art Song - is usually composed with a piano accompaniment and is often
sophisticated. It is a work of a composer who is trained in music.
4. Jazz Music or Western Music - having syncopation and rhythmic background

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

A musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make musical sounds.

5 Types of Musical Instruments:

1. Percussion - are played by either striking (with hands, sticks or mallets), shaking
or scraping.
2. Woodwind - is a type of musical instrument that you play by blowing into its
mouthpiece.

3. String - a musical instrument (such as a guitar, violin, or piano) that has strings
and that produces sound when the strings are touched or struck.

4. Brass - are musical instruments made of metal, typically brass, in which sound is
produced by the vibration of air through a cylindrical chamber.
 5. Keyboard.- is a musical instrument played using a keyboard, a row of levers that
are pressed by the fingers.

DANCE AS ART

Dance is a form of creative expression through physical movement that includes

rhythmic movements that accompany music. Historically, dance has been used in
celebrations and religious observances. Dance has played an important role in human
societies since ancient times and continues to evolve and develop today. Throughout
history, people have danced for social, cultural, and theatrical reasons.

Kinds Of Dance:

1. Communal Dance - are found in cultures who value cooperation over

competitiveness. Members of primitive tribal societies made use of the dance as
a form of magic, or a method for in their struggle for existence against the
elements of nature.
 2. Ritual Dance - is an organized dance, with a definite design, purpose and
meaning used to celebrate nature and mythology.
3. Folk Dance - reflected a people’s “unconscious paganism” in events such as the
celebration of the harvest and in some ordinary events.
4. Social Dance - has a gay and lively character. Its nature reflected elements of the
respective time periods.

★ Choreography or dance composition - fills the stage with a progressive series of

pictures, using both the solo and dancers (corps de ballet).

★ Movements of Dance - is the medium of dance.

4 Elements of Movement of Dance:

1. Space - it is the area that surrounds the dancer; it is the place where one can
have such movements that create patterns and designs.
2. Time - dance utilizes time in ways that determine the rhythm, tempo, and
duration of movements.
3. Duration - refers to the length of time expanded by a movement. It can be
measured and regulated by drum beat or musical accompaniment.
4. Force - it is an energy which is always present when motion occurs. Dynamics is
the force of movement.

Elements Of Dance:

1. Theme - refers to the message conveyed by the dance.

2. Design - refers to the plan or organization of movement in time and space.
3. Movement - it is the action or moves of dancers and how they use their bodies to
create or organize a pattern.
4. Techniques - refers to skill in executing movements.
5. Music - it motivates and synchronizes the movement of the dancers.
6. Costume and Props - these enhance the visual effects of the dance.
7. Choreography - refers to the forms, arrangements, and organization of dance
steps and movements.
8. Scenery - refers to the setting of background, the place of action and other props
to make the dance more artistic and beautiful.

Development Of Dance Forms:

Classical Indian Dance or Hindu Dance - is the oldest tradition of the cultured world. It
has been performed perhaps 2000 years ago. The dance is like that of Greece which
was one of mime and gesture.

4 Indian Dance Types:

1. Kathak (Northwest India)

 2. Manipuri (Northeast India)
3. Kathakali ( Southwest India)
4. Bharata Natya (Southeast India)

Ballet - is a graceful type of dance that mimes stories to music. It began in Italy but was
developed by the French.

★ Ballerina - a female ballet dancer. She wears a short stiff skirt called tutu which
allows the dancers’ legs to be seen.

Waltz - arrived in the 1800, it was the first time that couples held one another as closely
as they danced.

Contemporary Dance - this is a bit of a fusion style—combining aspects of ballet, jazz,

and more—but is also a reaction against the rigidity of these classical forms.

9 Different Types Of Dance:

1. Ballet Dance
2. Latin Dance
3. Hip Hop Dance
4. Tap Dance
5. Jazz Dance
6. Contemporary Dance
7. Ballroom Dance
8. Belly Dance
9. Ritual or Folk Dance

Dances In The Philippines

★ Filipino Rigodon de Honor - opens state social functions. Consists

of: saludos (greetings), the cadena (chain), cambio de pareja (change of partners) and
the zeta (a zigzag formation of the moving dance groups representing a snake).

★ Philippine Folk Festivals - held annually in local and regional communities where
indigenous dances are presented. Some of the known are: Sinulog, Dinagyang,
Kadayawan, etc.

★ Filipino Folk Dance - The Philippines is home to several folk dances such as
Tinikling, Pandanggo, Cariñosa, and Subli. Dance has integrated itself in Philippine
society over the course of many years and is embedded in Philippine culture.

The Bayanihan Philippine Dance Company - is the designated Philippine Folk Dance
Company.

 Started in 1957 by Lucrecia Reyes Urtula, its director and choreographer.

  Top folkloric dance troupe in the country.

Francisca Reyes Aquino - pioneered the research and revival of Philippine folk dance
and music in the 1920’s and is recognized as the foremost authority in this field.

 She is the National Artist in Dance in the country.

 She also was the founder of the University of the Philippines Folk Song and
Dance Troupe.

★ Contemporary Dances - Filipino choreographers are encouraged to create dance

pieces which combine modern dance idiom, classical ballet techniques and indigenous
dance.

➔ Classical Ballet and Modern Idioms: Ballet Philippines, Philippine Ballet Theater
and Ballet Manila are the most active in producing classical ballets, contemporary
modern dance with folk themes.

SOUL MAKING

Soul making or creation is one of the ways to deepen our understanding of our day-to-
day lives in a creative manner. It actively allows us to explore, create and imagine. It is
a form of craft that can help us relive our memories and transform them into pictures,
paintings and other art forms that reflect our identity and solitude. Whether it is inherent
or acquired talent or a mixture, soul creation allows us to explore ourselves and the
world from another perspective. Soul making can be performed by crafting images,
stories and interest for performance, and many others.

It has several forms: Crafting Images, Crafting Tales, Crafting Instruments, Crafting
Gestures, and Crafting Strategies, etc.

Some forms:

● Crafting Images – Crafting images includes the production by various forms and
methods of visual representations of images. Any art form such as drawing, sketching,
and sculpting can be used to perform this process.

● Crafting Poems

1. Find your spark. Whether it’s an idea or a long-lost heartbreak, find an emotion or
experience that can serve as your inspiration for your poem.
2. Fleshing it out. Expand the idea.
3. Structure and form. Think about what structure best fits your style. Is it
structured, free verse, fragmented verse, couplet, or sonnet?
 4. Content. You may now start to put everything in place in the poem and begin the
actual writing part of poetry.
5. Voice and Imagery. To make your poetry more imaginative yet relatable, be
smart in placing poetic devices throughout your piece.
6. Word Choice. Choose the best words that will help convey the meaning you want
to communicate with the reader.
7. Concept and Clarity. Ensure that words and devices are working together to
communicate the idea you want to share with the readers.
8. Line Length. Consider the line length of your poem concerning the form that you
choose.
9. Rhythm and Sound. Examine the technical aspects of your poetry like tensions,
delays, tone replay, progression, and action throughout the poem.
10. Read it aloud. The presentation of a poem shows its flaws and powers in a
manner that no visual analysis can do.

● Crafting Stories

1. Show Do Not Tell. You begin the cycle of making them look after until they are in
your shoes to ensure that the story is much less likely to be abandoned at an
early stage.
2. Shock and Surprise. Start with something you were not waiting for your readers.
Marketers are doing a lot of this, trying to shock the audience. Make it shocking
and unexpected where you need it to hook your readers.
3. Relatability. Writing is compelling, real, and grudgeful. Writing pulls no punches.
If you want to keep your readers on the hook, they must relate to the story.

4. Raise the Stakes. Even if that is not true, you must increase the investment of
your readers in your story. Now, you cannot stop; you play with their emotions.
Making this too “standard” will make your readers slip right out of the hook once
more.
5. Mining the Depths. You have got the characters to come to life. It refers to the
small information that adds life to the character. Anchor this information with real-
life incidents, similar to providing evidence at the trial in adequate detail.
6. Make It Memorable. Powerful writing gives the reader a positive memory that
reminds them of you, the author. You intend to make your reader remember you,
regardless of whether you are a novelist or a social media marketer.

● Crafting Instruments – The transformation of any discovered or used material into

a musical instrument allows you to discover harmony and balance to produce a
beautiful and magical tone.

● Crafting Movements
 1. Select the right music. Choose music to which you want to dance and relax while
you watch it again and again! Choose an album with a strong rhythm.
2. Start creating the dance step. Choose your beginning position wisely as the
introduction usually sets the mood for the rest of the song.
3. Plan the chorus part. Your best option is every time the chorus is playing should
follow the same series of moves. Pick the best movements, the most dramatic.
Repeating is an integral element of every choreographic work.
4. Plan the ending. Prepare for the big finale. You may take a firm stand on the new
comments. Keep the finish spot for a couple of seconds.
5. Practice more. When the dance is performed, the moves will be memorized.
Then, the dance is more intuitive by repetitive practice.
6. Be ready for the performance. When you are confident and believe like you have
choreographed a full dance, it is time to show it.

SEVEN (7) DA VINCIAN PRINCIPLES

1. Curiosita. An insatiable curiosity about life and a constant desire for continuing
knowledge.

2. Dimostrazione. A dedication to creativity, patience, and a desire to learn from

failures of the past. It is the scientific approach used in everyday life.

3. Sensazione. Continuous sensory enhancement as a way of enlivening memory.

Effective communication is one of the key business subjects.
4. Sfumato. The word is translated into smoke. We can embrace uncertainty,
confusion, and vulnerability.
5. Arte/scienza. Developing a balance between creativity and reality. Creativity
without rationality is a daydream, and reality is dull without creativity. The
contrast between art and science, as well as whole-brain thought, are other
words for this.

6. Corporalita. The aim is to keep the body safe and the mind balanced. One of Da
Vinci’s core ideas is that our bodies stay fit to keep our minds fit. Fit minds give
efficient and practical ideas.

7. Connessione. This is a clear realization that all events and phenomena are
related. When we talk early, it is not just a matter of coming up with something
brand different, often finding the similarities in how to use old material in new
ways.

NARRATIVES, APPROPRIATION, BORROWING AND OWNERSHIP

● NARRATIVE – Narrative means the choice of events to be linked and to relate –

so, instead of a story itself, it depicts the particular manifestation of the story. The
easiest way to remind people of the distinction between a story and a narrative is to
change events' sequence.
● APPROPRIATION – Appropriations in art and art history refer to artists' work
utilizing prior artifacts or pictures of painting with no initial transformation. Art of
appropriation poses questions of authenticity, originality, and authorship, and it belongs
to the long-standing Modernist art tradition, which questions art itself. Since the 1980s,
artists have used appropriation extensively.

● BORROWING – Artists have also copied other artists' works to learn about the
methods and processes of art. This tradition has been widely practiced in art schools in
recent years. While this type of work has usually only ever been considered a learning
activity, other artists have taken pictures or forms from their work, which they can
appreciate by reproducing and using.

● OWNERSHIP – Many artists' copying of art was a vexing problem in modern

years; nevertheless, such a form of copying was popular in art history. The other things
are generally best settled by tradition as well, although they include the concept of
ownership, as though someone who owns the art would want to exploit it commercially.

➔ COPYRIGHT – All work of art, including but not limited to photos, drawings,
sketches, maps, diagrams, caricatures (static not moving animations), logos,
engravings, sketches, designs, and architectural models, can be liable to copyright.
Copyright extends to any work of creative quality. Works of decorative art, including
sculpture, stones, pottery, woodwork, and jewelry, also receive security protection.

➔ COPYRIGHT OWNERSHIP – Physical possession varied greatly from ownership of

copyright. Copyright is generally the artist or author's property but may vary based on
conditions such as occupations or licensing agreements. You can get rights if you
purchase original artwork or you have a deal. When a fee is charged for a painting,
portrait, or graving, the person commissioning the work shall have the copyright until an
agreement is made.

FIVE ACTS OF CULTURAL APPROPRIATION

CULTURAL APPROPRIATION – According to the critics of the custom, cultural

appropriation is distinct from acculturation, assimilation, or even cultural fusion because
it is a form of colonization. When members of a majority society borrow cultural features
from a community of marginalized communities, such elements are incorporated without
their background and, occasionally, against express wishes.

1. Object Appropriation – Physical artworks will be the first kind of item with which
we will be dealing. It refers to the appropriation of those items as appropriations
for objects. Object appropriation occurs when the ownership of a physical piece
of art (e.g., a statue or a drawing) is passed from members of a particular group
to the people of the other.

2. Content Appropriation. The second type of item that could be appropriated is

intangible. It might be a musical composition, a story, or a poem. Content
appropriation is going to be the mark for this kind of possession. When this kind
of appropriation occurs, the artist has made significant reuse of an idea first
expressed in an artist’s work from another culture. For example, a musician who
sings songs from another culture has engaged in the appropriation of content.

3. Style Appropriation. Something less than a full expression of an artistic idea

can be appropriated. Often artists do not only replicate works from another
culture but also take something from that culture. Generally, for works of another
culture, artists produce works with stylistic elements. For example, a musician
appropriating African American culture may not be part of that culture but can
compose original jazz and blues.

4. Motif Appropriation. This method of appropriation is similar to style

appropriation, but only simple motifs are appropriated. Such appropriation can be
referred to as motif appropriation. It happens when artists, without the production
of pieces, are inspired by the art of a society other than theirs. For example, in
Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), Picasso appropriated ideas from African carving,
but his paintings are not African.

5. Subject Appropriation. In various discussions on cultural appropriation,

questions have been raised about externals portraying individuals or entities from
another society in their artworks. No creative item of cultural identity is
appropriated if this appropriation occurs. Instead, artists are dealing with a topic,
that is, another culture or its members. This is called subject appropriation
because it appropriates a matter. Subject appropriation is occasionally called
“voice appropriation,” especially where outsiders represented the first person’s
lives.
THEATRE ART

The term "theater arts" refers to a wide range of disciplines, specialties, and levels of
expertise, where drama, movies, concerts and lots more are showcased. Theater arts
have been performed as one of the oldest forms of entertainment since ancient times.

Theater arts also includes portraying familiar characters/personalities as opposed to

fiction or serious drama. This includes everything from plays and musicals to ballet and
juggling. Some theatre artists are interested in the concrete experiences of the
performing arts, whereas others are interested in the theoretical and philosophical
issues surrounding those same activities.

Importance of Theatre Art:

Theatre arts enhance both verbal and non-verbal expression of ideas. It improves voice
projection, articulation, pronunciation, fluency and how to express oneself with the body.
Listening and observation aptitude are also developed through drama games, being an
audience, rehearsing and performing.

Purpose of Theatre Art:

Theatre allows us to immerse ourselves in a story as it happens live, right in front of our
eyes, with real people going through it. It gives us the chance to put ourselves in those
people's—the characters'—shoes and almost feel what they feel.

Different Types of Theater Arts:

● Drama. Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The

term comes from a Greek word meaning "action", which is derived from the verb "to do"
or "to act". The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before
an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production and a collective form of
reception. The structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly
influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception.

● Musical Theatre. Music and theatre have had a close relationship since ancient
times. Modern musical theatre is a form of theatre that also combines music, spoken
dialogue, and dance. Musical theatre may be produced on an intimate scale Off-
Broadway, in regional theatres, and elsewhere, but it often includes spectacle.
● Comedy. Theatre productions that use humour as a vehicle to tell a story qualify
as comedies. Theatre expressing bleak, controversial or taboo subject matter in a
deliberately humorous way is referred to as black comedy. Black Comedy can have
several genres like slapstick humour, dark and sarcastic comedy.

● Tragedy. Tragedy refers to a specific tradition of drama that has played a unique
and important role historically in the self-definition of Western civilization. That tradition
has been multiple and discontinuous, yet the term has often been used to invoke a
powerful effect of cultural identity and historical continuity. In the modern era, tragedy
has also been defined against drama, melodrama, the tragicomic, and epic theatre. A
tragedy is a narrative that shows the downfall of a protagonist and does not have a
happy ending.

● Improvisation. Improvisation has been a consistent feature of theatre, with the

Commedia dell'arte in the sixteenth century being recognized as the first improvisation
form. Popularized by 1997 Nobel Prize in Literature winner Dario Fo and troupes such
as the Upright Citizens Brigade improvisational theatre continues to evolve with many
different streams and philosophies. Improvisation theatre is a live performance in which
the actors make up scenes, dialogue and characters on the spot (sometimes
incorporating suggestions from the audience).

Theater arts also includes portraying familiar characters/personalities as opposed to

fiction or serious drama. This includes everything from plays and musicals to ballet and
juggling.