Star 1

Map Reading Performance Objective

1. The army cadet must know how to use a topographical map. To achieve this aim he/she
must be given the tools to work with i.e. Map & Compass. Further, he must receive the
appropriate instructions, demonstrations and adequate practice.

2. To pass the Level 1 written test the cadet must be able to: -

a. Know the different types of maps and their uses.

b. Know how to care and maintain maps.

c. Marginal information on a map sheet and its conventional signs.

d. Grid coordinates, four and six figure references.

e. Introduction to the lightweight compass.

f. North points and bearings.

g. Setting the map by landmarks and compass.

h. Identification of shape of the ground from the contour lines on the map.

j. Measuring of distances.

This booklet is intended to cover the above areas.

Types of Maps and Their Use

Atlas Maps - These are very small - scale
In general, maps can be divided into maps showing countries, continents, or even
two classes: the world on a single sheet. They show
what are called geographical features - the
a. Those that record natural and man- shapes of the landmasses, mountain ranges
made features on the earth’s surface and large rivers. They also show political
and which may be used for finding features - international boundaries, large
your way around in a general or towns, and often main roads and railways.
detailed manner. Atlas maps are of very small scale and are
not suitable for map reading for cadet
b. Those that record other kinds of training purposes.
specific information in a variety of
ways. The name of the type of map Topographical Maps - are the maps with
will often indicate the use of the which map reading is mainly concerned.
map. They show, in as much detail as their scale
Atlas Maps and Topographical Maps allows, the physical features of the Ground

1
Rivers, streams, hills, valleys, woods, etc. Cadet Corps in Jamaica.
Their purpose is to present a complete and
accurate picture of the ground as it exists. Air Photo Maps – Are air photographs
produced in whatever scale is required?
Street Maps - These are large-scale maps They are grid to coincide with the map of
drawn in great detail. They therefore show the same coverage and as photographs are
streets, public buildings, churches, schools, used to show exact detail in its correct
parks, historical sites, libraries, and police relationship. They do not reflect contour
stations, etc. height and are of limited value for Cadet
Training.
Road Map - Show road networks
(highways, country roads, etc) cities and Statistical Maps – Show distribution of
towns. population, schools, hospitals, industry,
The mileage between points may be sewer and water distribution systems, etc.
indicated. Their use is limited to road They are used by persons who require the
movement. specific information they portray, i.e., city
engineers, city planners, politicians, etc.
Relief Maps – Are solid maps built up to
show an actual model of the ground? Map Scale – Maps are also referred to or
They are bulky and expensive in time and sub-divided by scale. Cadets will learn
money. about scales, but briefly, scale is the
relationship or ratio between distance on the
Outline Maps – are maps with only map and on the ground, i.e. 1:50,000 map
sufficient detail to indicate the general plan means that one unit of measure of the map is
of the country, e.g., rivers, main cities, etc. equal to 50,000 of the same units on the
They are use to record special information ground.
such as the location of units, e.g., all the

MAP READING

“STAR 1”

Care of Maps, Reliability & Marginal Information

Aim: The Aim of this section is to explain how a map should be looked after and how to
understand the basic information on it.

Care of Maps

Maps must be treated with care, otherwise they soon will become torn, dirty and creased
so they are unreadable. The correct way to fold a map is like a concertina.

2
FOLD THE MAP LENGTHWISE FOLD THE MAP LIKE A CONCERTINA

A map should be protected by either being kept folded in a plastic bag when not in use,
or being placed on a hard board and concealed with a transparent fablon type sheet. You should
avoid marking the maps; if it’s unavoidable a pencil should be used, making the mark as faint as
possible.

Reliability of Maps

What is a map? This as a representation of a piece of ground drawn to scale as if seen

from above. In simpler term we could say a map is virtually a birds eye view of the ground
drawn on paper. A map is absolutely accurate only at the time when it is drawn. If it is old,
many changes could have been made to the land.
Marginal Information

Before using a map, the first thing to do is to look at the information in the margins (the
area of paper surrounding the map). e.g. The name of the map, the scale, conventional signs,
magnetic variations etc.

*The information in the right hand margin ( Legend ) is self-explanatory.

1. Scale of the map

1 2 3 2. Name of the map
3. Sheet number
4. Legend & Abbreviations
4 5. Maker & Publisher
MAP 6. Sheet history
7. Sheet Number
8. Index to Sheets
5 9 9. Scale
10. Air Photography Flight Lines
6

3
 11. Info on Longitude & Latitude
12. Magnetic Variation
7
13. Grid Information 8 10 11 12 13
Conventional Signs

These are signs / symbols drawn on a map to represent permanent features / objects on the ground.

Map Scales

Aim: To teach cadets the meaning and use of map scale.

Because it is impossible to make a map the same size as the country it represents, every thing on the
map has to be reduced e.g. scaled down in fixed proportions. The method of expressing a scale is as a
representative fraction (RF) i.e. 1:50,000 – means – for every 1 unit on the map, represents 50,000 units on the
ground.

The Grid System

Aim: To explain the Grid System

The whole country is divided into squares. Which in turn are divided into progressively smaller
squares. For map reading purpose only the smaller squares is of concern to the cadet.

The map sheet is covered with a series of parallel lines called Easting & Nothings, which runs
horizontally & vertically.

Eastings

These are parallel lines, which run from north to south (vertically) and increase numerically from west
to east.

Northings

These are parallel lines, which runs from east to west (horizontally) and increase numerically from
south to north.

e.g. 05 Northings

04

03
Eastings
02

01

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Grid References

In giving a Grid Reference (GR)

a. A reference must always contain an even number of figures. E.g. 1121 or 114216

Four Figure Grid Reference

A count must always be made first along the lines from west to east and then from south to north. E.g.
you give easting then northings.

N
15 The GR. of this trig. Station is 3413.

14
To Check your answer ensure that you
13 are able to form a “L” around the
Location. If a “L” cannot be located
12 the reading will be incorrect.

11

10
30 31 32 33 34 35
 S

Six Figure Grid Reference

Before finding a six figure GR. you need to know how to find a four figure GR. A six figure GR. is
used to pin point a particular location on a map, while the four figure GR. shows a specific area.

To find a six figure GR.

a. Find the four figures GR.

b. Set the figures on a piece of paper with a space between the eastings and northings e.g. 34 – 13 –

c. You then make imaginary eastings & nothings lines within the four-figure squire, numbering them
0 – 10.
34 33 Where ever the new eastings & nothings
intersect the new numbers can be read.
9 e.g. The GR. Of the trig station is 34
8 7 13 6. These new numbers can be given
7 in the order of your entering an upstairs
6 house.
5
4
3
2
1
13 13

34 33

34 33 u
14 14 p

t
h
e 6
s
t
a
13 13 i
34 33 r
s
You go in the house and
 7
You would now write your six figure GR. for the as 347136.

Introduction to the light weight compass

(Silva Compass)

A. HOUSING

Description

The whole housing can be removed and replaced (not by cadets); also the housing is flat and milled
around its circumference for grip.

B. CALIBRATION

Most compasses are calibrated in degrees and mils although some Silva is calibrated in degrees only.
The Silva compass is calibrated with white figures on blue dial, the degrees outermost.

C. COMPASS NEEDLE

The Needle is red and white and is set in damping liquid.

The Compass is mounted at one end of a transparent plastic plate; the cod of the plate furthest away
from the compass is leveled. A scale in millimeters is shown along one of the long sides and a short
scale in inches on the adjacent side.

THE SILVA COMPASS

North Points & Bearings

AIM: To teach cadets the points of the compass and the meaning of a bearing.

North, South, East and West (N.S.E.W) are the four main points of the compass and are referred to as
the cardinal points. The intermediate points are northeast (NE), southeast (SE), southwest (SW) and northwest
(NW).

North Points

There are three north points:

a. True North - The actual direction of the geographical North Pole.

b. Grid North - The direction of the vertical grid lines on a map. For all
practical purposes true and grid north are the same.

c. Magnetic North The direction towards which the compass needle points
which is the magnetic north pole.

These are clearly shown in diagrammatic and word form in the marginal information of the map.
Bearings

A bearing is a method of indicating direction. It is the angle, measured in a clockwise direction,

between north and a line joining two known points.

N N

Q Z

PZ from NP
= 315 0

PQ from NP
= 45 0

A bearing is a horizontal angle fixing a direction in respect to north.

Setting the Map by Landmarks & Compass

AIM: To teach cadets two methods of setting a map.

Methods

Setting a map is pointing the map so that it coincides with the ground. There are two ways of setting
the map with accuracy.

i. Setting the map by landmarks:

a. Draw a line on the map between your present position (A) and a landmark on the map, which
can also be seen on the ground.

b. Rotate the map until the pencil line points at the landmark.

c. The map is now set, but not so accurately as if a compass were used. For greater accuracy use
this method with two landmarks.
 A
Setting the map by land mark

ii. Setting the map by compass

a. Lay the map on a flat surface.

b. Place the compass on the map, so that the direction of travel arrow lies on an easting
grid line.

c. While the compass remains on the grid line turn the map until the magnetic needle is in
line with the north arrow (orienting arrow) ensuring that the red section of the needle
points to “N”.

d. The map is now set.

Relief and Contours

AIM: To teach cadets how to understand the shape of the ground in terms of hills and valleys.

Relief

The term “Relief” describes the rise and fall of the ground (Hills & valleys). It is difficult to show on a
map, which is flat surface. Various methods are used to show relief and the most important is the contour.

Contours
These are thin lines drawn on the map. Usually brown red or orange in color. Each one of which joins
up points of the same height. The closer the contour lines, the steeper the hill, the more far apart thy are the
slope is gradual.
Contours which shows heights less than 80 m increase by 20 m, and contours which shows height more than
80 m increase by 40 m.

Convex & Concave slopes

Convex Slopes

A convex slope is one, which bulges outwards. If you are standing at the top of a convex slope you
will not be able to see all the way to the bottom because of the outward bulge, which would obscure your
vision. A convex slope is steep at the bottom and becomes gradual as you climb to the top.
Concave Slopes

A concave slope is one, which curves inwards. When standing at the top of the concave slope, you will
be able to see all the way down to the bottom. A concave slope is gradual at the bottom and gets steeper as
you climb to the top.

Spurs & Re-entrants

In both cases contours appear as a hairpin shape. Spurs and re-entrants appear to be similar on the
map. If no contour figures were shown it would be difficult to tell the difference between the two. If the bend
of the hairpin points to lower ground, it is a spur, but if the bend points to high ground, it is a re-entrant.
The figure below shows a simple hill feature:

Fig. A. Shows the hill from the side to show its elevation. The horizon lines show the “Slices”, or the path
followed in walking around the hill. Note that each slice mark is exactly the same distance vertically from its
neighbour. This is the vertical interval.

Fig. B. shows the same hill in perspective, as seen from an airplane and as would be visualized from reading
contours when further knowledge and experience of contour lines is developed.
Fig. C. Shows the same hill portrayed by the map conventional sign – contour lines. On a map, the contour
lines would be numbered to show the height of each “Slice” or path above sea level.

MEASURING DISTANCE ON A MAP

There are two ways of measuring distances on a map.

i. By range (or the crow flies)

ii. By road

i. By Range
 This is measured in meters or yards. To measure a distance by range is to measure from point A to B
in a straight line.

ii. By Road

This is measured in kilometers or miles. To measure the distance by road, it is very important to
follow the curves on the road between the two points (A & B).

After measuring the distance with the assistance of a strip of paper, the paper is then placed on the
correct scale to get an exact reading. (The actual distance in meters or kilometers/yards or miles).

Star 2

Map Reading Performance Objective

1. The army cadet must know the functions and application of maps and compasses. To achieve this aim
he/she must be given the tools to work with i.e. maps, protractor and compasses, further he/she must
receive appropriate instructions, demonstrations and adequate practice.

2. To pass the level 2 written test the cadet must be able to: -

a. Know about relief, vertical interval and how to calculate gradient.

b. Types of bearings.
 c. Calculate back bearing.

d. Measuring magnetic bearing with the light weight compass

e. Setting a compass for night march.

3. This booklet is intended to cover the above areas.

MAP READING
 “Star 2”

Vertical Interval (VI)

This is the rise between successive contour lines.

Horizontal Equivalent (HE)

This is the distance measured flat on the map, between adjacent contour lines. The width of the (HE)
depends on the ground represented. If a steep slope is shown, the contour lines will be drawn close together
(HE will be small), and if the slope is gradual the contour lines will be wide apart (HE will be larger).

Gradient

This is a slope expressed as a fraction. If a slope is said to have a gradient 1 in 5 (1/5), it means that
for every 5 meters of horizontal distance traveled, the slope rises or falls 1 metre vertically. It also shows the
smaller the horizontal distance, the steeper the slope.

1/5 is a very steep slope.

Gradient can be calculated on the map, using a simple formula: -

VI – Vertical Interval
HE – Horizontal equivalent

To Calculate:

VI – This is the difference between the highest and lowest contour.

HE – This is the distance between the two points by range.

Back Bearing VI=120M-20M

= 100 M

AIM: To teach cadets how to measure back bearings with a compass.

HE = Assume that the distance
A back bearing is the bearing taken from the observed point back onAthe
between & Boriginal position.
is 1600m. the If you are
standing at a church, and you take the bearing of a school 240’ then the bearing of
gradient would be the church from the sight

VI = 100 = 1/16
HE 1600

The gradient of AB is 1 in 16
would be 60’. All we did was to calculate the back bearing.

Calculations:

If a bearing is more than 180’ E.g. 240’ – 180’ = 60’

If a bearing is less than 180’ we add 180’ e.g. 60’ + 180’ = 240’

Types of Bearings

A map bearing is either a true bearing or a grid bearing. A field bearing is a magnetic bearing also
called a compass bearing.

i. Magnetic bearing:

This bearing is taken with a compass (an accurate compass needle always points to magnetic
north).

ii. Grid bearing:

This bearing is one measured on a map using a protractor.

iii. True bearing:

This cannot be measured direct, but must be calculated from one of the other two.

Measuring a magnetic bearing with the Light Weight Compass

i. Face the land mark (hill, building etc) on which you intend taking a bearing, either to plot on
your map, or go give you a course to follow.

ii. Hold your compass with the direction of travel arrow pointing to the actual landmark and level
enough to permit the needle to swing freely.

iii. Turn the dial of the housing, without changing the position of the whole compass, until the
orienting arrow in the housing is parallel with the magnetic needle and the red end is pointing to
the letter ‘N’.

iv. Now you can read on the dial at the index pointer the magnetic bearing to the actual landmark.

Conversion of Bearings (not for testing)

Magnetic Bearing – True Bearings

1. Find the magnetic bearing between the two points ‘A’ & ‘B’.

2. Draw a vertical line through ‘A’ to represent magnetic north. A next line is drawn from ‘A’ to ‘B’ to
represent the angle.
 MN

Ai. A Aii. A 160 0

3. Check the bottom of the map to find the magnetic variation, and then draw another line from ‘A’ to the
right or left of magnetic north to form true north. (Left or right or the position of TN from MN
depends on the magnetic variation). -

MN TN

MN TN 10 0

100 W
Magnetic 150 0
Variation
100W 160 0

Grid Bearing – Magnetic Bearing

1. Measure with a protractor on the map the bearing of a point ‘A’. from a point ‘X’.

2. Draw a vertical lien through ‘A’ to represent grid north, a next line is drawn from ‘A’ to ‘X’ to
represent the angle.

3. Check the bottom of the map to find the magnetic variation, and then draw another line from
‘A’ to the right or left of grid north to form magnetic north.

Setting a Compass for Night March

It may be necessary to march by night in the direction of a certain point, and as this point will
not be visible in darkness, it is necessary to march by night.
 Method

1. Take a magnetic bearing in daylight or a grid bearing from the map and convert it to a magnetic
bearing. *In Jamaica the variation is so small it would not affect our bearing, so we need not
convert.

2. Set the dial to the appropriate bearing at the line of travel (Direction of travel arrow), and turn
the whole compass until the north end of the compass needle (red) coincides with the letter ‘N’.

3. Hold the compass in front of you and march in the direction of the travel arrow. As long as the
needle and the north arrow coincide, the direction of travel arrow will remain on the required
bearing.

THE PROTRACTOR

A protractor is an instrument used for plotting and measuring bearings on the map. It is the essential
link between the compass and the map. For drawing or measuring bearings on the map, a protractor is now
described.

The protractor is usually made of cardboard. On the front face, round three edges of the protractor, are
graduated the 360 degrees of the circle. The degrees are marked clockwise, starting from the left-hand bottom
corner, and there is an inner and an outer set of figures. The outer set shows graduations from 0-degrees to
180 degrees—360 degrees, the inner set from 181 degrees. In the centre of the bottom edge, which is called
the zero edge, is a small arrowhead.

MEASURING A BEARING

Suppose that it is required to measure the bearing of the windmill at P from the church at A. The two
points are joined with a pencil line, and the protractor lay on the map so that the zero edge lies along the north
and south grid line on which the church is shown. To find the bearing, a reading is taken where the pencil line
cuts the graduated edge of the protractor. In this example the bearing is 110 degrees.

The following figure shows a bearing, which is more than 180-degrees. In the previous example, the
protractor was laid on the map facing to the right, and the bearing was read off the outer set of figures. In this
example the protractor is laid facing to the left and the inner set of figures gives the bearing as 225-degrees. If
the bearing is judged by eye before measuring there is no danger of subsequently reading the wrong set of
figures.

If the point from which the bearing is to be measured should lie between two grid lines, one of two methods
can be adopted. Either a pencil line can be drawn north and south through the point, parallel to the grid line,
and the protractor lay along this line, or if the point in question is fairly near a grid line, it can be judged by
eye that the edge of the protractor is lying parallel to the grid line.

It is not strictly necessary to lay the protractor on the actual point from which the bearing is required.
In practice the bearing can be measured at any one point where the pencil line joining the two objects crosses a
north and south grid line. In the fig. below, the bearing of Q from P could be measured equally well at A1, A2
or A3. The angle is the same in each case.

P A1

A2

A3

Example of measuring a bearing

All bearings measured or plotted on the map must be grid bearings, because the angle is measured from
the north and south grid lines.

The main use of the protractor is to measure angles and bearings, but a protractor also shows on both
its faces a number of the more common map scales. The respective scale lines are drawn out and divided into
primary and secondary divisions in exactly the same way as they are shown at the bottom of the map. Six
different scales are shown on the two faces, each with a variety of subdivisions, so that there is unlikely to be a
map on which distances cannot be measured with the service protractor.

The Army Service Protractor (diagram)

PREPARATION OF A ROUTE CARD

AIM:

1. To teach cadets how to prepare a route card and use it.

STORES

2. One Map and one compass between two cadets.

NOTES

3. Ensure that cadets have pencils and paper.

PRELIMINARIES

4. Draw a large-scale route card on the blackboard for demonstration purposes.

APPROACH

5. The construction of a route card is not only a necessity for patrol training and adventurous training but,
at the same time, is a method of putting into practice the measurement of distances and bearings which
have already been taught.

PREPARATION OF A ROUTE CARD

6. The purpose of a Route Card is to assist in navigation when moving across country. A Route Card
 should be used for Map Reading exercises, Patrol exercises and Adventurous Training expeditions, and
a copy should always be given to the adult in charge so that he knows the route selected by cadets if he
is not moving with them

7. Routes must be divided into “legs”; a “leg” is a route between two landmarks easily identifiable on the
map and ground.

8. The example of a Route Card Proforma below shows all the information, which must be included for a
long expedition across difficult country. Headings marked with an asterisk may be omitted on short
exercises and expeditions across easy country at the discretion of the adult responsible.

ROUTE CARD

COMMANDER……….START POINT ORS………*ETD (Estimated time of departure) ………

ROUTE……………………..FINISHING POINT GR………….ETA (Estimated time of arrival)………………

Remarks
From To Rearing Distance Landmarks
Location Grid Ref Location Grid Ref Grid Mag Hazards
 Star 3

Map Reading Performance Objective

1. This level is to train Senior Cadets the practical application of advanced

Map Reading.

To pass the level 3 written test, the cadet must be able to:-
a. Know how to determine whether it’s visible from point ‘A’ to ‘B’ by means
of intervisibility.

b. Know how to plot his position on the map.

c. Know how to calculate Distance, Speed and Time.

2. This booklet is intended to cover the above areas.

MAP READING

“STAR 3”

AIM: To train Senior Cadets in the practical application of more advanced Map Reading.

Intervisiability

This is the means by which, we use to find out, if we can see ‘B’ if we are standing at
‘A’.
 i. Section

a. Use a piece of paper to mark off the two points A & B.

b. Mark off all contour lines, which runs between the points.

c. After doing this exercise you make up a graph, and plot the position.

PROPORTIONATE SUM (Calculation)

‘B’ is the point of observation, and ‘AD’ is the peak of a hill 2400m away and 600m
high. At 1200m from ‘B’ there is another peak ‘CE’ 520m high. It is required from us to find
out whether or not this peak would obscure the view form ‘B’ to ‘A’. A proportion sum can be
used to decide this.
A

C
600m
520m
 B 1200m E D
2400m

Formulae:

Length of BE X the height of AD = the height middle peak ‘CE’ would have to be Length of
BD

*Small distance over big distance multiply by big height.

BE X AD = X :- 1200 X 600 = 300m

BD 2400

The equation shows that, just to reach the line of sight, ‘CE’ would have to be 300m
high. Actually ‘CE’ is 520m, which is grater than 300m, therefore it does obscure the line
sight.

On the map:

B ……..> This is the point of observation.

BD ……..> This is the distance between the two points.
AD …….> This is the height of the cliff you’re looking at.
BE …….> This is the distance between ‘B’ and ‘CE’.
CE …….> This is the height middle contour.

PLOTTING POSITION

In some parts of Jamaica the land is open and featureless, that it would not be possible
to identify one’s position on the map in the country way, (setting the map and noting the
respective positions of various prominent objects or natural feature in the vicinity and then
assuming your position based on how far or near you are to one of the objects or feature). In
these circumstances the following procedure is used.

A. Looking over the country from position P, two reasonably prominent objects M & N
are picked out and identify on the map. The two objects should, for preference, be fairly
far apart from one another. From one’s point at ‘P’, compass bearing are taken on the
two points:
 i. The bearing of ‘M’ from ‘P’ is 40 degrees therefore the back bearing of 40
degrees =220 degrees.

ii. The bearing of ‘N’ from ‘P’ is 295 degrees therefore the back bearing
of 295 degrees is, 295 degrees -180 degrees =115 degrees.

B. With a protractor 220 degrees and 115 degrees back bearings are plotted on the map
from the points M and N, and pencil lines drawn along the direction of the back bearings. The
point of intersection of the two lines gives one’s exact position ‘P’ on the map.

N M

i
ii
Back
Back Bearing of
Bearing of 220’
115’

B. P
SPEED, DISTANCE AND TIME

To calculate: we use a simple formulae:

Daylight
Saving Time > D
D ……….> Distance = SxT
S ………..> Speed = D*T S T
T ………..> Time = D*S

e.g: 1. D = 10 km The “Magic Triangle”

S = 5 km per hour

To find the time, it would take to travel 10 km at a speed of 5 km per hour, we would
calculate :- T = D/S 10/5 = 2 hrs.

e.g: 2. It took a cadet 3 hrs to travel from one point A to B at a speed of 2 km per hr.
What is the distance travelled?

(1) D = S X T (2) D = 3 hrs X 2 km per hr.

= 6 km

e.g: 3. How long would it take a cadet to travel 3 km at a speed of 5 km per hr.

T = D/S = 3/5 = .6

our answer would be .6 x 60 = 36 mins.

e.g: 4. An officer took 15 mins driving to travel a distance of 8 km. At what speed he
was driving?

S = D/T = 8 km/15 km = 0.53

our answer would be 0.53 x 60 =32 km per hr.

e.g: 5. It took two cadets 1 hr 15 mins to travel 2.5 km. At what speed were they
travelling?

S = D/T = 2.5 km/75 mins = 0.033

our answer would be 0.033 x 60 = 2 km per hr to check your answer we calculate

T =2.5/2 = 1.25 x 60 = 75 = 1 hr 15 mins

In example 3, 4 and 5, it is observed that we multiply our first calculations by 60. This
was done because “minutes” were involved in the problem.

In example 3 the cadet was travelling at a speed of 5 km per hour and the distance he had to
travel was 3 km. Just by looking at the question would notice that it would take the cadet
minutes to cover the distance. The calculation gave us a .6 answer. .6 of an hour would be .6 x
60 = 36mins.

In example 4 the time was given in minutes after calculating the figures read 0.53. To
find the speed in this case we simply multiply by 60.
 Eg 6. A cadet travelling at a speed of 2 km per hr took 1 hr and 15 mins to reach his
destination. What is the distance he travelled?

S = S x T = 2 x 75 (60 min + 15 min) = 150

our answer would be 150/60 = 2.5 km

Because minutes were used in the calculation we had to divide our answer by 60 to find
the distance.

A note for the Instructor

After cadets have been taught how to calculate speed, distance and time. This question
can be given to prove how much they have learnt.

Eg 7

A cadet lives 44 km from his school, he has a bicycle which can travel at a speed of 6 km p/h.
School start at 0800 at what time should he leave home in order to reach school 5 mins before
school starts.
Step 1

Calculate the time it would take the cadet to travel to school.

T =D =44 =7.3
S 6
7(.3 x 60) = 7hrs 18mins

Step 2

He needs to reach school 5 min before 8 am which is

H Min
8 00
 05
7 55

Step 3

To find out what time the cadet should leave home we subtract.

H Min
7 55
7 18
0. 37

Therefore the cadet would have to leave home at 0073 in order to reach school at 0075.