Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: EE 1-1st Sem-2020-2021

College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang

Bachelor of Science in
DEGREE PROGRAM COURSE NO. EE 01
Electrical Engineering
SPECIALIZATION Electrical COURSE TITLE Electrical Circuits 1
YEAR LEVEL 2nd Year TIME FRAME 12 hrs WK NO. 1-2 IM NO.

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Basic Electrical ideas and Units

II. LESSON TITLE

I. System and Units
II. Charges and Currents
III. Voltage
IV. Power and Energy
V. Circuit Elements

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

This lesson provides the students an Introduction to Electrical Engineering. This module discusses the
basic ideas and units used in electrical engineering.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Recognize the relationships between charge, current, voltage, power and energy
2. Define the different basic electrical ideas
3. manipulate voltages, currents and resistances in electrical circuits
4. demonstrate familiarity with basic electrical components and use them to design simple
electrical circuits
V. COURSE CONTENT

1 Basic Electrical Quantities

INTRODUCTION
This chapter lays the foundation for your understanding of electricity. This unit introduces you to the
fundamental concepts, terms, and units of measures common to all electrical technology. The material
presented forms the basis for all subsequent studies in electrical. The information here in chapter two is
very foundational to your understanding of electricity.

1.1 SYSTEM OF UNITS

As electrical engineers, we deal with measurable quantities. Our measurement, however, must be
communicated in a standard language that virtually all professionals can understand, irrespective of the
country where the measurement is conducted. Such an international measurement language is the
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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: EE 1-1st Sem-2020-2021
International System of Units (SI), adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures in
1960. Table 1.1 shows the electrical units and their symbols they represent. The SI units are used
throughout this text.

Table 1.1
Electrical units and representation by a letter symbol

QUANTITY SYMBOL UNIT SYMBOL

Voltage V Volt V
Current I Ampere A
Charge Q Coulomb C
Resistance R Ohm Ω
Capacitance C Farad F
Inductance L Henry H
Power P Watt W
Energy W Joule J
Time T Seconds S
Frequency F Hertz Hz

1.1.1 METRIC PREFIXES

Metric prefixes represent some of the most common powers of ten in engineering notation.
Below is a table 1.1 showing the most common metric prefixes

TABLE 1.2
Common Prefixes in Its Equivalent

Prefix Symbol Multiplier Value

exa E 1018 =1 000 000 000 000 000
peta P 1015 =1 000 000 000 000 000
tera T 1012 =1 000 000 000 000
giga G 109 =1 000 000 000
mega M 106 =1 000 000
kilo K 103 =1 000
hecto h 102 =100
deka da 10 =10
deci d 10-1 =0.1
centi c 10-2 =0.01
milli m 10-3 =0.001
micro µ 10-6 =0.000 001
nano n 10-9 =0.000 000 001
pico p 10-12 =0.000 000 000 001
femto f 10-15 =0.000 000 000 000 001
atto a 10-18 =0.000 000 000 000 000 001

Here are a couple online matching games to muscle up your electrical unit knowledge:

Electrical Units Challenge

Electrical Symbols Challenge

1.2 CHARGE ANG CURRENT

1.2.1 ELECTRON THEORY OF ELECTRICITY

All matter is composed of atoms which are made up of fundamental subatomic particles called
protons, neutrons and electrons.

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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The atom is the smallest particle of any matter. Everything is made up of atoms. Atoms have
three main parts:

1. The proton, which is a positively charged particle, makes up part of the nucleus which is
in the center of the atom.
2. The other part of the nucleus is made up of uncharged particles called neutrons.
3. The third part of an atom is a negatively charged particle called the electron. Electrons
orbit around the nucleus like the planets orbit the sun in our Solar System.

Figure 1.1 is a Bohr model of a copper atom. The electrons on the outer ring have the highest
energy and are called valence electrons. The “ring”, or shell on the outside is called the valence
shell. These electrons are the key in a material’s electrical charge.

Figure1.1 Bohr Model

All negatively charged electrons revolve about a nucleus (protons and neutrons) in its orbits/
shells. The outer shell where an electrons rotate is called valence shell and the electrons at the
most outer shell is called valence electrons. The number of valence electrons define the
properties of a matter into 3 categories.

1. Conductor- has less than 4 valence electrons

ex. Copper, aluminum, gold, silver

2. Insulator- has more than 4 valence electrons

ex. wood, mica, paper, glass

3. Semiconductor- has exactly 4 valence electrons

ex. Silicon, Germanium

1.2.2 ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC CURRENT

The application of electric pressure (voltage) to a conductor imparts lateral motion to its free
electrons because the latter are charged. The magnitude of electric charge is commonly given in
Coulombs.

Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured in
coulombs (C).

Three important rules to remember about charges:

1. Opposite charges attract.

2. Negative charges repel.
3. Positive charges repel.

Figure 1.2 Charge Interaction

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COULOMB’S LAW

Charles Augustin Coulomb was a scientist to which the unit of charge was named. Coulomb’s
Law states:
“A force exists between two point-source charges that are directly proportional to the product of
the two charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges”

Note !!
In one (1) Coulomb= 6.28x1018 electrons
1 electron has a charge of 1.602x10-19 Coulomb

When one coulomb of electric charge continuously passes a given point every second the electric
current is said to be one current.

When the free electrons move from atom to atom of conductor or semiconductor, they typically
bounce around randomly. Once a voltage is applied to the material they move from the negative
towards the positive.

Remember that electrons have a negative charge. Since the negative side of the voltage source
repels the electrons, they move away from it and head towards the positive side which they are
attracted to.

Figure 1.3. Current Flow with a voltage source

Electrons always flow from negative to positive.

Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes (A).
Mathematically, the relationship between current i, charge q, and time t is
𝒅𝒒
𝒊≜
𝒅𝒕
where current is measured in amperes (A), and

1 ampere is 1 coulomb per second

The charge transferred between time to and t is obtained by integrating both sides of equation.
Thus, we obtain,
𝒕
𝑸 = ∫ 𝒊𝒅𝒕
𝒕𝒐
Note! If the current in amperes, is constant, charge is transferred at constant rate charge is merely
equal to the product of current and time.
𝑸 = 𝑰𝒕

A current source can provide a constant current to a load. Even though power supplies are most
known as a voltage source, they can be current sources too.

The transistor, in most transistor circuits, can act as a current source.

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: EE 1-1st Sem-2020-2021

The symbol for a current source, in a schematic, is shown,

Is
1A

Figure 1.4 Current Source

1.2.3 KINDS OF CURRENT

There are two general types of current, distinguished from each other by the manner in which
they vary in magnitude and direction.

1. Direct current (continuous current) dc - is a current that remains constant with time.

Figure 1.5 Graph of a Direct current

2. Alternating current(ac)- is a current that varies sinusoidally with time.

Figure 1.6 Graph of an Alternating Current

EXAMPLE 1.1
How much charge is represented by 4,600 electrons?

Solution:

Each electron has 1. 602 x10 -19 C. Hence 4,600 electrons will have

1. 602 x10−19 𝐶
𝑄= 𝑥 4600 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑸 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟔𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟔 𝑪

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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EXAMPLE 1.2
How many coulombs are represented by these amounts of electrons?
17
a. 6.482x10 electrons
18
b. 1. 24x10 electrons
19
c. 2.46x10 electrons
20
d. 1.628x10 electrons

Solution
17 -19
a. q = 6.482x10 x [1.602x10 C] = 0.10384 C
18 -19
b. q = 1. 24x10 x [1.602x10 C] = 0.19865 C
19 -19
c. q = 2.46x10 x [1.602x10 C] = 3.941 C
20 -19
d. q = 1.628x10 x [1.602x10 C] = 26.08 C

EXAMPLE 1.3
Determine the current flowing through an element if the charge flow is given by:
a. q(t)= (3t+8) mC
b. q(t)= (8t2+ 4t-2) C

Solution:
a. i = dq/dt = 3 mA

b. i = dq/dt = (16t + 4) A

EXAMPLE 1.4
The current in a conductor changes uniformly from zero to 2 amp in 3 sec, remains steady
at 2 ampere for 6 seconds and then uniformly to 1.5 Ampere in 8 seconds. Calculate the
total amount of charge transferred in the elapsed time of 17 sec.

Solution:

𝑞 = 𝑖𝑡

2𝑥3
𝑞= + (6 𝑥 2) + (8 𝑥 1.75) = 𝟐𝟗 𝑪
2

The electric charge that moves through a conductor varies in accordance with the equation
q= 800t, where q and t are given in microcoulombs and milliseconds respectively.
Calculate the current in amperes.

Determine the current flowing through an element if the charge flow is given by
a. q(t)= (3e-t -5e-2t) nC
b. q(t)= 10sin120πt pC
c. q(t)= 20e-4tcos50t µC

Find the charge q(t) flowing through a device if the current is

a. i(t)= 3A, q(0)= 1 C
b. i(t)= (2t+5) mA, q(0)= 0
c. i(t)= 20c0s(10t+pi/6) µA, q(0)= 2 µC
d. i(t)= 10e-30tsin40t A, q(0)= 0
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Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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The current in a conductor varies as follows: during the first 8 sec there is a linear change
from 0 to 4 amp., during the next 15 sec the current is constant at 4 amp., during a third
period of 20 sec the current decreases linearly to 3 amp. Determine the total charge
transferred in the elapsed time of 43 sec and the total average current.

1.3 VOLTAGE
To move the electron in a conductor in a particular direction requires some work or energy transfer. This
work is performed by an external electromotive force (emf), typically represented by the battery. This emf
is also known as voltage or potential difference.

The voltage between two points a and b in an electric circuit is the energy (or work) needed to move a
unit charge from a to b; mathematically,

𝒅𝒘
𝒗≜
𝒅𝒒
where:
w is energy in joules (J)
q is charge in coulombs (C)

The voltage or simply v is measured in volts (V), named in honor of the Italian physicist Alessandro
Antonio Volta (1745–1827), who invented the first voltaic battery

1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb = 1 newton-meter/coulomb

Voltage (or potential difference)- is the energy required to move a unit charge through an element,
measured in volts (V).

A DC voltage source is a device that creates electrical energy or more commonly known as voltage.
Production of voltage is by means of chemical, light, or magnetic energy in combination mechanical
movement.
+ Vs
12 V
-
Figure 1.7 Voltage Source

There are many different types of DC Voltage sources. Some types include batteries, fuel cells, solar
cells, generators, and power supplies.

Batteries are the most common DC voltage source. A battery is a voltage source that uses chemical
energy to create electrical energy.

Fuel cells are devices that use electrochemical energy to produce dc voltage. The most common fuel
cells use hydrogen and oxygen. Similar to batteries they use oxidation-reduction; however, fuel cells
have water as a bi-product.

A process that uses a light source to convert to electrical energy is solar cells. A basic solar cell consists
of two different forms of semiconductors (usually silicon) which are laid on top of each other with a small
gap between them. Once the top layer absorbs the energy from the light, the electrons jump to the other
material and cause it to be negatively charged and the top to be positively charged causing a potential
difference, or voltage.

Generators are devices which uses electromagnetic induction to produce electrical energy. Basically, a
conductor is rotated in a magnetic field to produce voltage across the conductor.

A power supply produces DC voltage by converting AC voltage through a standard wall outlet.

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1.3.1 KINDS OF VOLTAGE SOURCE

1. DC Voltage- is a voltage that remains constant with time.

2. AC Voltage- is a voltage that varies sinusoidally with time.

1.4 POWER AND ENERGY

Although current and voltage are the two basic variables in an electric circuit, they are not sufficient by
themselves. For practical purposes, we need to know how much power an electric device can handle.
We all know from experience that a 50-watt bulb gives more light than a 25-watt bulb. We also know that
when we pay our bills to the electric utility companies, we are paying for the electric energy consumed
over a certain period of time. Thus, power and energy calculations are important in circuit analysis.

Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts (W).

We write this relationship as

𝒅𝒘
𝒑≜
𝒅𝒕
where:
p is power in watts (W)
w is energy in joules (J)
t is time in seconds (s).
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑞
𝑝= = ∙ = 𝑣𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡
or
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖

The power p is a time-varying quantity and is called the instantaneous power. Thus, the power absorbed
or supplied by an element is the product of the voltage across the element and the current through it. If
the power has a + sign, power is being delivered to or absorbed by the element. If, on the other hand, the
power has a — sign, power is being supplied by the element.

In fact, the law of conservation of energy must be obeyed in any electric circuit. For this reason, the algebraic sum
of power in a circuit, at any instant of time, must be zero:
∑𝑝 = 0
This again confirms the fact that the total power supplied to the circuit must balance the total power
absorbed.
The energy absorbed or supplied by an element from time t0 to time t is
𝑡 𝑡

𝑤 = ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑣𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝑡0 𝑡0
Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J)
The electric power utility companies measure energy in watt-hours (Wh), where
1 Wh = 3,600 J

EXAMPLE 1.5

An energy source forces a constant current of 2 A for 10 s to flow through a

lightbulb. If 2.3 kJ is given off in the form of light and heat energy, calculate
the voltage drop across the bulb.

Solution:

Total charge is
𝑄 = 𝑖𝑡
𝑄 = (2)(10) = 20 𝐶

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Total voltage drop is
𝑑𝑤 2.3 𝑥103
𝑣= =
𝑑𝑞 20
𝒗 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝑽

EXAMPLE 1.6
Find the power delivered to an element at t = 3 ms if the current entering its positive
terminal is i = 5 cos 60 πt A and the voltage is: (a) v = 3i, (b) v = 3 di/dt.

Solution
a. The voltage
𝑣 = 3𝑖 = 15 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60 𝜋𝑡
hence, the power
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 = 75 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 60 𝜋𝑡 𝑊
@ t = 3 ms,
𝑝 = 75 cos2 (60 𝜋 × 3 × 10−3 )

𝒑 = 𝟕𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝝅 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟒𝟖 𝑾

b. find the voltage and the power

𝑑𝑖 𝑑(5 cos 60𝜋𝑡)
𝑣=3 =3
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑣 = 3(−60𝜋)5 sin 60𝜋𝑡 𝑉
𝑣 = −900𝜋 sin 60𝜋𝑡

𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 = (−900𝜋 sin 60𝜋𝑡)(5 cos 60𝜋𝑡)

𝑝 = — 4500 𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛60𝜋𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60𝜋𝑡 𝑊
@ t = 3 ms,
𝑝 = — 4500 𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛60𝜋𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60𝜋𝑡
𝑝 = — 4500 𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛60𝜋(3𝑥10−3 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60𝜋(3𝑥10−3 )
𝑝 = — 4500 𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛0.18𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0.18𝜋
𝒑 = — 𝟔. 𝟑𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝑾

EXAMPLE 1.7
How much energy does a 100-W electric bulb consume in two hours?

Solution:
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠
𝑤 = 𝑝𝑡 = 100 (𝑊) × 2 (ℎ) × 60 × 60
ℎ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑤 = 720,000 𝐽 = 𝟕𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑱
This is the same as
𝑤 = 𝑝𝑡 = 100 𝑊 × 2 ℎ = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑾𝒉

To move charge q from point a to point b requires —30 J. Find the voltage drop vab if: (a)
q = 2 C, (b) q = —6 C.

Find the power delivered to an element at t = 5 ms if the current entering its positive
terminal is i = 5 cos 60 πt A and the voltage is
a. 𝑣 = 2𝑖 𝑉
b. 𝑡
𝑣 = (10 + 5 ∫ 𝑖𝑑𝑡) 𝑉
0

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A stove element draws 15 A when connected to a 240-V line. How long does it take to
consume 60 kJ?

The current entering the positive terminal of a device is i(t) = 3e-2t A and the voltage across
the device is v(t)= 5 di/dt V.
a. Find the charge delivered to the device between t = 0 and t = 2s.
b. Calculate the power absorbed
c. Determined the energy absorbed in 3s.

1.5 CIRCUIT ELEMENT S

There are two types of elements found in electric circuits: passive elements and active elements. An
active element is capable of generating energy while a passive element is not. Examples of passive
elements are resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Typical active elements include generators, batteries,
and operational amplifiers. Our aim in this section is to gain familiarity with some important active
elements.
The most important active elements are voltage or current sources that generally deliver power to the
circuit connected to them. There are two kinds of sources: independent and dependent sources.

An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified voltage or current that is completely
independent of other circuit elements.

+
V
- I

(a) Independent voltage source (b) Independent current source

Figure 1.8 Independent Sources

An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by another
voltage or current.

V I

(a) Dependent Voltage Source (b) Dependent Current Source

Figure 1.9 Dependent Sources

Dependent sources are usually designated by diamond-shaped symbols, as shown in Figure 1.9. Since
the control of the dependent source is achieved by a voltage or current of some other element in the
circuit, and the source can be voltage or current, it follows that there are four possible types of dependent
sources, namely:
1. A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
2. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
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3. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
4. A current-controlled current source (CCCS).

EXAMPLE 1.8
Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element in Figure 1.10
I=5A p2

6A
12 V

+ p3 8V p4
20 V - p1 0.2 I

Figure 1.10 For Example 1.8

Solution:
𝑝1 = 20(−5) = −100 𝑊; 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑝2 = 12(5) = 60 𝑊; 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑝3 = 8(6) = 48 𝑊; 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑝4 = 8(−0.2𝐼) = 8(−0.2𝑥5) = −8 𝑊; 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
To check;
∑𝑝 = 0
𝑝1 + 𝑝2 + 𝑝3 + 𝑝4 = 0
−100 + 60 + 48 − 8 = 0
0=0

Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each component of the circuit in Figure 11.
2V
8A I=5A
+
-
p2
8A
+ +
5V p1 p3 p4 3V
0.6 I
- -

Figure 1.11 For Practice Problem 1.9

ASSESSMENT
MODULE REINFORCEMENT
True or False: Read the following questions and determine whether the statement is true or false.
1. The number 4400 is written 4.4 X 103 in both scientific and engineering notation.
2. Any negative numbers represented by scientific notation will have a negative exponent.
3. When dividing two numbers written in scientific notation, the exponents need to be the same.
4. When dividing two numbers in scientific notation, the exponent of the numerator is subtracted
from the exponent in the denominator.
5. The metric prefix milli is represented by 103.
6. To express 75 X 103 with a metric prefix, the result is 75k.
7. 0.095 µF is equal to 95nF.

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IM No.: EE 1-1st Sem-2020-2021
8. The metric prefix to represent .003W would be 3mW.
9. 9kΩ is equal to 900Ω.
10. The unit for energy is the joule.
Multiple Choice: Read the following questions or statements and select the best answer.
11. The quantity 5.7 X 103 is the same as
a. 57
b. 5,000.7
c. 5,700
d. 57,000
12. The quantity 75 X 10-3 is the same as
a. .075
b. 75,000
c. 0.75
d. 7.5
13. In engineering notation, the number 5,500,000 can be represented as
a. 5500 X 103
b. 5.5 X 10-6
c. 5.5 X 106
d. Either (a) or (c)
14. 25 milliamperes can be represented by
a. 25MA
b. 25kA
c. 25µA
d. 25mA
15. 3 thousand volts can be represented by
a. 3000V
b. 3mV
c. 3kV
d. Either (a) or (c)
16. 30 million ohms can be represented by
a. 30mΩ
b. 30MΩ
c. 30MW
d. 30µΩ
17. 25,000W is the same as
a. 25µW
b. 25kW
c. 250mW
d. 25mW
18. The unit of current is
a. Watt
b. Volt
c. Ampere
d. Ohm
19. The unit for resistance is
a. Ohm
b. Volt
c. Farad
d. Ampere
20. The unit for power is
a. Volt
b. Henry
c. Watt
d. Ohm
21. Henry is the unit for
a. Power
b. Energy
c. Inductance
d. Capacitance

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) P a g e | 12
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the copy righted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: EE 1-1st Sem-2020-2021
22. Farad is the unit for
a. Capacitance
b. Power
c. Inductance
d. Energy
23. Joule is the unit for
a. Inductance
b. Current
c. Energy
d. Capacitance

PROBLEM SOLVING
1. Determine the current flowing through an element if the charge flow is given by
a. q(t) = (3t + 8) mC
b. q(t) = (8t2 + 4t — 2) C
c. q(t) = (3e—t — 5e—2t) nC
d. q(t) = 10 sin 120 p t pC
e. q(t) = 20e—4t cos 50t mC

2. A current of 3.2 A flows through a conductor. Calculate how much charge passes through any
cross-section of the conductor in 20 s.

3. The charge entering a certain element is shown in Fig. 1.23. Find the current at:
a. t = 1 ms b. t = 6 ms c. t = 10 ms
q(t) (mC)
10
0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 t (ms)
Figure 1.12 For Problem 3
4. The current through an element is shown in Fig. 1.26. Determine the total charge that passed
through the element at:
(a) t=1s (b) t = 3 s (c) t = 5 s
i (A)
10

0 1 2 3 4 5 t (ms)

Figure 1.12 For Problem 3

5. If the current flowing through an element is given by

3𝑡 𝐴 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 6𝑠
18 𝐴 6 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 10𝑠
𝑖(𝑡) = {
−12 𝐴 10 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 15𝑠
0 𝑡 ≥ 15𝑠
Plot the charge stored in the element over 0 < t < 20s.

6. The current entering the positive terminal of a device is i(t) = 3e—2t A and the voltage across the
device is v(t) = 5di/dt V.

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) P a g e | 13
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of a Copyright Work of Republic Act 8293,
the copy righted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: EE 1-1st Sem-2020-2021
a. Find the charge delivered to the device between t = 0 and t = 2 s.
b. Calculate the power absorbed.
c. Determine the energy absorbed in 3s.

7. Calculate the power absorbed or supplied by each element in Figure

1.13.
I0= 3 A + 10 V -

+
24 V - 3 I0

- 5V +

Figure 1.13 For Problem 7

8. A 1.2-kW toaster takes roughly 4 minutes to heat four slices of bread. Find the cost of operating
the toaster once per day for 1 month (30 days). Assume energy costs 9 cents/kWh.

9. An electric stove with four burners and an oven is used in preparing a meal as follows.
Burner 1: 20 minutes Burner 2: 40 minutes
Burner 3: 15 minutes Burner 4: 45 minutes
Oven: 30 minutes
If each burner is rated at 1.2 kW and the oven at 1.8 kW, and electricity costs 12 cents per kWh,
calculate the cost of electricity used in preparing the meal.

10. Figure 1.14 shows the power consumption of a certain household in 1 day. Calculate:
a. the total energy consumed in kWh, and
b. the average power per hour.
P 1200 W

800 W

200 W

t (h)
12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12
Figure 1.14 For Problem 10

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) P a g e | 14
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of a Copyright Work of Republic Act 8293,
the copy righted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: EE 1-1st Sem-2020-2021
FURTHER STUDY
Click the section on scientific notation from the free textbook
Textbook Webpage: http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_floyd_electfun_7/0,11675,3005689-,00.html
Free textbooks in electronics can be accessed http://www.ibiblio.org/kuphaldt/electricCircuits/

References

A) Book/Printed Resources

BAKSHI, U.A. Basic Electrical Engineering, Second Revised Edition,

Technical Publications Pune – 411030, M.S., India 2009

BIRD, JOHN Electrical and electronic principles and Technology,

3rd Edition, Elsevier Ltd., 2007

RAJPUT, RAMESH K. Basic Concepts of Electrical Engineering, First Edition,

New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers,4835/24, Ansari
Road, Darjagan j, New Delhi-1 10002,2006

SADIKU, M. & ALEXANDER C. Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 4th Edition, McGraw-

Hill Companies Inc. 1221 Avenue of the America, New York,
NY 10020, 2009
SISKIND, CHARLES Electrical Circuits Direct and Alternating Current, 2 nd
Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.,

TERAJA, B.L et. Al A Textbook of Electrical Technology, First Multicolor

Edition, S. Chand & Company LTD., Ram Nagar, New
Delhi- 110055, 2005

THE STAFF OF LAB-VOLT (QUEBEC) LTD.

Electrical Power Technology using Data Acquisition, Power
Circuits and Transformers, 2nd Edition

B) e-Resources

http://www.mit.opencourseware.com
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) P a g e | 15
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the copy righted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”