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Instrumentation 1

Instrumentation is the use of measuring instruments to monitor and control processes. It involves measuring variables like flow, temperature, level, and pressure. An instrument contains a primary element that interacts with the measured medium, a secondary element that converts the primary element's motion, and a functioning element like an indicator that transmits the measured value. Instruments are classified by their operation mode, power source, arrangement of elements, and type of equilibrium with the medium. Instrumentation in plants offers greater safety, better product quality, and operational economy through automated monitoring and control of processes.

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mohamed shahid
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77 views22 pages

Instrumentation 1

Instrumentation is the use of measuring instruments to monitor and control processes. It involves measuring variables like flow, temperature, level, and pressure. An instrument contains a primary element that interacts with the measured medium, a secondary element that converts the primary element's motion, and a functioning element like an indicator that transmits the measured value. Instruments are classified by their operation mode, power source, arrangement of elements, and type of equilibrium with the medium. Instrumentation in plants offers greater safety, better product quality, and operational economy through automated monitoring and control of processes.

Uploaded by

mohamed shahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INSTRUMENTATION

INSTRUMENTATION

• It is the use of measuring instruments to monitor and control a


process.

• It is the art and science of measurement and control of process


variables within a production, laboratory or manufacturing area.
INSTRUMENT
• An instrument is a device that measures or manipulates process
physical variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure
etc.

• An instrument may be defined as a machine or system which


is designed to maintain functional relationship between
prescribed properties of physical variables & could include
means of communication to human observer.
Measurement

Measurement is defined as the experimental process of


obtaining/acquiring any quantitative information.

• When doing a measurement, there involves a quantitative


comparison between a predefined standard & an unknown
magnitude.

• Measurand : A physical quantity, property or condition to be


measured
FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF AN
INSTRUMENT
FUNCTIONS OF AN INSTRUMENT

1) Transmitting: The instrument is intended to convey information


concerning the measured quantity over some distance to a remote
point. The value of the measured quantity may never be made
known, because it may be used for some other purpose.

• Eg : Telephone
2) Signalling: Where the instrument only indicates the general value or
a range of values of its measured quantity.
• Eg: Some grocer’s scales, show only that the weight is too little or too
great.
• Visual or audible alarm

3) Registering: In which the instrument merely indicates, by numbers or


some other symbol of discrete increments, the value of some quantity.
• Eg: A cash register and certain water meters only register incremental
quantities.
4) Indicating: In which instrument provides some kind of calibrated
scale and pointer. The value of the quantity may be read on the scale
to any fraction within the limitations of the instruments and the human
eye.
• Eg: Most clocks, speedometer, ammeter, voltmeter, etc.

5) Recording: In which instrument makes a written record, usually on


paper, of the value of the measured quantity against some other
variable or against time.
FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT

1) Primary element: It is the part of the instrument that utilizes energy


from the measured medium to produce a condition representing the
value of the measured variable.

2) Secondary element: It merely converts the motion produced by the


primary element into a condition useful to the function of the
instrument.
3) Manipulation element: It performs given operation on the
condition produced by the secondary element. The manipulation
element sometimes precedes the secondary element.

4) Functioning element: It simply denote the part of an instrument


used for transmitting, signaling, registering, indicating or
recording.
CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS

I. According to mode of operation

1. Automatic: The services of an operator are not required in


fulfilling its function (more preferred – operating cost less and
dynamic response faster)

Eg: Mercury-in-glass thermometer

2. Manual: Require a skilled operator

Eg: Resistance thermometer with a wheatstone bridge


II. According to power needed for operation

1. Self operated: Themselves generate the power required for their


operation

Eg: Mercury-in-glass thermometer drive its power wholly from the


thermal expansion of mercury.

2. Power operated: Require a source of auxiliary power, such as


compressed air, electricity, hydraulic supply, or a mechanical
source of power.

Eg: Resistance thermometers and thermistors


III. According to their arrangement

1. Self contained: All parts of the instrument from primary


element to indicating element are contained in one physical
assembly.

Eg: Mercury-in-glass thermometer

2. Remote indicating: The primary element is located


hundreds of feet from the secondary element. The indicating
element may also be remotely located.

Eg: Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)


IV. According to type of equilibrium

1. Contact type: The sensing element of the instrument contacts


the control medium for the measurements. A physical
equilibrium is reached between the medium and instrument by
direct contact.

Eg: Contact thermometer like thermocouple and thermistor

2. Non contact type: The sensor does not contact the control
medium. A medium or air gap will be there between
measurement media and instrument.

Eg: Radiation pyrometer/Infrared pyrometer


Questions

1) Instrumentation in a plant offers the advantage of

(a) Greater safety of operation

(b) Better quality of product

(c) Greater operation economy

(d) All (a), (b), and (c)


2) The -------- of a vapour pressure thermometer is a secondary
element.

(a) Pointer (b) Bourdon tube

(c) Bulb (d) none of these


3) The -------- of a vapour pressure thermometer is a functioning
element.

(a) Pointer (b) Bourdon tube

(c) Bulb (d) none of these


4) The -------- of a vapour pressure thermometer is a primary
element.

(a) Pointer (b) Bourdon tube

(c) Bulb (d) none of these


5) In a vapor pressure thermometer, the corrector plate is the ------
element.

(a) Manipulating (b) primary

(c) Functioning (d) secondary


6) Which of the following temperature measuring instruments need not
touch the object whose temperature is being measured?

(a) Radiation/infrared pyrometer

(b) Filled system thermometer

(c) Mercury in glass thermometer

(d) Thermistor

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