Quarter 3, Week 1

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) No. 1

Name of Learner: ___________________ Grade and Section: _________________

Date: _____________________________

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY ACTIVITY SHEET

Illustrating a Random Variable (Discrete and Continuous)

I. Learning Competency with Code

Illustrates a random variable (discrete and continuous). (M11/12SP-IIIa-1)

II. Background Information for Learners

As previously learned in Junior High School lessons, there are lots of wonders in nature
or in real-life, like tossing a coin or rolling a die, whose outcomes cannot be predicted with
certainty in advance, but the set of all the possible outcomes is known. These are what we call
as random phenomena or random experiments.

A random experiment is a mechanism that produces a definite outcome that cannot be

predicted with certainty. The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called the sample
space. The sample space associated with a random experiment is the set of all possible
outcomes. An event is a subset of the sample space.

Remember that a variable is a characteristic or attribute that can assume different

values. We use capital letters to denote or represent a variable. A variable X whose value
depends on the outcome of a random process is called a random variable. A random
variable is a variable whose value is a numerical outcome of a random phenomenon. It is a
capacity that connects a real number with every component in the sample space. It is a variable
whose qualities are controlled by chance. In this manner, a Random Variable is a numerical
amount that is derived from the results of an arbitrary trial or experiment.

A random variable can be discrete or continuous.

Discrete Random Variables are variables that can take on a finite number of distinct
values.
Continuous Random Variables are random variables that take an interminably
uncountable number of potential values, regularly measurable amounts.

Example 1: Tossing Three Coins

Suppose you tossed three coins and you record the results of the toss. To write the
result easily, use letter H for the heads and letter T for the tails.
If the results of your toss are heads, tails, heads, then you will write HTH. Count the
number of heads that appeared and write it on a sheet of paper.
Then, record all the possible answers. Write all eight possible outcomes, and then list
down which one had zero (0), 1, 2, or 3 heads. Tally the results if possible. Do the listing
systematically so that you do not get confused later. Start with the outcomes with zero (0)
heads, then continue from there. In your listing, let X be the number of heads.
Possible Outcomes Number of Heads (X)
TTT 0
TTH 1
THT 1
HTT 1
THH 2
HTH 2

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 HHT 2
HHH 3

So, the possible number of heads (X) are 0, 1, 2 and 3.

The random variables in the preceding activity are called discrete random variables
because the set of possible outcomes is countable.

Example 2. Distance Covered for 5L of Gasoline

Suppose an experiment will be conducted to determine the distance travelled of a

certain type of car given 5L of gasoline over a prescribed test course. Notice that if the distance
is the random variable, we can get an infinite number of distances that cannot be equated to
the number of whole numbers.

Types of Car Distance Travelled for 5L Gasoline

Mitsubishi Mirage 80.65 km
Nissan Sentra 58.49 km
Toyota Corolla 65.79 km
Ford Wagon 34.01 km
BMW Coupe 58.14 km

So, the distance travelled for 5L of gasoline are 80.65 km, 58.49 km, 65.79 km, 34.01
km and 58.14 km.
The random variables in the preceding activity are called continuous random variables
because the set of possible outcomes is not countable, or it does take on values that are whole
numbers.

III. Activity Proper

General Directions: In answering the exercises in the Learning Activity Sheet (LAS),
please be reminded not to write anything here. All answers must be written in a separate
sheet of paper. Read each problem carefully and answer it systematically. If a solution is
required, encircle your final answer.

Exercise 1: Complete the table below and identify the random variable in the
given experiment. Tell what type of random variable is it.

Experiment
Random Variable Types of Random
Variable

1. Listing the sex of family The number of boys Discrete (number of

members with 4 children and number of girls boys and girls are
in the family countable)

2. The teacher gives a 50- The time a student Continuous (the time
item multiple choice test finishes the test given is not a whole
number)

3. Recording the number

of COVID - 19 patients
in a day in different

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 hospital

4. Weight of persons
working out in the gym

Experiment
Random Variable Types of Random
Variable

5. Average mobile data

consumption of
students attending
online class

6. The number of text

messages sent in a
day of a subscriber

7. Average number of
persons violating
quarantine protocols

8. Rolling two dice

9. Record the number of

hours one surf the
internet from 5 pm to
10 pm for the past five
nights.

10. Run times of a runner

for running 100m on
the track

Guide Questions:

1. How will you find the random variable?

2. From your answers in the table above, which experiments are discrete? Which
experiments are continuous?

Exercise 2: Complete the following statements by writing the correct word.

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 1. The set of the possible outcomes of an experiment is called_________.
2. A variable whose value is obtained by measuring is called__________.
3. A variable that can be discrete or continuous is __________________.
4. Time it takes to finish the test is an example of __________________.
5. Getting a 1 in rolling a die is an example of _______________.

Exercise 3: Classify whether the given experiment implies a discrete random

variable or a continuous random variable.
_____ 1. The average number of patients in a hospital for a week
_____ 2. Collecting data about the weights of newborns in a lying-in clinic
_____ 3. Recording the distance travelled by the Molo Baluarte jeepney
_____ 4. Listing the number of cases due to Covid - 19 in Iloilo City
_____ 5. Number of students attending online class
Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) No. 2
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY ACTIVITY SHEET
Distinguishing Between a Discrete and a Continuous Random Variable.

I. Learning Competency with Code

Distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous random variable. (M11/12SP-IIIa-2)

II. Background Information for Learners

In our subject statistics and probability, a random variable is a variable whose value is
subject to variations due to chance. As opposed to other mathematical variables, a random variable
conceptually does not have a single, fixed value; rather, it can take on a set of possible different
values, each with an associated probability.

A random variable’s possible values might represent the possible outcomes of a yet-to-be-
performed experiment, or the possible outcomes of a past experiment whose already-existing value
is uncertain (for example, as a result of incomplete information or imprecise measurements). They
may also conceptually represent either the results of an “objectively” random process (such as
rolling a die), or the “subjective” randomness that results from incomplete knowledge of a quantity.

Random variables can be classified as either discrete (that is, taking any of a specified list of
exact values) or as continuous (taking any numerical value in an interval or collection of intervals).
In probability and statistics, the mathematical function describing the possible values of a random
variable and their associated probabilities is known as a probability distribution.

Discrete random variables are variables whose value is obtained by counting. These are
variables that can take on a finite number of distinct values.

For example, you can count the number of the students in a section. You can count the
Covid-19 patients in a hospital.

Continuous random variables are variables whose value is obtained by measuring. These
are random variables that take an interminably uncountable number of potential values, regularly
measurable amounts.

For example, take age. You cannot count “age”. Why not? Because it would literally take
forever. For example, you could be: 25 years, 10 months, 2 days, 5 hours, 4 seconds, 4
milliseconds, 8 nanoseconds, 99 picoseconds…and so on. Height is also an example. You cannot
count your height, but you can measure it.

Let us try to have some examples of random variables and we will distinguish if it is discrete
or continuous.

Example 1. An experiment of tossing 5 coins repeatedly and counting the

number of heads that appear.

Solution:

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 The random variable is the number of heads. It is countable. It
can take the values as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. So, the random variable is discrete.

Example 2. Finding the average number of COVID - 19 patients of the

hospitals in the city for a month.

Solution:
The random variable is the average number of COVID - 19
patients. It takes values on a continuous scale. So, the random variable
is continuous.

Example 3. The lifespan of the battery of our cellphones.

Solution:
The random variable is the lifespan of the battery. Time takes
values on a continuous scale. So, the random variable is continuous.

Example 4. The number of text messages sent by a subscriber in a week.

Solution:
The random variable is the number of text messages sent. It
can take the values as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5... So, the random variable is discrete.

Example 5. Brand Z is a company that manufactures batteries. They record

the number of defective batteries that are contained in each box before
it is sent out for delivery. If X is the number of defective batteries per
box, then what type of random variable is X?

Solution:
X is a discrete random variable, and X can be a set {0, 1, 2, …,
n} where n is the total number of batteries in each box

Activity Proper

General Directions: In answering the exercises in the Learning Activity Sheet (LAS),
please be reminded not to write anything here. All answers must be written in a separate
sheet of paper. Read each problem carefully and answer it systematically. If a solution is
required, encircle your final answer.

Exercise 1: Discrete or Continuous Random Variables

Give at least 3 examples each of Discrete Random Variables and Continuous Random
Variables. The examples are given in the table below. Copy the same table in a separate sheet
of paper. Write your answers on the table.

Discrete Random Variables Continuous Random Variables

1. Number of learners in the classroom 1. Weights of learners in one section
2. Number of persons infected by 2. Average number of recoveries of
COVID-19 in one day COVID-19 in a month
3. Number of visitors in a tourist spot in a 3. Room temperatures in a certain time of
week the day

Guide Questions:
1. How do you know whether a random variable is discrete or continuous?
2. What is the difference between a discrete random variable and continuous random
variable?
Exercise 2: Identify whether the given situation involves a discrete random variable or a
continuous random variable.
1. getting the body temperature of patient admitted in a COVID ward

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 2. collecting data about the weights of students in a certain school
3. the number of siblings in a family in Iloilo Province
4. the number of no work no pay in a certain municipality caused by pandemic
5. the speed of a car
6. the number of people playing LOTTO each day
7. the number of text messages received by a particular individual in a day
8. the number of possible outcomes in rolling a die
9. the amount of liquid in a can of soft drinks
10. the number of fouls committed by a basketball team during the games
Exercise 3: What is that again?

1. How do you know whether a random variable is continuous or discrete? Discuss the difference
between the two types of random variables?
Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) No. 3
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY ACTIVITY SHEET
Finding the Possible Values of a Random Variable.

I. Learning Competency with Code

Finds the possible values of a random variable. (M11/12SP-IIIa-3)

II. Background Information for Learners

A Random Variable is a set of possible values from a random experiment. We use a

capital letter, like X, Y, or Z to avoid confusion with the variables used in Algebra or we can
use any letter in the alphabet.

A random variable has a probability distribution (will be discussed in the next activity
sheet) that represents the likelihood that any of the possible values would occur. Let’s take
for example that the random variable, X, is the number on the top face of a die when it is
rolled once. The possible values for X will be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Another classic example of
a random variable is the outcome of tossing a coin. We consider a probability distribution in
which the outcomes of a random event are not equally likely to happen. If random variable,
Z, is the number of tails we get from tossing three coins, then Z could be 0, 1, 2 or 3. This
means that we could have no tails, one tail, two tails or three tails on a three-coin toss.

To understand better in finding the possible values of random variables, do the activity
below.

Example 1: Defective Laptops

Suppose three laptops are tested at random. We want to find out the number of non-
defective laptops that appear. Thus, to each outcome in the sample space we shall assign a
value. These are 0, 1, 2 and 3. We will assign a 0 if there is none non-defective laptop; 1 if
there is one non-defective laptop; 2 if there are two non-defective laptops; and 3 if there are
three non-defective laptops. The number of non-defective laptops is a random variable.
Complete the table. The first two outcomes are done for you.

Value of the Random Variable

Possible Outcomes
(number of non-defective laptops)
DDD 0
DDN 1

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 Solution:

Value of the Random Variable

Possible Outcomes
(number of non-defective laptops)
DDD 0
DDN 1
DND 1
NDD 1
DNN 2
NDN 2
NND 2
NNN 3

So, the possible values of a random variable are 0, 1, 2 or 3.

Guide Questions:
1. How will you find the values of the random variable?
2. How do describe the problem above? Is it a discrete random variable or a
continuous random variable?

Example 2: Tossing Coins

Suppose two coins are tossed. Let X be the random variable representing the number of
heads that occur. Find the values of the random variable X.

Value of the Random Variable

Possible Outcomes
(number of heads)

Solution:
Steps Solution
1. Determine the sample The sample space for this experiment is:
space. Let H represent head and S = {TT, TH, HH, HT}.
T for tail.

Possible Value of the Random

2. Count the number of heads in Outcomes variable Z (Number of
each outcome in the heads)
sample space and assign this
HH 2
number to this outcome.
HT 1
TH 1
TT 0

So, the possible values of the random variable X are 0, 1, or 2.

Guide Question:
1. How do you find the possible values of a random variable?

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) No. 4

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY ACTIVITY SHEET
Illustrating a Probability Distribution for a Discrete Random Variable and its Properties.

I. Learning Competency with Code

Illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its properties.
(M11/12SP-IIIa-4)

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 II. Background Information for Learners

The concept of the probability distribution for a discrete random variable will be
introduced in this activity sheet. You will learn how to construct a probability distribution using
your knowledge in getting the probability of an event. When we decide to draw a conclusion
from an experiment like tossing a coin, rolling dice, or taking balls from a jar, it requires the use
of random variable and probability distribution. You will also learn how to determine if the given
distribution represents a probability distribution.

Random variables have distributions. In this activity sheet, we will describe the essential
properties of distributions of discrete random variables. Distributions can have many forms, but
there are some special types of distributions that arise in many different practical contexts. We
will discuss only the probability distribution.

One great example in mind is observing the number of cars passing through your house
in a single day. You cannot say which color of the car will first pass. This experiment is random.
Here, we are not interested in the type of cars passing but in their number (like blue – 2, red –
3, etc.). The number of these cars can be anything starting from zero but it will be finite. This is
the basic concept of random variables and its probability distribution. Here, the random variable
is the number of the cars passing. It is not constant. It can also vary from the type of
the events we are interested in.
Example 1: COVID - 19 Infected Persons

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered

coronavirus. Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate
symptoms and recover without special treatment. Thousands of people not only in the
Philippines but in the whole world tested positive in this virus, and some of them recovered from
the disease. The following table shows the number of infected persons in a remote town from
day 1 to day 10.

Day Infected Persons (X)

1 5
2 6
3 4
4 2
5 8
6 5
7 1
8 3
9 6
10 0

Illustrate a probability distribution of a random variable X showing the number of infected persons
per day and its corresponding probabilities.

Solution:

If each of the outcomes is equally likely to occur, then the probability is:

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

P (E)=
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒

Infected Persons (X) P (X)

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 5
5 or 0.125
40

6
6 or 0.15
40

4
4 or 0.10
40

2
2 or 0.05
40

8
8 or 0.20
40

5
5 or 0.125
40

1
1 or 0.025
40

3
3 or 0.075
40

6
6 or 0.15
40

0
0 or 0
40

Assign probability values P(X) to each value of the random variable. Since the number of outcomes
is 40, the probability will be computed using the formula above.

Example 2: Number of Boys

There are three children in a family. Let X be a random variable representing the number of
boys. Assuming that boys and girls are equally likely to be selected, illustrate the probability distribution
of a random variable X.

Solution:

Steps Solution

1. Determine the sample space. Let B The sample space for this experiment is S =
represent boy and G represent girl. {BBB, BBG, BGB, GBB, GGB, GBG, BGG,
GGG}.

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

2. Count the number of boys in each
outcome in the sample space and assign
Possible Outcomes Value of the
this number to this outcome.
Random Variable X
(number of boys)

BBB 3

BBG 2

BGB 2

GBB 2

GGB 1

GBG 1

BGG 1

GGG 0

3. There are four possible values of the

random variable X representing the number
Number of Boys (X) Probability P(X)
of boys. The possible values that X can take
are 0, 1, 2, and 3. Assign probability values 1
P(X) to each value of the random variable. 0
8
3
1
8
3
2
8
1
3
8

You can also construct the table in this form:

X 0 1 2 3
1 3 3 1
P(X)
8 8 8 8
Notice that adding all the probabilities will result to
1 3 3 1 1+3+3+1 8
+ + + = = = 1. If you add all the probabilities, the
8 8 8 8 8 8

sum is equal to 1. From the given example, you can see that the values of the
probability range from 0 to 1.

The probability distribution of a discrete random variable X is a list of the

possible values of X and the corresponding probabilities of the values. It specifies
the probability associated with each possible value of the random variable. The
distribution functions of discrete random variables are concentrated as a mass for
a particular value, and generally known as Probability Mass Function.

Properties of discrete probability distribution

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 • The probability of each value of the random variable must be between or equal to 0 and 1. In
symbol 0 < P(X) < 1.
• The sum of all the probabilities of all values of the random variable must be equal to 1. In symbol,
we write it as P(X) = 1

Example 3. Determine whether the distribution below is a discrete probability distribution.

X 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1
P(X)
4 4 4 4 4
Solution:

The distribution must satisfy that each probability value P(X) must be
1. be between or equal to 0 and 1; and
2. the sum of all the values of the probabilities must be equal to 1.
By adding all the values of P(X)
1 1 1 1 1 5
Σ P(X) = + + + + =
4 4 4 4 4 4

1
The probability of each value of the random variable has the same value which is and
4
this value lies between or equal to 0 and 1 but the sum of its probabilities is not equal to
1. Hence, this is not a probability distribution because P(X) ≠ 1.

Activity Proper

General Directions: In answering the exercises in the Learning Activity Sheet (LAS),
please be reminded not to write anything here. All answers must be written in a separate
sheet of paper. Read each problem carefully and answer it systematically. If a solution is
required, encircle your final answer.

Exercise 1: Wearing of Face Mask

Face masks must be worn in all indoor public spaces and covered areas. This includes
educational institutions, public transport, and locations where contact-based professions are
carried out, as well as shops, town halls and train stations. The face mask should cover the
nose, mouth, and chin. John is a store owner in his town. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, wearing
a face mask of a person is required for their safety. Since there are limited stocks available, he
decided to start another business by making a face mask. He started selling face masks from
day 1 to day 10. The data he collected is shown in the table below.
Day Number of Face Mask (X)
1 10
2 20
3 5
4 18
5 15
6 12
7 14
8 10
9 25
10 16

Illustrate a probability distribution of a random variable X showing the number of face masks sold
per day and its corresponding probabilities.

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 Exercise 2: Determine whether the given values can serve as the values of a
probability distribution.

a. P(0) = 0.03, P(1) = 1.0, P(2) = 0.25, P(3) = 1.11

1 1 1 1
b. P(1) = , P(2) = , P(3) = , P(4) =
4 5 2 20

Exercise 3: Defective or Non-defective Computers

Your computer teacher told you that the 6 computers in the

separate computer room contains two that are defective. If you and
your classmate is allowed to use two of these computers at
random, list the sample space S using the letters D for defective and
N for non-defective computer, respectively. To each sample point,
assign a value of the random variable Y representing the number of
computers which are defective.

Value of the Random

Probability P(Y)
Variable Y

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) No. 5

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY ACTIVITY SHEET
Computing Probabilities Corresponding to a Given Random Variable

I. Learning Competency with Code

Computes probabilities corresponding to a given random variable. (M11/12SP-IIIa-6)

II. Background Information for Learners

Many events can't be predicted with total certainty. The best we can say is how likely are
they to happen using the idea of probability. We use probability in finding the chance that heads
will appear when tossing a fair coin, the likelihood of winning in a lottery and in some other
game of chance.

To understand further about the probability, let’s have some of these experiments as a
review:

Find the probability of the following events.

Event (E) Probability P (E)
1. Getting an even number in a single roll of a die
2. Getting a head when tossing a fair coin
3. Getting a number greater than 4 in a single roll of a
die
4. Getting a 10 when a card is drawn from a deck
5. Getting a sum of 6 or a sum of 10 when two
dice are rolled

Solution:

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

1. The event of getting an even number has three outcomes: 2, 4, or 6. Since there are 6
3 1
faces in a die, then the probability of getting an even number is or .
6 2
2. The event of getting a head when tossing a fair coin has only 1 outcome. So, its probability
1
is since there are only two possible outcomes when you toss a coin.
2
3. The event of getting a number greater than 4 in a single roll of a die has two outcomes: 5,
and 6. Since there are 6 faces in a die, then the probability of getting a number greater than
2 1
4 is or .
6 3
4. The event of getting a 10 when a card is drawn from a deck is 4. Since there are 52 faces in
4 1
a deck of cards, then the probability of getting a 10 is or .
52 13
5. The event of getting a sum of 6 when two dice are rolled has 5 outcomes:
5
{(1,5), (5,1),(2,4),(4,2), (3,3)}.Hence, the probability is .The event of getting a sum of 10
36
3 1
when two dice are rolled has 3 outcomes: {(4,6),(6,4),(5,5)}. Hence, the probability is 𝑜𝑟 .
36 12

The probability of getting a sum of 6 or a sum of 10 when two dice are rolled is P(sum of 6 or sum
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 6 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 10
of 10)= +
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

5 3 8 2
= + = or .
36 36 36 9
Example 1: The Demand for Laptops in the New Normal

The daily demand for laptops in the new normal in a computer store has the probability
distribution as follows:
Number of Laptops (X) Probability P(X)
5 0.20
6 0.12
7 0.15
8 0.18
9 0.25
10 0.06
12 0.04
a. What is the probability that 8 or more laptops will be demanded in a particular day?
b. What is the probability that the demand will be at least 7 but not more than 10 laptops?
c. What is the probability that the demand will be at most 9 laptops?

Solution:

a. The probability that 8 or more laptops will be demanded in a particular day means P
(X≥ 8). This means that you have to add P(X=8), P(X=9), P (X= 10), and (X= 12).
P (X≥ 8) = P(8) + P(9) + P(10) + P(12)
then, substitute its corresponding probability
= 0.18 + 0.25 + 0.06 + 0.04
= 0.53
b. The probability that the demand will be at least 7 but not more than 10 laptops
means P(7≤ 𝑋 ≤ 10). This means that you have to add P(X=7), P(X=8), P (X= 9),
and (X= 10).
P(7≤ 𝑋 ≤ 10) = 0.15 + 0.18 + 0.25 + 0.06
= 0.64
c. The probability that the demand will be at most 9 laptops means P(X ≤ 9). This
means that you have to add P(X=9), P(X=8), P (X= 7), P (X= 6), and (X= 5).
P(X ≤ 9) = 0.25 + 0.18 + 0.15 + 0.12 + 0.20
= 0.90
Example 2: Tardiness
The recorded tardiness of the students as reflected in School Form 2 of

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 the adviser is presented in the probability distribution below.

X 0 1 2 3 4
3 2 2 2 1
P(X) 10 10 10 10 10

a. What is the probability that the number of tardy students is greater than or equal to 3?
b. What is the probability that the number of tardy students is at least 3?
c. What is the probability that the number of tardy students is greater than 1 but less than
4?
Solution:

a. P(X > 3) = P(3) + P(4)

2 1
= +
10 10
3
=
10
b. P(X > 3) = P(3) + P(4)
2 1
= +
10 10
3
=
10
c. P(1 < X < 4) = P(2) + P(3)
2 2
= +
10 10
4 2
= or
10 5

Activity Proper

General Directions: In answering the exercises in the Learning Activity Sheet

(LAS), please be reminded not to write anything here. All answers must be written in a separate
sheet of paper. Read each problem carefully and answer it systematically. If a solution is
required, encircle your final answer.

Exercise 1: Social Amelioration Program (SAP)

The Bayanihan to Heal as One Act, also known as the Bayanihan Act, and officially
designated as Republic Act No. 11469, is a law in the Philippines that was enacted in March
2020 granting the President additional authority to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in the
Philippines.
Like many countries, the Philippines has implemented cash transfer programs to
support the displaced and the vulnerable. The government was quick to enact a law to alleviate
the public health crisis. Among the most salient features of the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act
was the allocation of P199.975 billion to the Department of Social Welfare and Development
(DSWD) to fund its Social Amelioration Program (SAP).

The Social Amelioration Program grants a P5,000 to P8,000 monthly cash subsidy to
low-income families for two months, depending on the area of residence. The subsidies
provided the marginalized sectors of society the means to afford basic needs during the
pandemic. The given data shows the probability distribution among the age categories of the
beneficiaries.

Age Categories (X) Probability P(X)

36 - 40 0.05

41 - 45 0.10

46 - 50 0.10

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 51 - 55 0.20

56 - 60 0.10

61 - 65 0.15

66 - 70 0.25

71 - 75 0.05

Guide Questions:
a. What is the probability that at least 61 years old beneficiary will receive the SAP?
b. What is the probability that at most 60 years old beneficiaries will receive the SAP?
c. What is the probability that at least 61 years old but less than 71 years old beneficiaries will
receive the SAP?
d. What is the probability that the 66 years old and above beneficiaries will receive the SAP?

Exercise 2: Cellphone Units Sold in Time of Pandemic

The following data show the probabilities for the number of cellphones sold in a given
day at the mall.

Number of Cellphones (X) Probability P(X)

0 0.050

1 0.100

2 0.150

3 0.200

4 0.150

5 0.050

6 0.050

7 0.100

8 0.045

9 0.055

10 0.050

a. Find P(X < 5)

b. Find P(X > 7)
c. Find P(X < 4)
d. Find P(X > 8)
e. Find P(1 < X < 9)
f. Find P(0 < X < 6)
Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) No. 6

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY ACTIVITY SHEET

Illustrating the Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable

III. Learning Competency with Code

Illustrates the mean and variance of a discrete random variable. (M11/12SP-IIIb-1)

IV. Background Information for Learners

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 We use the term ‘average’ frequently in all sorts of everyday contexts. Let us take for
example, we might say ‘I’m having an average income today’, meaning our income is neither
particularly good nor bad, it is about normal. Average may also refer to people, objects and
other things.
The term 'average' refers to the ‘middle’ or ‘central’ point. When used in mathematics,
the term refers to a number that is a typical representation of a group of numbers (or data set).
The most widely used method of calculating an average is the ‘mean’. When the term ‘average’
is used in a mathematical sense, it usually refers to the mean, especially when no other
information is given.

Example 1: Number of Spots in a Die

Consider rolling a die. What would be the average value of the outcomes obtained?
Solution:
If you roll a fair die six times, you would expect to roll a 1, a 2, a 3, a 4, a 5 and a 6. The
1+2+3+4+5+6 21
average value of the outcomes obtained will be = or 3.5. Remember that 3.5 is not
6 6
a value that we can observe if we will do the experiment. 3.5 is what we call the mean of the
random variable or the mean of the probability distribution if we do it in a tabular form. The mean
tells us the average number of spots that would appear in rolling a die. Although, the die will not
show that number, it implies that in rolling the die many times, the theoretical mean would be 3.5.

Example 2. Your friend has 5 different breeds of dog. He measured the heights of the dogs in
millimeters. The heights are measured at the shoulders of each dog. Illustrate the mean and
variance of the heights.

600 460
420
300

170

Solution:
600+460+170+420+300
The mean = = 390 mm.
5

To get the variance, we will calculate each dog's height difference from the mean:

600 460
420
300

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

170
 mean
Dog’s Height Mean Difference from Mean
600 390 210
460 390 70
170 390 -220
420 390 30
300 390 -90

To calculate the variance, we take the difference from the mean, square it, and then
average the result: (This is the formula from lesson in Statistics in the Junior High School)
Difference from Square of the
Dog’s Height Mean
Mean Difference
600 390 210 44100
460 390 70 4900
170 390 -220 48400
420 390 30 900
300 390 -90 8100
44100+4900+48400+900+8100
Variance = = 21280
5

Standard Deviation = 145.87 ≅ 146

The standard deviation is just the square root of variance. The standard deviation is
useful for us to understand how the heights differ from the mean. Now, we can show which
heights are within one standard deviation (146 mm) from the mean.

So, using the standard deviation we have a "standard" way of knowing what is normal,
and what is large or small.

These concepts lead the way to the most important measure of spread, the variance,
and a closely related measure of variability, the standard deviation.

The concepts of variance and standard deviation when summarizing data was
discussed in the Junior High School Mathematics. These were the sample variance and the
sample standard deviation. The difference here is that we are referring to properties of the
distribution of a discrete random variable.

The variance of a random variable displays the variability or the dispersions of the
random variables. It shows the distance of a random variable from its mean.

Example 3. Illustrate the mean and variance of the given histogram.

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 Solution:

The mean of the given histogram is 3.5 since they have the same probabilities.
We can solve for the mean by adding all the values from 1 to 6. We will to be able to
determine the spread of the elements away from the mean by adding this procedure in
the illustration given.
Since we are comparing two elements this time (1 and 3 on the left side of the
mean and 4 and 6 in the right, the mean that is 3.5 will be doubled which became 7.
Adding 1 and 3 elements gives us 4, similarly on the right side adding 4 and 6 gives us
10. Get the average value of 4 and 10 which resulted in 7 which is our new mean.
Subtract 7 by 4 which result to 3, likewise subtract 10 by 7 which result to 3. This implies
that the distance of the element from the mean in either direction is 3 which describes
the spread of the elements in the observation. This is the idea of variance and standard
deviation.

Activity Proper

General Directions: In answering the exercises in the Learning Activity Sheet (LAS),
please be reminded not to write anything here. All answers must be written in a separate
sheet of paper. Read each problem carefully and answer it systematically. If a solution is
required, encircle your final answer.

Exercise 1. The following are the number of computers sold in four

consecutive days. Illustrate the mean and variance.

Guide Questions:
1. How do you find the mean? The variance?
2. Show the process where you illustrate the variance and the standard
deviation.

Exercise 2. Compare the variance and standard deviation of the two figures

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 provided.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) No. 7

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY ACTIVITY SHEET
Calculating the Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable

I. Learning Competency with Code

Calculates the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable. (M11/12SP-IIIb-2)

II. Background Information for Learners

The PSA reported that on average, a Filipino consumes a total of 118.81kilograms (kg)
of rice annually. This is equivalent to 325.5 grams of milled rice daily. With a current population
of 108.66 million Filipinos, the country’s total annual consumption would amount to 12.9 MMT.
What does it mean? What is average? Does it mean that every day a person consumes
exactly 325.5 grams of milled rice? How is the rice consumption by different persons vary from
each other? This gives rise to a new concept in probability and statistics. This is the mean and
the variability is the variance in probability and statistics.
Let’s take a look at the following examples on how to find the mean and variance of the
probability distribution.
Example 1: Your friend Joe likes to roll a die. As usual, the probability of
getting a 1 is the same as the other number in the die. In the previous activity, we have
illustrated the mean for the experiment. Now, let us follow these steps in finding the
mean of a discrete random variable.

Steps Solution
1. Construct the probability
distribution for the random Number X Probability P(X)
variable X representing the 1
number that would appear. 1
6
1
2
6
1
3
6
1
4
6

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 1
5
6
1
6
6
2. Multiply the value of the
random variable X by the Probability
corresponding probability Number X X ∙ P(X)
P(X)
P(X). 1 1
1
6 6
1 2
2
6 6
1 3
3
6 6
1 4
4
6 6
1 5
5
6 6
1 6
6
6 6

3. Add the results obtained in 1 2 3 4 5 6 21

+ + + + + = = 3.5
Step 2. (third column) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) = 3.5

Example 2: USWAG Community Kitchen

The City Mayor initiated the Community Kitchen on March 22, 2020 when the city
was placed under enhanced community quarantine. The Community Kitchen is a program
wherein the parent leaders, daycare workers and SF workers prepared meals to be
delivered to the people in the community. The table below shows the probability
distribution. Find the mean of the probability distribution.

Number of Food Packs X Probability P(X)

40 0.26
45 0.24
50 0.18
55 0.22
60 0.10

Solution:

Steps Solution
1. Construct the probability
distribution for the random Number of Food Probability P(X)
variable X representing the Packs X
number that would appear. 40 0.26
45 0.24
50 0.18
55 0.22
60 0.10

2. Multiply the value of the

random variable X by the Number
corresponding probability Probability
of Food X ∙ P(X)
P(X). P(X)
Packs X
40 0.26 10.40
45 0.24 10.80

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 50 0.18 9.00
55 0.22 12.10
60 0.10 6.00
3. Add the results obtained in 10.40 +10.80 + 9.00 + 12.10 + 6.00 =
Step 2. (third column) 48.30

∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) = 48.30

From the above examples, we come up with the formula for the mean of the probability
distribution.

Formula for the Mean of the Probability Distribution

The mean of a random variable with a discrete probability

distribution is:

𝜇 = 𝑋1 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋1 ) + 𝑋2 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋2 ) + 𝑋3 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋3 )+ . . . , + 𝑋𝑛 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋𝑛 )or

𝝁 = ∑ 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)

where 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 … , 𝑋𝑛 are the values of the random variable X; and

𝑃 𝑋1 , 𝑃(𝑋2 ), 𝑃(𝑋3 ), … , 𝑃 (𝑋𝑛 ) are the corresponding probabilities.
( )

Now, let’s proceed to the two measures of spread of the random variable in the
probability distribution. We know that variance is a measure of how spread out a data set is. It
is calculated as the average squared deviation of each number from the mean of a data set.
Taking the square root of the variance gives us the units used in the original scale and this is
the standard deviation.
Standard deviation is the measure of spread most commonly used in statistical practice
when the mean is used to calculate central tendency. Thus, it measures the spread around the
mean. Since it has close links with the mean, standard deviation can be greatly affected if the
mean gives a poor measure of central tendency.
How do you describe the spread or dispersion in a probability distribution? The next
example will equip you on how to compute the variance and standard deviation of a discrete
probability distribution.

Example 3: COVID – 19 Infected Persons in a Barangay

The number of persons infected per day in a barangay, along with its corresponding
probabilities is shown in the table below. Compute the variance and the standard deviation of
the probability distribution.

Number of Persons Infected X Probability P(X)

1
0
5
3
1
10
1
2
10
1
3
10
1
4
5
1
5
10

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 Solution:

Steps Solution
1. Find the mean of the probability Number
distribution using the formula of
Probability
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋). Persons X ∙ P(X)
P(X)
Infected
X
1
0 0
5
3 3
1
10 10
1 2
2
10 10
1 3
3
10 10
1 4
4
5 5
1 5
5
10 10
21
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)= 10 = 2.1
2. Subtract the mean from each X 𝜇 X-𝜇
value of the random variable X. 0 2.1 0 – 2.1 = - 2.1
1 2.1 1 – 2.1 = - 1.1
2 2.1 2 – 2.1 = - 0.1
3 2.1 3 – 2.1 = 0.9
4 2.1 4 – 2.1 = 1.9
5 2.1 5 - 2.1 = 2.9

3. Square the results obtained X-𝜇 (X − 𝜇)2

in Step 2. 0 – 2.1 = - 2.1 4.41
1 – 2.1 = - 1.1 1.21
2 – 2.1 = - 0.1 0.01
3 – 2.1 = 0.9 0.81
4 – 2.1 = 1.9 3.61
5 - 2.1 = 2.9 8.41
2
4. Multiply the results obtained in (X − 𝜇) (X − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)
Step 3 by the corresponding 4.41 0.882
probability. 1.21 0.363
0.01 0.001
0.81 0.081
3.61 0.722
8.41 0.841
2
5. Get the sum of the results (X − 𝜇) ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)
obtained in Step 4. The result is 0.882
the value of the variance. So, 0.363
the formula for the variance is: 0.001
𝜎 2 = ∑(X − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋). 0.081
0.722
0.841
𝜎 2 = ∑(X − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) = 2.89
6. Get the square root of the The variance of the probability
variance to get the standard distribution is 2.89 and the standard
deviation. deviation is 𝜎 = √2.89 = 1.70.

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 Based on the above example, we arrived at the formula for the variance and standard
deviation of a discrete probability distribution.

Formula for the Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete

Probability Distribution

The variance of a discrete probability distribution is given by the

formula:
𝝈𝟐 = ∑(𝐗 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿).

The standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution is given by

the formula:
𝟐
𝜎 = √∑(𝐗 − 𝝁) ∙ 𝑷(𝑿).

where:
X = value of the random variable
P(X) = probability of the random variable X
𝜇 = mean of the probability distribution

The variance and standard deviation can be obtained also using an alternative formula.
Using the same data in the previous example, we will find the variance and standard
deviation with the alternative formula.

Steps Solution
1. Find the mean of the probability Number
distribution using the formula 𝜇 = of Probability
X ∙ P(X)
∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋). Persons P(X)
Infected X
1
0 0
5
3 3
1
10 10
1 2
2
10 10
1 3
3
10 10
1 4
4
5 5
1 5
5
10 10
21
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)= 10 = 2.1
2. Multiply the square of the value of X P(X) 𝑋 2 ∙ P(X)
the random variable X by its 1
corresponding probability. 0 0
5
3 3
1
10 10
1 4
2
10 10
1 9
3
10 10
1 32
4
5 10
1 25
5
10 10

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 3. Get the sum of the results obtained 𝑋 2 ∙ P(X)
in Step 2. 0
3
10
4
10
9
10
32
10
25
10
73
∑ 𝑋 2 ∙ P(X) = = 7.3
10
4. Subtract the square of the mean The variance is 𝝈𝟐 = ∑ 𝑋 2 ∙ P(X) - 𝜇 2
from the results obtained in Step 3 = 7.3 - (2.1)2
to get the variance. So, the formula = 7.3– 4.41
for the variance of the probability = 2.89
distribution is 𝝈𝟐 = ∑ 𝑋 2 ∙ P(X) -
𝜇2. The standard deviation is 𝜎 =√2.89 = 1.70.
The standard deviation is the square root
of the variance. Thus,
𝜎 = √∑ 𝑋 2 ∙ P(X) − 𝜇 2.

Activity Proper

General Directions: In answering the exercises in the Learning Activity Sheet (LAS),
please be reminded not to write anything here. All answers must be written in a separate
sheet of paper. Read each problem carefully and answer it systematically. If a solution is
required, encircle your final answer.

Exercise 1.The probabilities of laptops to have 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 defective parts are 0.24, 0.18,
0.26, 0.12 and 0.20, respectively. Find the mean of the probability distribution.

Exercise 2.The number of quarantine protocol violators in one district of a

city is shown in the table. Find the variance and standard deviation.

Number of Violators Probability P(X)

3
25
20
9
30
20
7
35
20
1
40
20
Guide Questions:

1. How do you find the variance and standard deviation of the probability
distribution?
2. Which formula is easier in finding the variance and standard deviation of
the probability distribution?

Exercise 3. Complete the table below and find the mean, variance and
standard deviation of the probability distribution.

X P(X) X ∙ P(X) 𝑋 2 ∙ P(X)

1 0.15
3 0.26

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 5 0.10
7 0.25
9 0.24

Guide Questions:

1. What are the steps in computing the mean, variance and

standard deviation of the probability distribution?

2. How is it similar to the steps in finding the mean, variance and standard
deviation of the probability distribution in the Junior High School?

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) No. 8

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY ACTIVITY SHEET
Interpreting the Mean and the Variance of a Discrete Random Variable

I. Learning Competency with Code

Interprets the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable. (M11/12SP-IIIb-3)

II. Background Information for Learners

In our daily experience in attending our classes, we encountered situations that need wise
decisions. Decision-making should be part of our skills especially in achieving our goals. Just like
for instance, you wanted to know or guess about your performance in the ten Statistics and
Probability examinations. The scores are given by the teacher in each of the tests. What can you
say about your performance on the basis of the scores you obtained? What is your overall
performance in these tests?
You can answer your questions by calculating the average of the scores obtained to get
an idea of your overall performance. Your average score will tell you about the scores you are
most close to. You can easily see the difference of scores in each of the tests from this average
score. This difference in scores shows the variability of the possible values of the random
variable. The random variable being the marks or scores in the test.
The variance of a random variable shows the variability or the scatterings of the random
variables. It shows the distance of a random variable from its mean. We have already learned
how to find the mean and variance of a discrete probability distribution. Now let’s discover how
to interpret this data and know the implication of it.

Example 1: Online Class

A mathematics teacher conducted his online class on a zero, one, two or three days a
week. The probability that he holds a class on a zero day is 0.35, the probability that he holds a
class on one day is 0.25, the probability that he holds a class on two days is 0.30 and the
probability that he holds a class on three days is 0.10. Find the average or expected value, μ, of
the number of days per week the teacher holds an online class.

Solution:

X P(X) X ∙ P(X)
0 0.35 0
1 0.25 0.25
2 0.30 0.60
3 0.10 0.30
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) = 0 + 0.25 + 0.60 + 0.30 = 1.15
The expected value or mean is 1.15. This means that the mathematics teacher
would, on the average, expect to hold online class 1.15 days per week. The number
1.15 is the long-term average or expected value if the mathematics teacher holds online
classes week after week after week.

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 Example 2 Roulette Wheel

Roulette is a casino game named after the French word meaning little wheel. In
the game, players may choose to place bets on either a single number or a single color.
This is usually played during barangay fiesta. The bettor will just choose a single
number from 1 to 9. Unfortunately, the owner of the roulette wheel made it an unfair
wheel with the following probabilities:

X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
P(X) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.20

Find the mean, variance and standard deviation.

Solution:

X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
P(X) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.20

𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 1.80

𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) = 0.10 + 0.20 + 0.30 + 0.40 + 0.50 + 0.60 + 0.70 + 0.80 + 1.80
= 5.4

The mean is equal to 5.4. Therefore, it means that the average number that will appear in a
roulette wheel is 5.4. This implies further that although 5.4 will never show in a roulette wheel, spinning
the wheel many times will result to 5.4.

The mean of probability distribution is much like the mean of anything else. It answers the
question: If you perform this experiment many times, what’s the likely (average) result?

To find the variance, let’s complete the table below:

𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥2 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)

1 0.10 0.10 1 0.10

2 0.10 0.20 4 0.40

3 0.10 0.30 9 0.90

4 0.10 0.40 16 1.60

5 0.10 0.50 25 2.50

6 0.10 0.60 36 3.60

7 0.10 0.70 49 4.90

8 0.10 0.80 64 6.40

9 0.20 1.80 81 16.20

∑[𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] = 36.60

𝜎 2 =∑[𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] − 𝜇2 = 36.60- (5.4)2 = 7.44

𝜎=√𝜎 2 =√7.44= 2.73

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 Therefore, the variance (𝜎 2 ) of a probability distribution is equal to 7.44, while the standard
deviation (𝜎) is equal to 2.73.

Activity Proper

General Directions: In answering the exercises in the Learning Activity Sheet (LAS),
please be reminded not to write anything here. All answers must be written in a separate
sheet of paper. Read each problem carefully and answer it systematically. If a solution is
required, encircle your final answer.

Exercise 1. Rolling a Single Unfair Die

For numbers 1- 4, refer to the probability distribution below:

X 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X) 0.15 0.25 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
1. What is the mean of the probability distribution?
A. 3.35 B. 14.05 C. 2.83 D. 1.68

2. What is the variance of the probability distribution?

A. 3.35 B. 14.05 C. 2.83 D. 1.68

3. What is the standard deviation of the probability distribution?

A. 3.35 B. 14.05 C. 2.83 D. 1.68

4. How would you interpret the mean of the probability distribution?

A. The mean value is the closest value to the most probable value of the outcome
when you roll the unfair die in numerous trials.
B. The mean value is the difference between each probable value of
the outcome when you roll the unfair die in numerous trials.
C. The mean value is the higher probable value of the outcome when you roll the unfair
die in numerous trials.
D. The mean value is the lowest probable value of the outcome when you roll the unfair
die in numerous trials.

5. Which of the following is the probability of getting a one in rolling a single fair die?
A. 0.5 B. 0.17 C. 0.25 D. 0.15

Exercise 2. Modules Answered in a Week

John is a SHS student. He received 9 modules from his adviser. The following table
shows the number of modules he can finish in a single day. Find the mean, variance, and
standard deviation of the probability distribution below. If John is claiming that he can finish 3
modules in a day, do you believe in his claim?

X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.25 0.30 0.15 0.15 0.15

Guide Questions:
1. How do you find for the mean?, the variance?, the standard deviation?
2. How will you interpret the result?

Exercise 3. Complete the table below then find the mean, variance, and standard
deviation of the probability distribution, then interpret the result.

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 X P(X) 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) 𝒙𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝒙)
𝟏
1
𝟗
𝟏
4
𝟗
𝟒
7
𝟗
𝟐
10
𝟗
𝟏
13
𝟗
Guide Questions:
1. What does the variance and the standard deviation of a probability
distribution tell us?
2. How do you interpret the variance and standard deviation of a probability
distribution?

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) No. 9

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY ACTIVITY SHEET
Solving Problems Involving the Mean and Variance of Probability Distributions

I. Learning Competency with Code

Solving problem involving the mean and the variance of probability distributions.
(M11/12SP-IIIb-4)

II. Background Information for Learners

Do you want to be a millionaire? What would be the first thing that you will buy if you
have millions of pesos? For instance, can you have millions of pesos by just spending a small
amount of money? Yes, that is what the game of chance can offer.

Usually, a game of chance such as lottery, raffle, and jackpot involve paying a small
amount of money by purchasing a ticket. The holder of the ticket will get an equal chance
to win a prize.

For sure, lotteries are purely determined by chance. You don't need to have a skill. It is
just a luck. What do you think are your likelihood of winning?

Example 1: Weekly Allowance

A group of SHS students was tasked to study on the number of times a student will ask
for additional allowance after receiving his weekly allowance. The group randomly selected 50
SHS students from different strands and asked how many times they have asked for additional
allowance after receiving their weekly allowance. Three students asked for additional allowance
zero times, 15 students asked for additional allowance once , 24 students asked for additional
allowance two times, 6 students asked for additional allowance three times, and 2 students
asked for additional allowance four times.

Find the expected value or mean of the number of times a student will ask for additional
allowance after receiving his weekly allowance. Calculate the standard deviation of the variable
as well.

Solution:

Let the random variable X be the number of times a student will ask for
additional allowance after receiving his weekly allowance

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 X P(X) 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)

0 3 0 0
50
1 15 15 15
50 50 50
2 24 48 96
50 50 50
3 6 18 54
50 50 50
4 2 8 32
50 50 50

15 48 18 8 89
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)= 0 + + + + = = 1.78
50 50 50 50 50

The expected value or mean of the number of times a student will ask for additional
allowance after receiving his weekly allowance is 1.78. The number 1.78 is the long-term
average or expected value if the student receives his allowance week after week after week.

𝜎 2 =∑[𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] − 𝜇2 = 0.77

𝜎=√𝜎 2 =√0.77= 0.88

Therefore, the variance of a probability distribution is equal to 0.77, while the standard
deviation is equal to 0.88.

Example 2: Raffle Tickets

An organizer of a show sells ticket worth ₱20.00 each. 1000 tickets were sold with equal
chances of winning. The first prize is ₱5000, the second prize is ₱3000 and the third prize is
₱1000.

Answer the following questions:

a. Illustrate the problem in a probability distribution table.
b. Find the probability of winning any prize in the purchase of one ticket.
c. Find the expected value of the random variable, then interpret the result.

Solution:
a. Illustrate the problem in a probability distribution table

X 4980 2980 980 -20

1 1 1 997
P(X)
1000 1000 1000 1000

If the ticket holder will win the first prize, his net gain is ₱5,000.00 less ₱20.00 (amount
spend for buying a ticket) or ₱4,980.00. The probability that he will win the prize is 1 out of one
1
thousand tickets or . If the ticket holder will win the second prize, his net gain is ₱3,000.00
1000
less ₱20.00 (amount spend for buying a ticket) or ₱2,980.00. The probability that he will win the
1
prize is also 1 out of one thousand tickets or . If the ticket holder will win the third prize, his
1000
net gain is ₱1,000.00 less ₱20.00 (amount spend for buying a ticket) or ₱980.00. The
1
probability that he will win the prize is also 1 out of one thousand tickets or . However, his
1000

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 chance of losing is higher than his chance of winning because it is equal to the total probability
3 997
that is 1 less the probability of winning. That is, 1 - = .
1000 1000

b. Find the probability of winning any prize in the purchase of one ticket.

Solution:
Probability of winning any prize = probability of winning the first prize +
probability of winning the second prize + probability of winning the third
prize
1 1 1 3
Probability of winning any prize = + + =
1000 1000 1000 1000

c. Find the expected value of the random variable, then interpret the result.

Solution:
The expected value is the same as the mean and is equal to the product of net gain and
the probability of winning (in this case you have three chances of winning, you may win the
first, second, or third prize) plus the product of net loss and the probability of losing.

1 1 1 997
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) = 4980( ) + 2980 ( ) + 980 ( ) − 20 ( )
1000 1000 1000 1000
𝜇 = 4.98 + 2.98 + 0.98 – 19.94 = - 11

The expected value or the mean is – 11. The negative value means that one loses money
on the average. In particular, someone who buy tickets, and although has a chance to win losses
₱11.00 per ticket purchased.
This idea will help us make a wise decision. We should always remember essentials
should be prioritized. If we can afford to buy tickets without sacrificing our essential needs, it is
okay to take a chance sometimes.
Example 3: Pick 3 Number Game
Suppose you play the Pick 3 Number Game. You have to choose three digits in the
range from zero to nine. Every entry costs 10 pesos. Keep in mind that it is possible to choose
all three numbers to look the same. In that instance, your ticket will look in the following way: 7-
7-7. To win a prize, players have to match both the winning digits for the respective drawing
and the order in which they have been drawn. Otherwise, the game would become way too
easy, and the odds of winning will go up exponentially. You could win a prize worth ₱4500.Over
the long term, what is your expected profit of playing the game?
Solution:
Let X = the amount of profit.

If your three numbers match in order, you will win the game and will get ₱4500. That
means your profit is ₱4490 (₱4500 less ₱10.00). If your three numbers do not match the order,
you will lose the game and lose your ₱10.00. That means your profit is –₱10.00.
Therefore, X takes on the values ₱4490 and –₱10.

To win, you must get all three numbers correct, in order. The probability of choosing the
1
correct first number is because there are 10 numbers (from zero to nine) and only one of
10
1
them is correct. The probability of choosing the correct second number is also because the
10
selection is done with replacement and there are still 10 numbers (from zero to nine) for you to
1
choose. Due to the same reason, the probability of choosing the correct third number is also .
10
The selection of one number does not affect the selection of another number. That means the
three selections are independent. The probability of choosing all three correct numbers and
their order is equal to the product of the probabilities of choosing each number correctly.

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 P(choosing three numbers correctly) = P(choosing 1st number correctly) ∙
P(choosing 2nd number correctly) ∙ P(choosing 3rd number correctly)
1 1 1 1
P(choosing three numbers correctly) = ∙ ∙ = or 0.001
10 10 10 1000

Therefore, the probability of winning is 0.001 and the probability of losing is 1 − 0.001 =
0.999.

X P(X) X ∙P(X)
4490 0.001 4.49
-10 0.999 -9.99
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) = 4.49 - 9.99 = - 5.50

You would, on the average, expect to lose ₱5.50 for each game you play. However, each time you
play, you either lose ₱10 or profit ₱4490. The ₱5.50 is the average or expected loss per game after
playing this game over and over.

Activity Proper

General Directions: In answering the exercises in the Learning Activity Sheet (LAS),
please be reminded not to write anything here. All answers must be written in a separate
sheet of paper. Read each problem carefully and answer it systematically. If a solution is
required, encircle your final answer.

Exercise 1. Raffle

Raffle tickets were sold for a charity event. A raffle ticket costs ₱60.00 and there are
one thousand five hundred tickets to be sold. Only one ticket holder will win a prize of
₱80,000.00. Construct the probability distribution of the discrete random variable, compute for
the expected value, and interpret the result.

Exercise 2. Roulette Wheel

A roulette wheel in a fiesta celebration has the numbers 1 through 9. If you bet ₱7.00 you
will have a chance to win a prize worth ₱65.00. Let X denote the net gain for a bet.

a. Complete the table below showing the probability distribution of X.

x -7
P(x)

b. Find the expected value if you play a bet and interpret the result.

𝜇=_______________
Interpretation:______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________.

Exercise 3. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the
chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following represents the expected value of the discrete random variable?
a. mean b. standard deviation c. variance d. mode

2. Which of the following best described the expected value of a probability distribution?
a. It measures the variability of the values assumed by the random variables.
b. It gives the difference between the highest and lowest values assumed by the random
variables

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 c. It is the square root of the variance of the probability distribution.
d. It is the average value of a random variable over numerous trials of an experiment

For numbers 3-5, refer to the following problem:

Five hundred tickets are sold for ₱5.00 each. A ticket will win ₱1,000.00.
Let X denote the net gain from the purchase of a randomly selected ticket.

3. What is the probability that you will win a prize if you buy a ticket?
1 1 1 1
a. b. c. d.
5 1000 500 995
4. What is the probability of losing a prize?
1 499 495 1
a. b. c. d.
5 500 500 500
5. What is the value of the random for winning a prize?
a. 5 b. 1000 c. 995 d. 1005

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS No. 10)

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY ACTIVITY SHEET
Illustrating a Normal Random Variable and Its Characteristics

IV. Learning Competency with Code

Illustrates a normal random variable and its characteristics.
(M11/12SP-IIIc-1)

V. Background Information for Learners

In the previous lessons, you have learned about the random variables and its probability
distributions. We used samples of discrete data to find a probability distribution with the same
pattern. That pattern is used to make predictions or decisions concerning the population.
However, not all data are discrete. Some are continuous. In this lesson, we will consider a
distribution of this type commonly known as normal probability distribution or simply normal
curve.

Normal Probability Distribution is a probability distribution of continuous random

variables. It shows graphical representations of random variables obtained through
measurement such as the height and weight of the students. It is sometimes called the bell
curve. It is used to describe the characteristics of populations and help us visualize the
inferences we make about the population. It is also used to determine the probabilities and
percentile of the continuous random variables in the distribution.

𝜇
Fig. 1. Normal Probability Distribution

A lot of data follow this type of pattern. That’s why it’s widely used in businesses, schools, and
in different fields. Examples include:
• Heights of people
• Measurement errors
• Blood pressure
• Points on a test
• IQ scores

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

• Salaries
Characteristics of Normal Curve
The graphical representation of the normal distribution is popularly known as a normal
curve. The normal curve is described clearly by the following characteristics.
1. The distribution curve is bell-shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about its center. This means that, if we draw a segment from the peak
of the curve down to the horizontal axis, the segment divides the normal curve into two equal
parts or areas.
3. The mean, median, and mode coincide at the center. This also means that in a normal
distribution, or a distribution described by a normal curve, the mean, median, and mode are
equal.
4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the distribution.
5. The tails of the curve are plotted in both directions and flatten out indefinitely along the
horizontal axis. The tails are thus asymptotic to the baseline. A portion of the graph that is
asymptotic to a reference axis or another graph is called an asymptote, always approaching
another but never touching it.
6. The total area under a normal curve is 1. This means that the normal curve represents the
probability, or the proportion, or the percentage associated with specific sets of measurement
values.

The empirical rule tells you what percentage of your data falls within a certain number
of standard deviations from the mean:
• 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation of the mean.
• 95% of the data falls within two standard deviations of the mean.
• 99.7% of the data falls within three standard deviations of the mean.

Fig. 2. Standard Normal Curve

Example 1. Drawing a normal distribution

The height of SHS students is normally distributed with a mean of 𝜇=150 cm and a
standard deviation of 𝜎 = 10 cm.
Sketch a normal curve that describes this distribution.

Solution:
Step 1: Sketch a normal curve.

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 Step 2: The mean of 150 cm goes in the middle.
Step 3: Each standard deviation is a distance of 10 cm

120 130 140 150 160 170

180
Example 2. Finding percentages in a normal distribution

The height of SHS students is normally distributed with a mean of 𝜇=150 cm and a
standard deviation of 𝜎 = 10 cm.
Approximately what percent of these students have a height of greater than 170 cm?
Solution:
Step 1: Sketch a normal distribution with a mean of 150 cm and a standard deviation
of σ =30cm.
Step 2: The height of 170cm is two standard deviations above the mean. Shade above
that point.
Step 3: Add the percentages. in the shaded area:

120 130 140 150 160 170

180 2.35% + 0.15% = 2.5%

Example 3. Finding a whole count

The height of SHS students is normally distributed with a mean of 𝜇=150 cm and a
standard deviation of 𝜎 = 10 cm.
A certain school has 500 students.
Approximately how many of these students have a height of lower than 140 cm?
Solution:
Step 1: Sketch a normal distribution with a mean of 150 cm and a standard deviation
of σ =30cm.
Step 2: The height of 140cm is one standard deviations below the mean. Shade below
that point.
Step 3: Add the percentages. in the shaded area:

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 120 130 140 150 160 170
180
0.15% + 2.35% + 13.5% = 16%
About 16% of these students have a height lower than 140 cm.
Step 4: Find how many students in the school that 16% represents.

16% 𝑜𝑓 500 = 0.16(500) = 80

About 80 students have a height lower than 140 cm.

Activity Proper

General Directions: In answering the exercises in the Learning Activity Sheet (LAS),
please be reminded not to write anything here. All answers must be written in a separate
sheet of paper. Read each problem carefully and answer it systematically. If a solution is
required, encircle your final answer.

Exercise 1: True or False. Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise.

1. The normal curve is bell-shaped.

2. The normal curve is asymmetrical about its center.
3. The mean, median and mode in a normal distribution have the same value.
4. The total area of the normal curve is 0.
5. The tails of the curve when extended touch the horizontal line.

Exercise 2: Illustrate the situation:

The Senior High School students had a 50-item quarterly examination in their Statistics and
Probability class. The scores are normally distributed with a mean of 38 and a standard deviation of
2.

a. Sketch a normal curve.

b. What percent of the scores are between 36 to 40?
c. What scores fall within 95% of the distribution?

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS No. 11)

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY ACTIVITY SHEET
Identifying Regions Under the Normal Curve Corresponding to
Different Standard Normal Values

Learning Competency with Code

Identifying regions under the normal curve corresponding to different standard normal
values (M11/12SP-IIIc-3)

VI. Background Information for Learners

In the previous lesson, you have learned about the normal curve and its properties. The
standard normal curve was also introduced. Here’s a more deeper explanation about it.

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 Fig. 1. Standard Normal Curve

A standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution that has a mean equal to
zero and its standard deviations is equal to 1. We call this standard deviations as z-scores.
The z-score or z-values are simply the areas under the normal curve. In this lesson, you will
learn to identify regions under the normal curve using a z-table. When we speak of region, we
are referring to the area of that region. (Z-table is provided at the back of this module.)

Examples:
Find the area that corresponds to each of the following z-values:
1. 𝑧 = 0.5
2. 𝑧 = −1.52

Example 1. 𝑧 = 0.5
Steps
1. Find the first two digits in Row 0.5.
2. Locate the third digit in Column 0.00
3. Take the area value at the intersection of
Row 0.5 and Column .00.

So, the area is

0.1915.

Example 2. 𝑧 = −1.52

Steps
1. Find the first two digits in Row 1.5.
2. Locate the third digit in Column 0.02.
3. Take the area value at the intersection of
Row 1.5 and Column .02.

Note:
When z is negative, we ignore the
negative sign and proceed with the same
steps. The negative sign tells us that the
value is at the left side of the mean.
Statistics andalways
Areas are Probability Learning
positive in value.Activity Sheets
 The area is 0.4357.

Example 3. Find the area greater than 𝒛 = 𝟏.

Steps Solution
1. Draw the normal curve indicating
the z-value and its corresponding
area.

2. Use the z-table to find the area that 𝑧 = 1 corresponds to an area of 0.3413.
corresponds to 𝑧 = 1.

3. Compute the area. Subtract the area from 0.5 to get the remaining
area.
0.5 − 0.3413 = 0.1587
Thus, the area greater than 𝑧 = 1 is 0.1587.

Example 4. Find the area less than 𝒛 = 𝟏.

Steps Solution
1. Draw the normal curve indicating
the z-value and its corresponding
area.

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 2. Use the z-table to find the area that 𝑧 = 1 corresponds to an area of 0.3413.
corresponds to 𝑧 = 1.

3. Compute the area. Add the area 0.5(half of the curve) and 0.3413.
0.5 + 0.3413 = 0.8413
Thus, the area less than 𝑧 = 1 is 0.8413.

Example 5. Compute the area that z is between -1 and -2.

Steps Solution
1. Draw the normal curve indicating
the z-value and its corresponding
area.

2. Use the z-table to find the area that 𝑧 = −1 corresponds to 0.3413

corresponds to 𝑧 = 1 , 𝑧 = 2. The
negative value simply indicates that
z-score is at the left side. The area
remains the same.

𝑧 = −2 corresponds to 0.4772

3. Compute the area. Subtract the areas to get the area between them.
0.4772 − 0.3413 = 0.1359
Thus, the area between -1 and -2 is 0.1359.

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 Activity Proper

General Directions: In answering the exercises in the Learning Activity Sheet (LAS),
please be reminded not to write anything here. All answers must be written in a separate
sheet of paper. Read each problem carefully and answer it systematically. If a solution is
required, encircle your final answer.

Exercise 1: Use the z-table to find the area that corresponds to each of the following and show it
using the normal curve.

1. 𝑧 = 0.36
2. 𝑧 = 1.68
3. 𝑧 = −1.8
4. = −2.5
5. 𝑧 = 2.77
6. 𝑧 = 3
7. 𝑧 = −3
8. 𝑧 = −2.3
9. 𝑧 = −1.9
10. 𝑧 = 1.96

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS No. 12)

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY ACTIVITY SHEET
Converting a Normal Random Variable to a Standard Normal Random Variable and Vice Versa

Learning Competency with Code

Converting a normal random variable to a standard normal random variable and vice versa
(M11/12SP-IIIc-4)

Background Information for Learners

The z-score is stated to be a measure of relative standing. It describes a value's

relationship to the mean of a group of values. A Z-score can reveal if a value is typical for a
specified data set or if it is atypical. Z-scores also make it possible for analysts to adapt scores
from various data sets to make scores that can be compared to one another more accurately.
Basically, a z-score gives you an idea how far a data is from the mean.

Z-scores are a way to compare results to a “normal” population. A lot of tests and
surveys reveal thousands of possible results and units; those results can often seem
meaningless. For example, knowing that someone’s height is 5 ft might be good information,
but if you want to compare it to the “average” person’s height, looking at a vast table of data
can be overwhelming. A z-score can tell you where that person’s weight is compared to the
average population’s mean height.

Most raw scores comprise large values, so for convenience, these raw scores are
converted to a more manageable scores known as z-scores. In this lesson, you will learn to
convert a normal random variable to a standard normal random variable (z-values) and vice
versa.

The formula for calculating z is:

𝑋−𝜇
𝑧= z-score for population data
𝜎

𝑋−𝜇
𝑧= z-score for sample data
𝑠

Example 1. Finding the z-value

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 Given the mean, 𝜇 = 30 and the standard deviation, 𝜎 = 4 of a population of scores in
Statistics and Probability. Find the z-value that corresponds to a score 𝑋 = 38.
Steps Solution
4. Write the given values. 𝜇 = 30, 𝜎 = 4, 𝑋 = 38
5. Substitute in the formula, 𝑧 =
𝑋−𝜇
. 38 − 30
𝜎 𝑧=
4
6. Compute the z-value. 8
𝑧= =2
4
Therefore, the z-value that
corresponds to the raw score 38 is 2 in a
distribution.

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
18 22 26 30 34 38 42

Example 2. Finding the raw score

Find the raw score in an aptitude test with 𝜇 = 80, 𝑠 = 15 and 𝑧 = 0.52.

Steps Solution
4. Modify the formula to solve for X. 𝑋 = 𝜇 + 𝑧𝜎
Since the given is sample, use 𝑠. 𝑋 = 𝜇 + 𝑧𝑠
5. Substitute in the formula. 𝑋 = 80 + (0.52)(15)
6. Compute the raw scores. 𝑋 = 80 + 7.8
𝑋 = 87.8
Thus, the raw score is 87.8 when 𝑧 =
0.52.
Example 3. Problem Solving
Suppose two of your friends, Ana and John took an entrance exam in different universities.
Ana’s score is 140 (𝜇 = 125, 𝜎 = 15) while John’s score is 90 (𝜇 = 80, 𝜎 = 5). Which among
them scored better than their peers?
Solution: To solve this problem, we need to standardize the two scores. Thus converting
them to z-scores.
Ana John
𝑋−𝜇 𝑋−𝜇
𝑧= 𝑧=
𝜎 𝜎
140 − 125 90 − 80
𝑧= 𝑧=
15 5
𝑧=1 𝑧=2

Therefore, John performed better than Ana.

Activity Proper

General Directions: In answering the exercises in the Learning Activity Sheet (LAS),
please be reminded not to write anything here. All answers must be written in a separate
sheet of paper. Read each problem carefully and answer it systematically. If a solution is

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets

 required, encircle your final answer.
Exercises:
A. Complete the table by filling the correct answers. Show your process in your paper.

𝑧 𝑥 𝜇 𝜎

___ 30 25 3.5

-2 ___ 69 15

___ 70 60 4

2.35 ___ 83 5

B. Problem Solving.
1. Zeleo and Zoey are close buddies who took a national achievement test. The mean score
and standard deviation are 120 and 10, respectively. If Zeleo obtained a z-score of 1.5 and
Zoey got -0.95 z-score. What were their scores in the examination? Who scored higher?

2. If the scores in a Statistics and Probability test are normally distributed with a mean of 35
and standard deviation of 4.5. What is the z-score for a score of 30?

Exercise 2: Determine each of the following areas shown graphically.

1. 3.

2. 4.

Statistics and Probability Learning Activity Sheets