Light : Reflection and Refraction You may be light-hearted, you can make light of things, bring secrets to Wight. You can see the ight and achieve enlightenment. But ‘what is ight? The dictionary definiton is “something that makes things visible or affords ilumination,” a vague-and-unsatistying etintion that circles around like a dog’ chasing its oWn tall Physicists dofine ight as olectromagnetie radiation! travelling ‘energy wave. Light itselt is invisible butt helps us to see the beautiful world ‘around us. The bright colour of flowers, buttertiog) feathers of a ‘peacock, the rainbow, the blue colour of the sky, the reddish colour of the sunrise and sunset and spectacular Beauly ofnature. To ‘understand this, let us take a stp forwafa by studying “Light. Reflection and Retraction”. The branch of physi¢S which deals wth the nature of ight, ts sources, properties, effects and vision Is called ‘optics. In this chapter, we shall dal with ght ag wave and stidy the ‘phenomenon of reflection and refracton"of Wight using straight line ‘propagation of light INCLUDES Properties of Light Propagation of Light Reflection of Light > Laws of Reflection > Reflection at Plane Surtaces > Uses of Plane mirrors Spherical Mirror > ‘Reflection at Spherical Mirror (Laws of Image Formation) = Image Fortnation by a Concave Mirror > Image Formation bya Convex Mirror > Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors > Mirror Formula Magnification Refraction of Light, > Laws of Refraction > Absolute Refractive Index (7) > Simple Effects of Retraction > Refraction Through a Rectangular Glass Slab Spherical Lenses Retraction by Spherical Lenses, Different Types of Lens Laws of image Formation by Spherical Lens Lens Formula and Magnification > Power of a Lens Quick Recap Assignment vvyyPROPERTIES OF LIGHT itis a non-mechanical wave as it doesn't require any medium to travel, Visible light (that enables us to see) has @ very small wavelength /.e.,it lies in the range of 400-700 nm. ‘Speed of light in vacuum is 299,792,458 mie (approx. 3 = 10° mis). tis a transverse, electromagnetic wave. eooe Do! You! KNOW? PROPAGATION OF LIGHT a J ae am Xs travels along straight line. ts path changes.only when soffiéthing comes in its path oF when there is a change of medium. This is called rectilinear propagation of light. Light that originates from a point P and passes through another point Q in the same medium actually passes through all the ‘points on the straight line PQ. ‘This Sraight Ine path of ight Is called a FS¥ OPUGRE-A bunBle of bent Tays la called a beam of hght OOS @ ww Figs) A ray of light, (iy A beam of light REFLECTION OF LIGHT Reftection is defined as the bouncing back of light rays into the same medium when these rays strikes on a ‘surface or on a boundary separating two media, When light from the sun and other sources like bulb, tube light ote. falls on the surface of objects like wall of our house, book, table, black board, glass sheet, mirror, tree etc., it May be absorbed, transmitted or eflected depending upon nature of the medium. 0.9. A black board appears black because most of light incident on it is absorbed by it ‘An object that allows light to pass through it is called transparent medium, (2.9. Ordinary glass shoot transmits most of light falling on it so it appears transparent. But some surfaces reflect most of the light falling on them and are called reflecting surfaces. 10.9. A polished silver mirror reflects light falling on it ‘An object that does not allow light to pass through it is known as opaque medium e.g., stone, metal sheets etc.‘Some Important Definitions: bees * Incident Ray : The ray of light which strikes any surface is called incident ray. Point of incidence : It is the point at which incident ray falls on the reflecting surface. Reflected ray : The ray of light which Is bounced back by any reflecting surface is called reflected ray. Normal : It's line drawn perpendicularto-the reflecting surface at the point of incidence. Angle of incidence : Angle mate By incident Fay with the normal at the Polfit of incidence. Its represented byt Angle of reflection : Angie made by reflected ray with the nolinal at the pola of incidents: It is represented byr. Object : Anything which gives out light either by itself oF after reflection fform'it is said to be an object. For example: a candle, tube light, sun, moon, table, chair etc Point object : A very small object like pin head is.a point object afd Is represented by a dot () Extended object : Large objects kee BUS, candle etc. afe called extended objects and are represented by an arrow (7), Image : There are twotypes ofimages viz. real image and virtual image. Real image is an image formed by the actual inlerssction of light rays. It can be obtained on the screen. 2.9. - The image formed on cinema screen. the image formed by a projector. ‘Virtual Image = If the rays of light responsible for an image formation do not intersect actually but appears to meet at some point, then the image is called a virtual image. It cannot be obtained on the screen. 2.9. ~ The image formed by plane mirror of a real object is virtual. Plane mirror : A plane glass sheet having a thin layer of silver metal deposited on one side which is protected by a coat of red paint. The light fe reflected from silvered surface of the plane mirror. A plane ‘mirror and its schematic representation are shown in the following figure. My Reflecting surface. +— Polished surface My ‘Schematic representation of plane mirrorLaws of Reflection Consider a ray of light incident on a plafié Tier at an angle / with normal.-The ray gets reflected at an angle ‘rwith the normal, as shown in igure. Following are the two laws of reflection. (The incident ray, the reflected ray/and the)normal at thé point of incidence, in the same plane. (The angle of incidencélls equal'to the angle of reflection. That ie 21 =r ‘These laws of reflection are applicable to all types of reflecting surfaces including spherical surtaces. ‘Whenever a parallel beam of light falls on a réfieéting surface, a part of itis reflected from the surface of the medium. However the direction of the reflected rays depends upon nature of the surface. On the basis of reflecting surface there are two kinds of reflections. (Regular reflection : When ail parallel rays of light reflected from a plane smooth surface (like mirror) are parallel, the reflection is known as ragular reflection. Ithelps in the formation of image and hence we can ‘500 Our face in a mirror.‘regular reflection Diffused reflection does not give rise to image formation. It takes place from walls, stones, trees etc. It helps to spread light over a vast area and hence helps in general illumination. We can say that, non- Kiminous objects become visible due to irregular reflection of ight Diffused reflection is not due to the failure of Iaws of reflection but due to irregularities in the reflecting surface. Reflection at Plane Surtaces In case of reflection at plane surface such as plane mirror : 1. The image formed by a plane mirror is always erect, virtual, of same size and is at the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of it. The figure given below shows the formation of image (4’) of an object AB by a plane mirror MyM, AB — Object AB = \moge 2. Image formed by a plane mirror ié the front back reversal of the object (o., loft handed objects look like ‘ight handed objects and Vice versa in their image. It is,callod latoral inversion. It is shown in the figure given below. FAX XAT 3. Though every part of a mirror forme @ complete Image of an object, we usually see only that part of It from which light after reflection from mirror reaches our eye. Uses of Plane Mirrors Plane mirrors are commonly used By barbers to show the customer the backside of his head. As reflactor in a solar cooker. By the opticians to provide false dimension, when their place of work is vary small For providing false dimension in show cases, displaying Jewollary, wrist watches ete. For making kaleidoscope, periscope ete. For signalling by the scouts and the army personnel. perenneA [Light : Reflection and Refraction Example 1 A plane mirror is inclined at an angle 0 with horizontal as shown in figure. Ifa ray incident from 10° above horizontal becomes vertical after reflection {rom this. mirror, then find 0. Solution = From the figure, (90° — 0) + 10° = 0 100° 50" = 2 “The laws of relection are applicable for (1) Regutar reflection @) Diffused reoction ) Botn (1) & (2) (@) Glave stab 2. Consider the figure shown. The reflected ray is perpendicular to the incident ray. Angle of incidence for the ray 30 i Qe i @ oo @ 78 3. Two plane mirrors are placed parallel to each other as shown in the figure. There is an object O placed between the mirrors, at 10 cm from mirror M,. What are the distances of first two images formed by M, from M,? ™ My °. Toot (1) Sem, 30 em @ 10cm, 10. om @ 10cm, 30 em (@) 10 om, 20 om [ee @z(@r-suv) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Offco = Aakash Tower, 8, Puca Road, Now Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623458— | ft wasn't for Thomas Alva Edison, we'd all be watching TV to the light of a candle. ‘SPHERICAL MIRROR IRis simply a piece cut out of a glass sphere whose either of the side is made reflecting. The reflecting surface of a ‘spherical mirror may be inwards or outwards. ‘Concave mirror : A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved inwards, facing towards the centre of the ‘sphere Is called concave mirror. Its represented by the following figure. Reflecting oe ‘Convex mirror : A spherical mirror Whose refitting surface Is bulgifig (of EUrved) outwards, opposite to the ‘centre of the sphere is called convex mirror. Refecting 2+ Polished! ‘surface surtace. C02 )0 O--) ‘A spherical mirror can be thought of a bolfig mada of @ portion cut off from @ hollow glass sphere Consider the following important terms regarding spherical mirrors : Contre of Curvature (C ): itis the.canire of hollow sphere of glass, of which the spherical mirror is a part. Radius of Curvature (R) itis the radius of hollow sphere of glass, of which the spherical mirror is a part Pole (P) : It is the geometric centre of the reflecting surface of the spherical mirror Principal Axis : It is the line joining the centre of curvature and the pole of the mirror. aa =e cr reS ef Sb Qe am 1 tr wien: Poo mirror ie. g _and it is independent of Reflection at Spherical Mirror (Laws of image Formation) In case of reflection at spherical surfaces such as spherical mirrors (concave mirror and convex mirror) = 1. Aray intially parallel to principal axis and close to i, after reflection, passes or appears to pass through the Principal focus. (from law of reflection i, 2/= rand by definition offocus)Concave mirror Convex mirror 2. Array initially passing or appearing to pass through the principal focus, after reflection, becomes parallel to the principal axis (by the principle of reversibility Le., after any number of reflections if the direction of light ray is reversed, it retraces its whole path). Concave mint Convex mitror 3. Aray initially passing or appearing 1/pass through thé Cenite of clrvature, alterrefection, retraces its path. Concave mirror ‘Convex mirror Image Formation by a Concave Mirror Following figures show image formation by a concave mirror for the different positions of an object. The Intersection of at least two reflected rays gives the position of image of the object Me a @4. The object (as the object AB inthe figuré)'is always placed to\the leftiof the mirror which implies that the light from the object falls on the mirror fromm tho fof of the mirror. 2. All the distances parallel to the principal_axis are measured from the pole. 3. The distances measured along the direction of incident ray are taken as positive 2r @ u=2r @ u=2r 7. A.concave mirror of focal length 18 cm forms an erect image, three limes the size of the object. How far is the object from the mirror? () 36 om @ 180m @ 18em @ 120m 8. Apoint abject is placed at a distance of 30 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 30 em. The image will be formed at (1) Pole 2) Infinity (8) 15 em behind the mirror (@) 15 cmin front of the mirror (ez ows (Wy-suvd ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110008 Ph.011-47623456REFRACTION OF LIGHT 1. Refraction is the phenomenon in which direction of propagation of light changes (as shown in the figure) when it passes from one transparent medium to another. This ie because, the speed of light is different In diferent media Boundary Medium 2 (lntertace of medium 1 ‘and medium 2) Optically rarer medium is that medium in which speed of light is more. 3. Optically denser medium is that medium in which speed of light is less. Laws of Refraction Following are the two laws of refraction 1. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the norffial at the point of incidence, all lie In the same plane. 2. The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to sine of angle of refraction Is'@ constant, for the light of a given. colour and given pair of media. This is known a6 Shell's law offrefraction. If / is the angle of incidence ‘and ris the angle of refraction, then sinr constant ~ ny Normal Air (Modium 1) Glass] (Medium 2) ‘Thie constant value na, is the optical property of the two media and is called refractive index of medium 2 with respect fo medium 1. If the first medium is air, then n,, Is Called absolute refractive index oF simply refractive index of medium 2. itis then simply denoted as 1. ‘Absolute Refractive Index (a) Let us discuss more about refractive index of a medium, 1. It is defined as the ratio of speed of light in air or vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. 2. As for light in tree space ¢ = fh, (here f= frequency and iy = wavelength of light in free space) and in a medium v= fA (here f= frequency and = wavelength of the light in the medium) sonelee vORN “nus, 9 = 22824 of light in air or vacuum (¢) _ wavelength of ight in air or vacuum (np) . ‘speed of light in medium (v) ‘wavelength of fight in medium (2) 3. Fora given light, denser is the medium, lessor will be the speed of ight and £0 greater will be the refractive Index. 98, Voss < Year’ Motes > Prater Refractive index of a medium w.rt air or vacuum is called its absolute refractive index. Table : Absolute Refractive Indices of some material media Refractive index of one medium wart. other (Relative Refractive Index) Consider a ray of light travelling from medium 7 into medium 2, as shown in the given figure. if v, Is the speed Of ight in medium 1 and vz is the speed of ight in medium 2, then the refractive Index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1 (7,,) is given by t (Medium 1) l2)_ Speed of tght in medium 4 (v3) 21 Speed of light in medium 2 (vz) “O ‘And the rotractive index of medium 1 with respect to medium 2 (7) is glvon by Speed of tightin medium 2 (vz) Speed of ight in medium 1 (v,) w It clear from equations (i) and (i), we have a fa if medium 4 is air or vacuum, and medium 2 is glass, then refractive index of glass wrt. air (7.) [absolute refractive index of glass. me ra called 0.9. Refractive index of glass w.rt air is 1.5, then refractive index of air wert. glass fs given by M,y 1-1 9.66 Me Example 6 ‘The refractive index of diamond is 2-42 and that of plasa\is'1.52 Hew much fasidr doas light travel in glass than in diamond? Solution We have, where © Speed of light in air 6 vacuum. v— Speed of light in medium. Refractive index of diamond, n, = 2.42, Refractive index of glass, n Jn diamond and glass respectively .52. vy and v, are the speeds of light Then, Bie ME oe moe ve 2. 228-150-108 ‘Thus, vz = 1.6 times the speed of light in diamond.Conditions for no refraction 1. If light is incident normally on a boundary (2/ = 0). From Snell's law sini sind? _ ms sine 7 sin ny Medium + = nsin 0° = n,sin r ‘Medium 2 or sin r=00r 2r= 0" ‘So, light ray in the second medium will pass undeviated at the boundary. 2. ithe refractive indices of two media are equal (2 = M). From Snel's taw, nygsin =n, sin on ner So, light ray In the second medium will P&S undevieted at theibounday. Bonding of light ray According to Snell's law an Se = nl my sine nysin’ = ngsine Case 1 : If light passes froin rarerto denser medium ((e./ alr to water or air to glass) then int at ase a>) 80, sin /> sinr © (n> ten So light ray bends towards the Fiofral I Case 2 : If light passes from denser to rarer medium. (/e, from water to air or glass to air) then ! sind _ Pe = SR Mecr (asm >ny So sin / = sin or (2) < (er) So. light ray bends away from the normalPhysics - Claws X (Level) Reftctve index of water and gias are 4 and 2 wrt. er or vacuum reopectvay. Find the reactive index Light : Retlection and Retraction A Example 7 of glass wrt water. Solution Try Yourself 10. " 12, 13. ‘On entering in an optically rarer medium from an optically denser medium. (1) Speed of light increases (2) Speed of lignt decreases: (@) Frequency of light increases (4) Wavelength of light decreases When light travels obliquely from glass to air (1) It proceeds undeviatod @) Itbends towards the normal at the point of incidence (@) It bends away from the normal at the point of incidence (@) Mis refected back for all angle of incidence Ae gee etrecte weer eee ero [= (Ros @) ee @) Yellow (4) Green eee renee ie eerie eter rd eee reread ered rarer ee eee eee te ere cle eee o 4 @ oie £ 16 If the refractive indices of alcohol and benzene with respect to air are 1.96 and 1.50 respectively, then the refractive index of benzene with respect to alcoho! is 110 @ 120 @ 090 @) 1.00 @ win‘Simple Effects of Retraction () A stick appears bent and short when immersed obliquely in water Consider a stick AC, immorsed obiiquely in Water such that part AB of point A on the tip of the stick. A beam coming from i " Feaches the eyes. Thus, the rays ‘This is true for any other point water. However. it appears magri (i) The bottom of a beaker fil ‘water appears raised ‘Take an empty beaker end place nH a fify/pelsa colt, Cover the skies of the beaker with paper and mave Zoey rom lho coins ust out gt your pe f Sight. Lat somebody pour watoc nthe Bosker, gory Wa Goecrved that the coin becomes jews thor eoine ime. ‘The reason for the above observation is that rays of light diverging from the coin, on emerging out of water, Suffer refraction, and hence, bend away from the normal. When these refracted ays reach the eye, then to the eye they appear to come from point /, which Is above O. Thus, the coin appears raised and the bottom Of the beaker appears challow when filed with water. For the same reason, a stamp placed under a glass block appears raised and @ swimming pool appears shallow, when filled with water=., Refraction Through a Rectangular Glass Slab Fix a white paper on a board. Place a transparent slab in the middle and draw its boundary. Draw a line RP. that moots one of the boundaries at P. Fix two pins A, B vertically on this line such that the separation between the pins is about 10 cm. Now, look al the image of these pins from the other side of the slab and insert a pin C such that 3 pins come in a straight line Le.. the images of A and B appear just behind C. Now insert another pin D (about 10 cm from C) such that 4 pins come in straight line. Remove the pins and join the points where G and D were Inserted. Extend it to mest the boundary at Q. Join PO. RP, PO and QD respectively represent the directions of the incident ray, refracted ray and the emergent ray. ole @ % ) Lot us consider a ray RP traveling through air be incident on:the upper surface of a rectangular glass slab Sf point P After refraction. it meves along PQ within te slab. On reaching the lower surface ofthe glass slab, itgots retracted again as i re-enters 10 str Figure (0) shows the cross-section of the slab and rays path It refractive index of the material of tne sid ie-n, then (Applying Snel’s law at interface AB) © For the surface CD, PQ Is the incident ray and QS Is the refracted ray. Normals to AB and CD are parallel as AB || CO. PQ makes an angle rwith the normal at @ Le., angle of incidence at Q = r. Let the angle of refraction be r Hore, glass is the first medium and air is the second medium. sine 4 meet 4a) (Applying Snet’s law at CD) or sinr’ = nsinr «iy From equations ()) and (ii), we get ‘sind = sin” l= =} The ray QS Is parallel to the ray RP. ‘When a light ray passes through a traneparent slab with parallel faces, the ray is displaced paral to itself.ee Physios = Case X aver} Pationt : | always see spots before my eyes. Optician : Didn't the new glasses help? Patient : Sure, now | see the spots much clearer. ‘When you are couring @ nice girl an hour seems like a second. When you sit on a red-hot cinder 2 second seems like an hour. That's relativity.” - Albert Einstein. SPHERICAL LENSES Refraction by Spherical Lenses ‘A tons is a transparent material medium bounded by two surfaces, of which one or both surfaces are spherical ‘The function of a lone is to deviate light, t can either converge or diverge a parallel beam of light. Depending upon this property, lanses may ba characterised into two categories - converging lens and diverging lens. NM, a Aconverging lens \(Gonvex tons) If the spherical surfaces are bulging outwards, theft the léns is Galled double convex fons. A double convex lens is simply called as a convex lens. It is thicker at the middle as compared to the edges. Convex lens. converges light rays as shown in the above figure. eo A.diverging tens (Concave lens) If the spherical surfaces are curved inwards then the lens is called double concave lens. A double concave Jens is simply called as a concave lens. It Is thicker at the edges than at the middle. Concave lens diverges light rays as shown In the above figure. Different Types of Lens Plano-convex Convexcmeniscus Bi-convex ‘Askash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office = Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Daihi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Concave-meniscus Plano concave Bi-concave Following important terms should be nated in case of spherical lenses. 4. Optical Centre : It is usually represented by the letter O. A ray of light through optical centre passes RK 2. Principal Axis C,C; is a line passing through optical centre and centres of curvature of curved surfaces. os 3. Focus: Alenshas two foci. They are represented by F/and F; ealod frst and secchd focus ofthe lens respectively. First focus : The rays starting from a fied pint on the principal axis'of & lens; or appearing to meet at 1 fixed point on the axis become parallel to the principal axis after refraction through the lans. This point {called the first focus of the lens. Focal plane Focal plane: ben ‘Second focus : The rays parallel to the principal axis of the lens, after refraction through the lens, either mect at a fixed point on the axis or appear to come from a fixed point. This point is called second focus oF prineipal focus of the lons. Focal plane: i re Focal plane : The plane passing through the focus of the lens and perpendicular to the principal axis is called focal plane._ 4. Fecal length f: The distance of the principal focus from the optical centre of a lens is called its focal length. 5. Aperture : It is the effective diameter of light transmitting area (i.c., the diameter of circular outline of spherical fons). Intensity of image formed by a lens ! ~ (aperturey*. Measuring focal length of a convex lens ‘Take a convex lens (lens used in the spectacies of the elderty are often convex lenses). Face it towards the sun. ‘Take a small block and place It close to the lene such that lene is between sun and the block. On moving the lens ‘slowly, you will find a very small, bight image of the sun formed on the block at one stage. Distance between the one and the block is its focal length. You can't use this method for concave lens as it forms a virtual image. Laws of Image Formation by Spherical Lens Graphically we can locate the position of ifiie for a given object by drawing any two of the following three rays. 1. A ray, initially parallel to the prinéipal axis of a lens, will pass or appear to pass through focus (F,) after passing through the lens. 2. Aray which initially passes or appears to pass through the focus (F;,) of a lens will emerge from the lens pparallal to the principal axis.3. A ray passing through the optical centre of a lens goes undeviated. A Fe ‘Sign Convention ‘The sign convention explained here should be kept in mind while solving numericals, (The distances measured along the direction of incident rays are taken as positive and that opposite to ‘the direction of incident rays are taken as negative, as shown In the figure. Princifar ‘axis \ ve ‘ens (convex or concave) (All he distances parallel to thé prifcipal axis fre measured from optical centre, (ii) All the distances measured perpendicularte’and above the principal axis are taken positive, while those measured below it are taken ae negative. Focal length is taken positive for convex (convefsing) lens while negative for concave (diverging) lens. ‘Object distance is always taken as negative for all objects. Lens Formula and Magnification [As we have a formula for spherical mirrors, we also RaV8 formula for’spherical tenses. This formula gives the relationship between objectdistance (4), image distance (v)and the focal length(®). The lens formula is ‘expressed as Lens ‘The lens formula given above is general and is valid in all situations for any spherical lens. Take proper care Of the signs of different quantities. While putting numerical values for solving probloms relating to lenses. IC nis the height of the object and A” is the height of its image, then jm is called magnification, a IRs magnitude Indicates how many times is the size of the Image as compared to that of the object and its ‘sign indicates whother itis erect or inverted. Positive sign of m indicates an erect image and negative sign Indicates an inverted image By applying lens formula, for an object we get that If v= ve, the image Is real and if v= ve, the Image formed is vitual|) Power of a Lens: Power (P) ofa lens characterises the converging oF diverging properties ofa lens and is defined as the reciprocal of ta focal length p-_1___100 Ginm) ~ Finem) ‘The SI unt of power of a lens fs “dloptre’ and Is denoted by the letter D Power and Focal Length of the Combination of Lenses a number of lenses are combined (or placed adjacent and touching each other) to increase the magnification, then the net power of the combination (P) is given as Pe Pot Pat Pat oon As P= 2 s0 for effective focal lenath (F), Image formation by a thin convex lens Images formed by a thin convex lens for different positions’ Of an object ate discussed here. 1. When the object is at infinity (@) When incident rays not parallel to principal xs. For image, Position at focus F, Nature real, inverted nd Sign of magnification is negative Size highly diminished | m| <4 (©) When incident rays are parallel to principal axis, For image, Position at focus Fi, Nature real, inverted Size point sized2. When the object Is between sand 2F, For image, Position between F, and 2F;, Nature: real, inverted and sign of magnification is negative Size diminished (| m| < 1) 3. When the object is at 2F, For image, Position: at2F, Nature real, inverted and sign of magnification Is negate Size same size as object (i = >i) 4. When the object is between F, and 2F, For image, Position beyond 2F, Nature = real, inverted and sign of magnification is negative Size enlarged (| m1 > 1) 5. When the object is at F,oo etedion and Reaction Physics = Clase X ever] For image, Position at infinity Nature: real, inverted and sign of magnification Is negative Size highly enlarged (| | >> 1) 6. When the object is between F, and O For image, Position on the same side of lenisiasitha abject Nature virtual, erect and sign of magnification is positive: Size enlarged | m| > 7 Pictures from light with a tens 1. Take a convex lens. Stand a few feet away from your light source. Hold your lens up so that light can shine through it. Hold the pioce of paper on the other sido of the lons so that the light shines through the lens and onto the paper. The paper is your screen like the screen in a movie theatre. The paper screen will reflect a picture made of light 80 that you ean see It. 2. Start with the lens up close to the paper and slowly move it away from the paper and towards the light source. You will see a picture of the light source when the lens is at ight distance from the paper. ‘The picture will be upside down. 3. If you dont see a picture right away, keep trying. Try standing closer to the light source. Or try moving tho lone farther from the paper. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Offco : Aakach Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Dolhi-110008 Ph.011-47623456Physios - Class X (Level) ore aera A Wow! | Didn't Know Thatl ] ‘When you use yaur lans to make a picture of something that's brightly lit, you are doing the same thing that a movie projector does. In a movie projector, a light shines through a transparent picture, then through allens. The lens takes the light from the picture and makes a big picture on the movie screen, Image formation by thin concave lens. Images formed by a thin concave [ens for different object positions of an object discuesed here. 1. When the object is at infinity For image, Position at focus F Nature virtual, erect and sign of magnification is positive Size highly diminished (| [<< 1) 2. When the object sin between Infinity and F For image, Position : between F, and O Nature Virtal and erect (m= +ve) Size: diminished (| | <1) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road. New Debi-110005 Ph.011-47629456EI] [ens Reteston ananetacton en Cee vet apne An object of height 12 cm is kept 1.2 m far from a convex lens of focal length 80 cm. Find the distance of image trom the lens, its height and nature of the image. Solution = Hore u=-1.2 m =-120. em f= #80 em z As Wi’ is negative so the image is real_ and ifiverted So, the distance of image fromithe lens is 2.4 m and its height if 24 em, eee ‘A convex lens has 2 focal length of 10 Gm. Where should the object be placed if the virtual image is to be So'em from the lone?” So, the object must be placed in front of the lens at a distance of 7.5 em from it.Example ‘A convex lens of focal length f produces a real image, x times the size of an object, then find the distance of the object from the lens. Solution : For real image, m= i =-* Given) So, v= and ry 122-40 Effective power of combination is given by P=P,+P,=(6+4)=9D.Beers Physics - Clase X (Lever) ii acoe ; 15. When a ray of light is incident at angle 60° to a medium of refractive index n, it is observed that the angle of refraction is half the angle of incidence. The value of 7 is oe a = o 3 oF 16. Two thin lenses of focal lengths 10 em and 20 em are placed in contact. The effective power of combination is og > @ 15D ge 200 ae pee pete ean asert eee ee eee een eee enrealvenee a ere eee (1) 10 cm as Oaee (yee 18. A convex lens of focal length 10 cm forms a virtual image of an object at 30 em from the lens. ‘The magnification produced will be m2 @s @ 35 w4 19. An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex lens of power 5 D. The position of the image is () 20. em @ 40em @) 45m (@) -10. om. 20. The distance between an object and a divergent lens is x-times the focal length of the lens, The ‘magnification m produced by the lens will be Mx @ x04 1 ot © wy [poz “Wor “Wet (Zt “et “(est “suv ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456QUICK RECAP 10. n 12, 13. 14 16. 16, v7. Light Is a form of energy which causes sensation of vision. It travels in straight line path If incident light after interacting with a boundary separating two media comes back into the same medium, this phenomenon is called reflection Images can be either real or virtual Real image is formed by the actual intersection of light rays and it can be obtained on the screen, ‘Virtual image is formed by the apparent meeting of reflected rays from a mirror or refracted rays from a lens, when produced backwards. It cannot be obtained on the screen. Laws of reflection : There are two laws of reflection. (The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. (i). The angie of incidence is equal to angle of reflection ie., 2/= Zr. ‘Spherical mirror : There are two spherical mirrors, viz Concave mirror and convex mirror. Concave mirror : A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved inwards, facing towards the centre of the sphere. Convex mirror : A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards opposite to centre of sphere, Focal length of a mirror : It is, thé distance between the pole and the:focus of a spherical mirror. It is half ofits radius of curvature. Its positive for’@ convex mirror ahd negative for & concave mirror 44,4 Mirror formuta, +.» 4, gives the relationship botween ine"abject distance (u), image aistance (¥), and the focal length (7) of a sphericabmirror. ‘The magnification produced by a spherical mirror‘is the ratio of the height of the image to the height of, ‘the object, magnification (m) = = Refraction is the phenomenon in which direction of propagation of light changes at the boundary when it passes from one medium to the other. This le because the speed of light is different in two modia Frequency. colour donot change while wavelength and velocity of light will change on undergoing refraction, Laws of refraction : There are twa laws of refraction (The ratio of sine of angle 6F incidencé 16’ sine of angle of refraction is a constant for a given colour Of light and given interface, (The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. Light travels in air or vacuum with an enormous speed of 3 = 10° m/s. The speed of light Is different in ifferent media. ‘The refractive index of a transparent medium is the ratio of speed of light in air or vacuum to that in the medium, Apparent depth : When we look into a pool of water It appears to be less deep than it really is due to refraction, 1.1.1, give tho rlatonship betwoon the sbjct tance (u), mage ditanco (and the focal length (N) of a spherical lens. Lons formula ‘The magnification produced by a lens is the ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object.18. Power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal length. It is measured in dioptre which is denoted by D. It 's given by the formula. gt OO Fen) ~ Fem) 19, Ifa number of lenses are placed adjacent and touching each other the net power (P) of the combination is. gWenas P= P, +P, + Py As P= 2 m0 tr efectve focal tna (.Eixcaion ny Very Short Answer Type Questions 4. Whats the nature of image if the object" placed beyond C, in front of a concave mirror? 2. Write the mirror formula, 3. If the power of a lens is +2.D, what is its focal length and its nature? 4. When a ray of light fais obliquely int water, does the light ray bend towards the normal or away from the normal? '5. If two lenses of focal lengths 5 cm and 10 em are placed in contact along the same axis, what will be the power of combination of two lens? 6. Find the power of a convex lens of focal length 20.em, 7. Name a mirror that can give an erect and enlarged. image of an object. 8. What will happen to the image formed by a plane mirror if half of itis covered with a black paper? 9. Why a flying bird appears higher:in-the sky ‘compared to its actual height? 10. Can a convex mirror ever form a real image? If yes, under what condition? 11. Under what condition will a thin lens have magnification ~17 12, What is the minimum distance between an object and its real image formed by a convex lens of focal length 20 om? 13. What is the focal length of a plane mirror? 14, Can absolute refractive index be less than unity? 15. What is meant by optical centre of a lens? 16. What should be the position of an object relative to a biconvex lens so that it behaves like a magnifier? ASSIGNMENt Short Answer Type Questions : 4 10. 1" Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles? ‘The magnification produced by a plane mirror is +1. What does this mean? A fish under water is Viewing obliquely a fisherman standing on the bank of a lake: Does the man look taller or shorter than what he Is actually? ‘What will be the value'of refractive index of alcohol carbon disulphide? The refractive index of alcohol w.r.t. air is 1.36 and that of carbon disulphide wrt air is 1.63. A ray is feflected in turn by two plane mirrors, inclined at right angle with each other. Find the angle between incident and reflected ray. Acoftave mirror is made by cutting a hollow thin glass sphere of radius 30 em. Find its focal length. ‘What will be nature of image formed by a concave mirror, if the object is between focus and centre of curvature? “Two thin lenses of powers 4 D and ~2 D are placed in contact. What is the focal length of the combination? ‘Three thin convex lenses of focal length f, f and f, are placed in contact coaxially. What will be effective power of combination? A candle is held 3 cm away from a concave mirror ‘of radius of curvature 24 cm. What will be the distance of image trom mirror? Calculate the speed of light in (i) glass (ii) water. Refractive Index of glass is 1.5 and water is 1.33. (Take speed of light in air or vacuum, ¢ = 3 108 mm/s) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offic: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph 01147623456A. 12. 43, Long Answer Type Questions 1 ‘An object of height 2.0 cm is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave lens of focal Jength 12 cm. Find the height of the image, if the object is placed at a distance of 8.0 cm from the lone. ‘The focal length of a convex lens is f. An object is placed at a distance x from its first focal point. Find the ratio of the distance of the real image to that of the object from the pole. An object of size 5 cm is kept at a distance of 25 fom from the optical centre of a converging lone of focal length 10 cm. Calculate the distance of the image from the lone and size of the image. ‘Two lens of power +15 D and — 5 D are in contact with each other forming a combination of lenses. (@) What is the focal length of this combifiation? (©) An object of size 3 om is placed at 30 cm! from thie combination of lens. Caleulate the position and size of the image formed. (@) Where should we place an objéet in front of concave mirror in order to obtain a real image beyond centre of curvature C7 (©) An object is placed at distance 10 erin ffont of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 15 Cem. Find the position, nature and magniffeation of the image. (@) What is the ditferencé between the images formed by a large and a small mirror? (©) If object is between focus and pole of a concave mirror, explain Image formation with the help of ray diagram. (©) Can a convex mirror be used 6: form real image for an object? Explain. What ie refraction of light? State the laws of refraction. Distinguish between absolute refractive index and relative refractive index of a medium. Pca) Objective Type Questions : 1 ‘A virtual image of same size as object is produced by (1) Convex mirror (8) Plane mirror @) Concave mirror @) Concave lens yeios - Glass X (Lever | ‘Tho time taken by light to travel through a glass plato of thickness ¢ and having refractive index 1 is (eis the velocity of light) a @ 2 Ya ale ° 39 oy In case of a converging lens (1) Image formed by it is always res @) The sun's rays can be brought to a focus @) Both faces of the Ions must be of same radius () It must not produce a virtual image Light travel fastest in (1) Water Air @) Glass (4) Dianond Arconcaye mirror forms the image of an object on a screen the lower half of the mirror is covered. with ain opaque card, the effect would be (@) “The image Is less brighter @) The lower half of the mage disappears () The upper half of the image disappears (4) The image is more bright ‘The image formed by a concave mirror is (1) Always res 2) Aways virtual (@) Virtual for the object placed between pole and focus (4) Virtual if the object is at infinity Select the wrong statement (1) Light travels rectiinoarty @) Light is a wave in nature () Light has greater speed than sound in air (@) Light cannot travel through vacuum “Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, B, Puss Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456,40. 1" 12. 13, Light of two colours, A and 8 is passed through a plane boundary. If A is bent more than B, then which colour travels more slowly in the second medium which is denser? oe Qa (8) Both travel with same speed (4) Nothing can be said Time taken by a ray of light to travel through a glass slab of thickness 4 cm and refractive index 1.5 will be (Take c, speed of light = 3 = 10% mis) () 10%s @ 2~ 10% @) 2™10%s @) 1075 A person standing in front of a mirror finds his mage larger than himself. It implies that the mirror is (1) Plane micror @) Convex mirror (9) Concave mor (4) Any One of these Convex mirror forms inverted image of a Feal'Sbject (1) Under no circumstances (2) When the object is very far from the mirror (8) When object Is at distance equal 18 focal length (4) When object ie at distance equallto radius of a fc plac oe ce DKS cacti Seas ccccaeaee, pees Co tage te aa tt iiSreesinsel efor 6) tmoge 45cm bahind te rrr anew “The nature of the image of a candle fame located 40 em from a concave spherical mirror is real, Inverted and magnified four times. Then the radius of curvature of the mirror is () 92am @ 64em @) 48.em @ B00m 14, 45, 16. Ww 18 For real extended objects if the image formed by a single lens, is erect, then image (1) Must be real @) May be real @) Must be virtual (4) May be real or virtual For real extended object, if the image formed by a single lens is inverted, then (1) Image is real @) Lena is convergent @) Image is either diminished or enlarged () Allof these Array of light is incident on a glass slab (1, = 1.5). thickness ¢, in such a manner that the angle of retraction js 30°, then the sine of angle of incidence: 0 SP 29) a » 8) Why fs refractive Index of any transparent medium other than air greater than one? (1) Because the speed of light in vacuum is always less than its speed in a transparent medium (2) Because the speed of light in vacuum is always greater than its speed in a transparent medium () Frequency of wave changes when it crosses: the medium (@) Because speed of light in transparent medium. ‘does not change What change will occur in an image produced by @ lens, if half of the lens is wrapped in a black paper? (1) The size of the image will be reduced to one: hav @) The brightness of image will be reduced 8) There will be no effect, (@) The image will disappear49. A convex lens and a concave lens, each having a ‘same focal length of 25 cm are placed coaxially in close contact to form a combination of lenses, The power of the combination will be (1) 25 dioptre @) 50 dioptre 8) Zo @) Infinite diope A light of wavelength 2. gets refracted from vacuum, toa medium of refractive index n. The ratio of ‘wavelengths of incident and refracted wave is Mire Qa @nst @ mt A real, inverted and image of same size as an object is formed when the object is placed x cm: from a concave mirror, then x is equal to [where Tis focal longth, Ris radius of curvature} or @R t R os wo & 22. An object of height 6 cm is placed on the principal exis of @ concave mirrar of focal length f at a distance of 4f, The length of the image will be @) 2em @ 120m @) 4om @ 120m A diminished image of an object is to be obtained fon a screen 1.0 m from it. This can be achieved by appropriately placing (1) A convex mirror of suitable focal length @) A concave mirror of suitable focal length, () A concave lens of suitable focal length (4) A cofwelons 6f suitable focal length less than 0.25 mREFLECTION AT PLANE SURFACE Reflection and Refraction Light : INCLUDES ‘© Reflection at Plane Surface '* Velocity of image in a Plane Mirror ‘* Minimum Length of plane Mirror Images Formed in a Pair of Mirrors In case of reflection at plane surface such as plane mirror: @ Relation between F and A of a Spherical Mirror 1 Reflected ray sutfers deviation of 8 = (180° ~2/) wih. tgizor formula and Magnification respect to the incident ray. ee _ ‘Consider the figure shown. Here, Nature and Position of Image for a Spherical Miror = 180"- +7) but 4i= Zr (Lawof reflection) Lateral, Displacement i ‘Apparent Depth of a Tank ‘Lens Formula ‘Magiitication Produced by a Lens ‘Application. Daily Lite Assignment wee if Z1=0 (that is, in case of normal incidence) then [B= maximum = 780° I keeping incident ray fixed, minor is rotated by an angle 0, then reflected ray is rotated through an angle 20. ‘The figures here demonstrate this. It ie valid forall angles of incidence, More, 2i= 0 Incident ray a8. Rofiocted ray} (Before rotating) Incident ray coincides with the normal When the mirrors rotated through an angle 0, normal to the mirror rotates through an angle 0 from the initial ‘80 angle of incidence becomes 0 and reflected ray makes an angle 20 with the original reflected ray.s Net Correct 4. If two mirrors are inclined at an angle © wiHieach other, then@ Fay Siifers net deviation 5 = 360° — 20 ‘as shown in following figure, Mm, “The deviation produced by 1st mirrofs) = 180" — 20. ‘The deviation produced by 2nd mitror’8, = 180° ~ 2p 2 Net deviation 8 = 5, +5, = 360" — 210 +B) 160° — 20 bs e=a+p1 5. If two plane mirrors are inclined at 90° to each other, the finally reflected ray is always antiparallel to incident ray if suffers one reflection from each of the mirrors ie, 8 = 360° — 2» 90° = 180°‘A ray of light incidents on a plane mirror as shown in the given figure. Calculate the deviation produced in Example 4: tote in Solution We know that angle of deviation, 5 = 180° — 2) ‘Angle of incidence (/) = NPM — ZOPM = 90" — 70" = 20° 180° — (2 = 20°) 3 = 180° — 40° = 140° VELOCITY OF IMAGE IN A PLANE MIRROR. Ian object moves towards (or away from) a plane mirror at speed v. the image also approaches (0 recedes from) the mirror at the same speed v and the relative velocity of image wrt. object is ‘equal to 2v. 1 It the mirror is moved towards (or away from) the object with speed v)the image will move towards 2 (or away from) the object with speed 2v, 6 Rest wey MINIMUM LENGTH OF PLANE MIRROR, Minimum length of a plane mitror required to view the full image of @ person is half of his height. (By ASA similarity criterion) (A DOE = A BQE = DE = FB=y Head, e[— ye 1 Height of person = AG + CD + DE + EB = 2x+2y = 22+) Minimum length of mirror required = PQ = CD + DE ie A ty Miro engin = Re!ahtof personMam longi of he mirorrequed by a man Handing midway isheven woh etl ino, evel fais tre el (atin hin) se here nie magia ot wi ral Faneeuacde nese pap Ane! ~ SABE (AAA cimitarty theorem) BF _ AF °° "Bl HT 2d _ AF a7 x on Ar = oe Similarly, AKEY ~ AGED (taking CK = KI =) or GD=2y Height of the wall = AD = AF + FG#GD = 2x + y + 2y = 349) n= 300+ y) 50, x+y = 2 and lanath of thelmifror = BE IMAGES FORMED IN A PAIR OF MIRRORS’ ‘The number of images formed when an object is placed betwe’n two plane «mirrors inclined at an angle ols » Ca xny ah Number of mages. = 282-1 4 28° igeven + Object 6 360 © 7-322 , Hine objects sienr6ifcally Uskween the two mio (1-222, etme objec tba Sajrmeticaly 0. Hf he object tea aymmetrcaly and 0 = 72%, than m= 260404 eo and ¥ the object les asymmaticaly with 0 = 72%, nen = 360 = 5 200 11 220 16 a fraction, numberof images formed wil be equal to the integral part 807, then 360 - 360 eg. 0= yon 360 - 380 Number of images formed = 4 45 360 then = 38954 If 0 = 70°, ther = Number of mages formed = 5( Phyates = einaa x dave {ant Refiecion and Retracion | 360° _ 360° When two mirrors are kopt parallel to each other, /2., (0 = 0°), then n= == (infinite), so the a umber of images of an object kept in between two parallal mirrors will be infinite. 1. Two plane mirrors are inclined at ‘The ray undergo total deviation of angle of 75°. A ray of light is incident on one of the mirrors. (ay 210° @ 105° @) 150" @ 75° “The minimum height of a plane mirror to enable @ boy of height 4 feet to eee his full image ie () 6 feet @ A foot (@) Steet @) 2 test 3. The number of meges formed of a bulb placed between two plane mirors incined at en angle of m2 a6 @4 os 4. How many images of a person are formed who is in a room whose two adjacent walls and ceiling are plane mirrors? m4 @s @s a7 5. Aman runs towards mirror with a speed of 10 m/s. Then the speed of his image with respect to himself will be. () 20 mis @ 10 mvs @) Zero (4) 100 mvs (sr We Wz “(WL-suv RELATION BETWEEN F AND A OF A SPHERICAL MIRROR Lot us consider a concave miror-of small aperture, on which a ray is incident parallol and close to the principal axis. it passes through focus FF, after reflection. Join CB. CB is normal to the mirror at 5. ZABC = ZFBC O Cs i= Zn aee = 2ecP (i) (Aiternate interior angles between two parallel ines are equal) FBC = 2ecP (From () & (i) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456or 2FBC = 28CF Fo= FB (ii) (Sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal) Fe PF () (As the aperture of mirror is very small, point B is very close to P) = PC = PF + FO = 2PF (Using (ii) & ()) or pr= PE 2 as f= PF and R = —PC where is focal length and F is radius of curvature of the This gives, mirror. This relation is applicable for both concave and convex mirrors. MIRROR FORMULA AND MAGNIFICATION ‘The distance of the object from the pole of a spherical mirror is called the object distance (U) and the distance: of the image fram the pole of the mirror is called the image distance (v) ‘The relationship between object distance (u), image distance (v) and focal length (fis known as mirror formula. ‘The figure here shows : AB —» an object placed beyond Gentre of curvature. A'B' —> Image of the object AB PB = u > Distance of the object from pole (P): PBY = v > Distance of the image from pole (P). PF sngth of concave mirror Mirror Formula Derivation In ABP and ABP 1» Focal ZAPB = ZAP iz z9 ZABP = ZAP (Each 90°) So, AABP ~ Aa'EP (Aa corollary of AAA similarity theorem) ze a we” Pe Simitanty, AARC ~ AWC aa _ ecFrom () and ( PB BC Pa 3e By sign convention, PS = —u. PET uF v2 = Mu = wv 2K = -2w = -201- 2K = wenn ‘By dividing both sides by uvy, we get at f= vtu ‘This formula is called mirror formula, and is applicable for both concave and convex mirrors. It can also be applied for plane mirrors with f= ~ (infinity) toi Sated or onded orve—u Le.,lmage Is formed as far behind the:mirror as the object is in front Gf it Magnification in terms of v and & (duniplying both'sides by vy (Mutplying both sides by u)NATURE AND POSITION OF IMAGES FOR A SPHERICAL MIRROR 1. Ae every part of a mior forms a complote image, thorefore von if apart ofthe mior ie obstructed, ul image will be formed, but intensity of the image wil 2. For an extended abject. H the image formed by a single mirror is erect it ls always virtual In this situation, if the size of the image is () Smaiior than the object, mirror is convex. This is ilustrated in the figure here, Lie a Bp = as m=" Wy , > iy. A wide, parallel beam of light is incident on the: () A single convergent beam (2) Two different convergent beams: (8) Two different divergent beams (4) A convergent and a divergent beam "Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Daihi-110005 Ph.011-47629456 22. A air bubble inside water behave like a (1) Converging lens. @) Diverging tens @) Cylindrical tons: (4) Cannot behave like a lens 23. Which of the following quantities related to a lens does not depend on the wavelength of the incident ligne? (1) Refractive indox 2) Focal length (@) Power () Radi of curvature 24. If two mirrors are kept at 60° to each other, then the number of images formed by them is a5 Qo @7 as 25. To get three images of a single object, one should have two plane mirrors at an angle of «) 6 @).90° @) 120° @30" SECTION-C ABsertion &\Reason'Type Questions questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason ®. (1) Ihboth Assertion & Reason are true and the reason fs the correct explanation of the assertion, then. mark (1). (2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason ' not the correct explanation of the assertion, then mark (2). @) I Assertion is tue statement but Reason is false, then mark (3) (4) If both Assertion and Reason are false statements, ‘then mark (4). 1. A: Ifa convex fans is kept in water, ts converging power decreases. RR: Focal length of a convex lens is independent lof the refractive index of the medikim ised. 2. A: Adentist uses a concave mirror to examine a ‘small cavity. R= A dentist uses a concave mirror which can orm a magnified, virtual image of an object.A= A.single lens produces a coloured image of an object illuminated by white light, ‘The refractive index of the material of the lens is different for different wavelengths of light. A: When an object is placed between two plane parallel mirrors, then all the images found are ff equal intensity In case of para Images are possible. For observing at our back while driving, we profer to use a convex mirror. RR! A convex mirror has a muich larger field of view than a plane mirtor or a concave mirror plane mirror, only two 3. Puen i Match the Columns Type Questions : 4 Match the following : Column cotumm:tt @ Concave mirror, ())_- Realimage ‘object between pole ‘and focus b. Virtual image (® Enlarged image ©. Convex mirror. object (ii) Erect image: anywhere between infinity and pole Concave mirror, ‘object beyond C 1) ai), BEM, ei), 2) aii), BAW, ev), iv) &) ai, up, b (@) Diminished image) column Image at intintiy a. image formed by) (Image of same size ©. Concave mirror, (li) No top-bottom object between reversal Cand F (&) Virwal image (Real image (2) 20, Be), atu) (2) a(i), BG), ev), iv) 2) ai, i, 1), Bilt, iv), fv), Aa, fv) (4) a), Bil, iv), e4V), div) a Match the following : a ® Column column Plane mirror © Real image Concave miror, —_(#)_-Virtual image object at C Convex lene, Wid) Image of came size object at 2° Convex lens, object (wv) Diminished image beyond 2F ali). BO), 6A), dA) aii, BA, (1 i), 0, 1) i. iv) cotumn.tt Refractive indices of two media are same. Allight ray is not @ deviated at the Interface between two media Lightray travels (i) Speed decreases from air into by medium of refractive index yt Light ray travels” (li) Light ray is normal from denser medium to the boundary to rater medium Light travels in air oF (w) Speed ts maximum Speed increases al), BE). CFV), dv) @)_ali), BL. liv). dv) ai i), BAD, C(¥). A) (4). af), DOV), CH). iv) Match the following a ‘column Column. Focal length of plane) Positive Focal length of |i). Negative ‘concave mirror Focal length of (li) Infinity ‘convex mirror Focal length of |) Zero convex lane atti), BO, ef, 1), AC) ai), Bi, W), etl), 4) at. iv). BG). efiv). Ai) atti), BG. e, 4, — . = Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dethi110005 Ph.011-47629456 |SECTION-B 1. @) a @ 15. (4) 22. (1) SECTION-B 1 @ 2 @ 15. @) 22. @) SECTION-C 1. @ SECTION-D 1 @ 2@ 2 @ 16. @) 23. @) 2 @) 2 © 16. (4) 23. @) 20 28 17, ° 1" 18, 5 (1) 12) 19. @) 6 @ 13. @) 20. @) 7 @) 4 @) 21. @) 7 @ 14.0) 21.14)Light : Reflection and Refraction CHAPTER Answers & Solutions | (Level-l) SECTION-A : Very Short Answer/Type Questions 1._The image will be real, inverted and diminished, Where v is the distance of image; tis the distance of object and Fis focal length of mirror. 1 3. Wehave, P=___1__-2 Tin (metre) It bends towards the normal. 5. Powor of combination, P= P, + P, oe es) 1&5" 10" 10[Lisht Reflection and Refraction “Anewors & Solutions of Physics - Clase X (Level) | 7 a. 9. 10. 1” 12. 43, 14 45 16. Concave mirror gives virtual (erect and enlarged) image, if object Is placed between pole and focus. Full image will be formed, but its intensity will be reduced. ‘The lower layer of air is denser than layers at higher distance. So distance of image appears more than actual distance of object. Yes, if object is virtual, AA thin lens has magnification —1, only when object is at 2F of a converging lens. ‘The distance between a real object and its real image Is minimum when object is placed at C, and its image forms at C, Le., minimum distance is 4f= 80 cm. Infinity fo Its the point on the principal axis such that all rays pass undeviated through it (Object should be in between focus and optical centre of lens. No, itis always = 1 as ‘Short Answer Type Questions 1 2 a “This is because it forms an efectlimage of smiallor size and it has wider field of view. Thus convex mirrors enable the driver to view much larger area, Image produced by plane mirror is virtu ‘erect and of same sizs@s that of object. Given, Refractive index of alcohol w.rt: airs: Py = 1.368 Refractive index of carbon disulphide witk. air te n= 1.63 Py 1.96 we ~ 24 = 138 0.838 Net deviation = deviation trom 1 mirror + deviation from 2° mirror, 3=5,+8, = (180 ~ 20) + [10 — 2(90 — 0), = (480 - 20) + 20 = 180" ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Towor, 8, Pusa Road. Now Dulhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456,‘Answers & Solutions of Physics - Class X (Level) Light : Reflection and Refraction) 30 f= 15 om 7. object is between focus and centre of curvature then image will be real. inverted and enlarged |mnl > 1. 8. A etiactive power Pug = P,+ Py oF Zh = Pig =A. So p= 44¢-2)=2, Fg = 1/2-0.5m = v=4om Image is formed 4 cm behind the conéave mirror, -e., vital image, 41. Speed of light in a medium v=“Answers & Soltions of Physics - Class X (evel) | Long Answer Type Questions 1. Gen, hy = Sem, v= -25 em, f= +10. em) ve%mea? Image is formed on right side of the converging lense at a distance 16.67 cm. Itis of size 3.33 om, real and inverted, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office | Aakash Tower, 8, Puse Road, Now Duhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456‘Answers & Solutions of Physics - Clase X (Level) 2. We know power of combination of two lens is P= P, + P Given, P, = 15D, P, P= 15 +65) (@) Focal length © Image is formed right to 15 cm from the lens, inverted, real and half the size of the object. 3. (@) Botweon contre of curvature hd focus. ©) w= 10 om, R= —418 emg - B27.50m. Magnification is three times, image formed is real and inverted. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limltod - age. Ofico = Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Dui 110005 Ph.o11-47623456,