Grade 8

Activity Sheets
Quarter 3 Week 1-2
Name: Shinjiro P. Oda

Grade/Section: 8 - Sampaguita

Date: _______________
02/09/22
Total Score: 0

Mathematical System
Learning Competency: Describes a mathematical system (M8GE-IIIa-1)

Concept:
Mathematical System
A mathematical system has four components: undefined terms, defined

terms, axioms or postulates and theorems. These are valid statements which

are used to prove situations in geometry. A mathematical system is best

illustrated by the diagram shown:

Undefined Terms

Defined Terms
Mathematical
System
Axioms / Postulates

Theorems

A. Undefined Terms

The three undefined terms in geometry are: point, line, and plane.

These are classified as undefined because they do not fit into any set or

category that has been previously determined. These three undefined terms

are called the building blocks of geometry.

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1
 • A point is the most basic term of all geometric concepts. It has

only a location. It has no size but can be modeled by a dot. A

point is named using a capital letter.

• A line is a set of points. It is straight. It has infinite length but has

no thickness. A thin wire or a strand of hair is physical model of a

line. It is named by a single lowercase script letter or by any two

points on the line.

• A plane has length and width but no thickness. It is a flat surface

that extends infinitely along its length and its width. You can think

of it as an infinite sheet of paper. A plane is named by a single script

capital letter or by any three noncollinear points.

B. Defined Terms

In geometry, defined terms are terms which have a formal definition.

The definition may consist of undefined terms and other geometric terms.

There are four characteristics of a good definition:

1. It names the term being defined.

2. It places the term into a set or category.

3. It distinguishes itself from other terms in that category.

4. It is reversible.

Examples of defined terms are:

• Collinear points are three or more points that lie on the same

line.

• Coplanar points are points that lie on the same plane.

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 • Perpendicular Lines are two lines that intersect to form right

angles.

• Supplementary Angles are two angles whose measures give a sum

of 180°.

C. Postulates and Axioms

Postulates and axioms are basically the same thing. These are

mathematical statements or conjectures that are accepted without proof.

Postulates are statements which are geometry related. These are

statements about geometric figures and relationships between different

geometric figures.

Examples of Postulates are:

• Points-Existence Postulate

Space contains at least four noncoplanar points.

Every plane contains at least three non-collinear points.

• Straight Line Postulate

Two points are contained in one and only one line.

• Plane Postulate

Three noncollinear points are contained in one and only

one plane.

Axioms are sometimes called algebraic postulates and are mostly

statements about real numbers. These are from other branches in

Mathematics aside from Geometry.

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3
 Examples of Axioms are the Axioms of Equality:

• Reflexive Property of Equality

For all real numbers a, a = a.

• Symmetric Property of Equality

For all real numbers a and b, if a = b then b = a.

• Transitive Property of Equality

For all numbers a and b and c, if a = b then b = c then a = c.

D. Theorems

A theorem is a statement that flows logically from previous definitions

and principles. It is a statement that needs proof which are based on

definitions, axioms or postulates, other theorems, and a set of logical

connectives.

Examples of Theorems are:

• Pythagorean Theorem

The square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to

the sum of the squares of the other two sides.

• Linear Pair Theorem

If two angles form a linear pair, then they are

supplementary.

• Vertical Angles Theorem

Vertical angles are congruent.

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 Each of these components will be discussed further in the succeeding

modules.

Activity: Crossword Puzzle

Refer to the clues given below to answer this puzzle.

13
L
I
1 12
C O P L A N A R
E E
2 14
C O L L I N E A R V
P E
9 3 10
P S U P P L E M E N T A R Y
O N N T
S D D I
4 _ 11
T L I N E A R P A I R C
15
U F L C D A
5
L P O I N T A U E L
A N N L F
6 7
T H E O R E M S E A X I O M S
E D R N
8
S P A C E E
D
ACROSS: (Note: _ means space
between two words.)
1. lines or points that lie on the same plane

2. points that lie on the same line

3. a pair of angles whose measures add up to 180°

4. _____ theorem is a theorem which states that “if two angles form a

linear pair, then they are supplementary”.

5. It can be modelled by a dot.

6. statements that need to be proven

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 7. statements which are accepted without proof and are sometimes

called algebraic postulates

8. contains at least four noncoplanar points

DOWN

9. statements which are accepted without proof and are geometry-

related

10. terms which do not fit into previously determined categories

11. an undefined term which has length and width but no thickness

12. two intersecting lines that form a right angle

13. can be represented by a strand of hair

14. _____ Angles Theorem states that “vertical angles are

congruent”.

15. terms which follow a formal definition

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Reference:
1. Abuzo, Emmanuel P., Merden L. Bryant, Jem Boy B. Cabrella, et.
al. Mathematics – Grade 8 Learner’s Module. Quezon City: Book
Media Press, Inc. 2013.
2. Nivera, Gladys C. Grade 8 Mathematics: Patterns and Practicalities.
Makati City: Don Bosco Press. 2018.
3. Sparknotes. “Geometry: Axioms and Postulates”.
http://www.sparknotes.com/math/geometry/axiomsandpostulate
s/summary/ (accessed July 23, 2021)
4. Recio, Jayvee. “The Mathematical System in Geometry”. Hugot
Sipnayan. https://youtube/RAc8hDkAWu0 (accessed July 17,
2021)

Myrell P. Dumigsi Abshalom P. Legaspi

Writer Layout Artist
Digos City National High School Goma NHS

R-Jhon C. Alag
Evaluator
Digos City National High School

Learning Materials are for nonprofit educational purposes which are exclusively used for
Schools Division of Digos City only. Copies are not for sale.

7
 Answer Key

For teachers use only (Separate sheets)

Myrell P. Dumigsi Abshalom P. Legaspi

Writer Layout Artist
Digos City National High School Goma NHS

R-Jhon C. Alag
Evaluator
Digos City National High School

Learning Materials are for nonprofit educational purposes which are exclusively used for
Schools Division of Digos City only. Copies are not for sale.

8
Name: Shinjiro P. Oda

Grade/Section: 8 - Sampaguita

Date: _______________
02/09/22
Total Score: 0

Undefined Terms
Learning Competency: Illustrates the need for an axiomatic structure of a
mathematical system in general, and in Geometry in particular: (a) defined
terms; (b) undefined terms; (c) postulates; and (d) theorems.
(M8GE-IIIa-c-1 Part 1)

Concept:

Undefined terms are classified as such because they do not fit into any

set or category that has been previously determined. The three undefined

terms are point, line, and plane. These terms are called the building blocks of

geometry.

• A point is the most basic term of all geometric concepts. It has only a

location. It has no size but can be modeled by a dot. A point is named

using a capital
A letter.

• •A point A
B• •B point B

• A line is a set of points. It is straight. It has infinite length but has no

thickness. A thin wire or a strand of hair are physical models of a line.

It is named by a single lowercase script letter or by any two points on

the line. N
● p
M
● ⃡MN line MN

line p

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 Subsets of a Line:

1. Line Segment

A line segment is a subset of a line which contains two distinct

endpoints. It is finite and therefore, can be measured. It is named

using its
A two endpoints. B

̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 segment AB

2. Ray

A ray has exactly one endpoint – which is called its origin, and

an arrowhead in the other indicating that it extends infinitely in

the other direction. Rays are infinite and therefore, cannot be

measured. It is named using two points which starts with the

endpoint. ●
C D
𝐶𝐷 ray CD

● 𝐹𝐸 ray FE
E F

• A plane has length and width but no thickness. It is a flat surface that

extends infinitely along its length and its width. You can think of it as

an infinite sheet of paper. A plane is named by a single script capital

letter or by any three noncollinear points.

A XYZ plane XYZ

X• Z•
plane A
•Y

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Example 1:

Which undefined term is represented by the following objects?

Representation Undefined Term

1. floor plane

2. a grain of rice point

3. electric wire line

4. tip of a pen point

5. edge of the
line
table

Example 2:

Name the given line in different ways. Identify and name all of its line

segments and rays. K I N D

● ● ● ●
p

a. Names of the line:

• ⃡KI • ⃡IK • ⃡IN • ⃡NI • line p

• ⃡KN • ⃡NK • ⃡ID • ⃡DI

• ⃡
KD • ⃡
DK • ⃡
ND • ⃡
DN

b. Names of line segments:

• ̅̅̅
KI • ̅̅̅
IK • ̅̅̅
IN • ̅̅̅
NI

• ̅̅̅̅
KN • ̅̅̅̅
NK • ̅̅̅
ID • ̅̅̅
DI

• ̅̅̅̅
KD • ̅̅̅̅
DK • ̅̅̅̅
ND • ̅̅̅̅
DN

c. Names of rays:

• KI • IK • IN • NI

• KN • NK • ID • DI

• KD • DK • ND • DN

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Example 3:

Draw and label a figure for each condition:

1. Point B lies in ⃡GD

Answer:
G B D
● ● ●

2. ⃡MD does not contain point P.

Answer: P

D
M

⃡ and point G.
3. Plane NPG contains NP

Answer:
G

N
P
Activity 1:

Write all the possible names of the line, its segments, and its rays.

Line
A K Y Line Ray
● ● ● Segment
z
AK AK AK

AY AY AY

KY KY KY

KA KA KA

YA YA YA

YK YK YK

line z

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Activity 2:

Write your answer on a sheet of paper, then take a photo of it and

upload in the box below.

Illustrate the following conditions:

1. ⃡CN and ⃡HM intersect at point A.

2. Plane R contains ⃡KD.

3. Point U lies in ⃡SN.

4. XY is perpendicular to ⃡AB at X.

5. Line m contains points R and Y but not point N.

TAP TO
UPLOAD
YOUR
ANSWER

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References:
1. Abuzo, Emmanuel P., Merden L. Bryant, Jem Boy B. Cabrella, et. al.
Mathematics – Grade 8 Learner’s Module. Quezon City: Book Media
Press, Inc. 2013.
2. Nivera, Gladys C. Grade 8 Mathematics: Patterns and Practicalities.
Makati City: Don Bosco Press. 2018.
3. Recio, Jayvee. “Undefined Terms in Geometry (Axiomatic System)”.
Hugot Sipnayan. https://youtube/FYJIELNuph8 (accessed July 17,
2021)

Myrell P. Dumigsi Abshalom P. Legaspi

Writer Layout Artist
Digos City National High School Goma NHS

R-Jhon C. Alag
Evaluator
Digos City National High School

Learning Materials are for nonprofit educational purposes which are exclusively used for
Schools Division of Digos City only. Copies are not for sale.

14
 Answer Key

For teachers use only (Separate sheets)

B X A
• • •
Y
• R
m • 5. 4.
• Y
• N

•M
C
N U D •
• • S • K • A
• • N
3. R 2. • • 1.
H

Activity 2:

line z

YK YK
̅̅̅̅ YK
⃡

YA YA
̅̅̅̅ YA
⃡

KA KA
̅̅̅̅ ⃡KA

KY KY
̅̅̅̅ KY
⃡

AY AY
̅̅̅̅ AY
⃡

AK AK
̅̅̅̅ ⃡AK

Ray Line Segment Line

Activity 1:

Myrell P. Dumigsi Abshalom P. Legaspi

Writer Layout Artist
Digos City National High School Goma NHS

R-Jhon C. Alag
Evaluator
Digos City National High School

Learning Materials are for nonprofit educational purposes which are exclusively used for
Schools Division of Digos City only. Copies are not for sale.

15
Name: Shinjiro P. Oda

Grade/Section: 8 - Sampaguita

Date: _______________ Total Score: 0

Defined Terms
Learning Competency: Illustrates the need for an axiomatic structure of a
mathematical system in general, and in Geometry in particular: (a) defined
terms; (b) undefined terms; (c) postulates; and (d) theorems.
(M8GE-IIIa-c-1 Part 2)

Concept:

In geometry, defined terms are terms which have a formal definition.

The definition may consist of undefined terms and other geometric terms.

The following are some basic terms in geometry and their definitions:

• Definition of Collinear Points

Points are collinear if they lie on the same line.

● ●
● ● C
D
A B
Points A, B, C, and D are collinear.

• Definition of Coplanar Points / Line

Points / Lines are coplanar if they lie on the same plane.

● P
●
E G Points E, F, G, and H
● ●H are coplanar.
F

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 • Definition of Parallel Lines

Lines are parallel if they are coplanar and do not intersect.

Symbol: ∥
m P

n
line m ∥ line n

• Definition of Perpendicular Lines

Two lines that intersect to form right angles are called perpendicular

lines.
n
Symbol: ⊥ m

line m ⊥ line n

• Definition of a Midpoint

Midpoint is a point on a line segment that divides it into two equal

parts. It is the halfway point of a line segment.

If points P, Q, and R are collinear

● ● ● and Q is the midpoint of ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑅, then
P Q R
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑚𝑃𝑅
𝑚𝑃𝑄 ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑃𝑅
̅̅̅̅ or 𝑃𝑄 ̅̅̅̅.

• Definition of Angle

An angle is the figure formed by two rays with a common endpoint.

Types of Angles according to Measure:

▪ Acute Angle – is an angle whose measure is less than 90°.

▪ Right Angle – is an angle whose measure is exactly 90°.

▪ Obtuse Angle – is an angle whose measure is more than 90° but

less than 180°.

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 ▪ Straight Angle – is an angle whose measure is exactly 180°.

▪ Reflex Angle – is an angle whose measure is more than 180°

but less than 360°.

Types of Angle Groupings:

▪ Adjacent Angles – are two angles with a common vertex and a

common side.
M
●
●H
A ● ∠𝑀𝐴𝐻 and ∠𝑇𝐴𝐻 are adjacent
T

angles.

▪ Linear Pair – are two adjacent angles with their common sides

forming a straight line.

Y
●
● ● ∠𝑉𝑋𝑌 and ∠𝑊𝑋𝑌 are vertical angles.
V X W

▪ Vertical Angles – are two non-adjacent angles with a common

vertex formed by two intersecting lines.

N
M ∠𝑀 and ∠𝑁 are vertical angles.

▪ Supplementary Angles – is a pair of angles whose measures

have a sum of 180°.

∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∠𝑋𝑌𝑍 are supplementary angles if 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + 𝑚∠𝑋𝑌𝑍 =

180°.

▪ Complementary Angles – is a pair of angles whose measures

have a sum of 90°.

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 ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∠𝑋𝑌𝑍 are supplementary angles if 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + 𝑚∠𝑋𝑌𝑍 =

90°.

• Definition of Angle Bisector

An angle bisector is a ray that divides an angle into two congruent

angles.

If 𝑄𝑆 bisects ∠𝑃𝑄𝑅, then 𝑚∠𝑃𝑄𝑆 = 𝑚∠𝑆𝑄𝑅

P ●
● or ∠𝑃𝑄𝑆 ≅ ∠𝑆𝑄𝑅
S
Q ● 𝑄𝑆 is an angle bisector.
R
• Definition of Segment Bisector

A segment bisector is a point, a line, a ray or another segment that

divides a segment into two congruent parts.

F ● ̅̅̅̅, then m𝐺𝐸

⃡ bisects 𝐺𝐻 ̅̅̅̅ = 𝑚𝐸𝐻
̅̅̅̅
If 𝐸𝐹
● ● ●
G E H or ̅̅̅̅
𝐺𝐸 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐻 .
⃡𝐸𝐹 is a segment bisector.

• Definition of Perpendicular Bisector

A perpendicular bisector is a line, a ray, or a segment that is

perpendicular to a segment and divides it into two congruent parts.

● F
̅̅̅̅, then 𝐸𝐹 ⊥ 𝐺𝐻
If 𝐸𝐹 bisects 𝐺𝐻 ̅̅̅̅ and
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑚𝐸𝐻
𝑚𝐺𝐸 ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐸𝐻
̅̅̅̅ or 𝐺𝐸 ̅̅̅̅ .
● ● ●
G E H 𝐸𝐹 is a perpendicular bisector.

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Example 1:

Illustrate the following and complete each statement by providing the correct

symbol or names:

a) Two lines, ⃡𝐾𝑀 and ⃡𝑃𝐷, are perpendicular to each other. ⃡𝐾𝑀 _____ ⃡𝑃𝐷

Illustration: ●P
K M
● ●
⊥ ⃡𝑃𝐷
⃡𝐾𝑀 _____
●D

b) 𝐴𝐼 bisects ∠YAN such that _____ ≅ _____.

Illustration:
Y● ● I
∠𝒀𝑨𝑰 ≅ ______
______ ∠𝑵𝑨𝑰
A ●
N

Example 2:

Complete the statement and give the correct reason (definition) that justifies

your answer.

̅̅̅̅̅, then _____ ≅ _____ .

a) If P is the midpoint of 𝑀𝑁

Answer:

If P is the midpoint of 𝑀𝑁 ̅̅̅̅̅

̅̅̅̅̅, then _____ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑴𝑷 ≅ _____
𝑵𝑷 .

Reason: Definition of a Midpoint

b) If ̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝐾 is perpendicular to ̅̅̅̅
𝑌𝑁 and bisects ̅̅̅̅
𝑌𝑁 at point K, then _____ ≅

_____ .

Answer:

If ̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝐾 is perpendicular to ̅̅̅̅
𝑌𝑁 and bisects ̅̅̅̅
𝑌𝑁 at point K, then

_____
𝒀𝑲 ≅ _____
̅̅̅̅ 𝑵𝑲 .
̅̅̅̅̅

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 Reason: Definition of a Perpendicular Bisector

c) If the measure of ∠1 is 140°, then ∠1 is a/an _______________.

Answer:

obtuse angle
If the measure of ∠1 is 140°, then ∠1 is a/an _______________.

Reason: Definition of an Obtuse Angle

Activity 1:

Arrange the scrambled letters to form the term being defined.

Vertical angles
_______________ 1. These are two non-adjacent angles formed by two

intersecting lines. (eavltric lsnage)

Reflex angle
_______________ 2. It is an angle whose measure is greater than 180° but

less than 360°. (eferlx genal)

midpoint
_______________ 3. It is a point on a line segment that divides it into two

equal parts. (tompdnii)

collinear
_______________ 4. These are points which lie on the same line. (erlciaonl)
linear pair
_______________ 5. These are tow adjacent angles whose common sides form

a straight line. (renial irap)

angle bisector
_______________ 6. It divides an angle into two congruent angles. (glean

coebtsri)
perpendicular lines
_______________ 7. These are two intersecting lines that form right angles.

(elnipprdacrue neils)
segment bisector
_______________ 8. It is a segment, a ray, or a line that divides a segment

into two congruent parts. (mentesg irtcosbe)

angle
_______________ 9. It is a figure formed by two rays with a common

endpoint. (naleg)

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supplementary angles
_______________ 10. Two angles whose measures add up to 180°.

(alumsneeppryt gleans)

Activity 2:
Complete the statement and provide the correct reason to justify your

answer.
supplementary angles
1. If ∠A = 50° and ∠B = 40°, then ∠A and ∠B are _______________.
Two Angles are Supplementary when they add up to 180 degrees.
Reason: ___________________________________

2. If points M, N and P lie on the same plane, then they are

collinear
_______________.
point lying in the same straight line.
Reason: ___________________________________
AC BC
̅̅̅̅ at C, then _____ ≅ _____.
3. If 𝐶𝐷 bisects 𝐴𝐵
because it is a segment bisector
Reason: ___________________________________
a linear pair
4. If ∠ABC and ∠CBD form a straight line, then they are _______________.
a pair of adjacent angles formed when two lines intersect
Reason: ___________________________________
∠ NPM ∠ LPM
5. If 𝑃𝑀 bisects ∠NPL, then _____ ≅ _____.
line segment that divides the angle into two equal parts
Reason: ___________________________________

Activity 3: Write your answer on a sheet of paper, then a photo it and

upload it in the box below.

Illustrate the following statements.

1. ∠WXV and ∠YXZ are vertical angles. 2. ⃡𝐺𝐻 is parallel to ⃡𝐽𝐾 .

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22
References:
1. Abuzo, Emmanuel P., Merden L. Bryant, Jem Boy B. Cabrella, et. al.
Mathematics – Grade 8 Learner’s Module. Quezon City: Book Media
Press, Inc. 2013.
2. Nivera, Gladys C. Grade 8 Mathematics: Patterns and Practicalities.
Makati City: Don Bosco Press. 2018.
3. Recio, Jayvee. “Undefined Terms in Geometry (Axiomatic System)”.
Hugot Sipnayan. https://youtube/3LpYaFTRdpw (accessed July 17,
2021)

Myrell P. Dumigsi Abshalom P. Legaspi

Writer Layout Artist
Digos City National High School Goma NHS

R-Jhon C. Alag
Evaluator
Digos City National High School

Learning Materials are for nonprofit educational purposes which are exclusively used for
Schools Division of Digos City only. Copies are not for sale.

23
 24
Schools Division of Digos City only. Copies are not for sale.
Learning Materials are for nonprofit educational purposes which are exclusively used for
Digos City National High School
Evaluator
R-Jhon C. Alag
Goma NHS Digos City National High School
Layout Artist Writer
Abshalom P. Legaspi Myrell P. Dumigsi
Activity 1: Activity 2:
1. vertical angles 1. supplementary angles
2. refelex angle Definition of Supplementary Angles
3. midpoint 2. collinear
4. collinear Definition of Collinear Points
5. linear pair 3. 𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐵𝐶
6. angle bisector Definition of a Segment Bisector
7. perpendicular lines 4. linear pair
8. segment bisector Definition of a Linear Pair
9. angle 5. ∠𝑁𝑃𝑀 ≅ ∠𝐿𝑃𝑀
10. supplementary angles Definition of an Angle Bisector
Activity 3:
(Illustrations may vary)
For teachers use only (Separate sheets)
Answer Key
Name: Shinjiro P. Oda

Grade/Section: 8 - Sampaguita

Date: _______________ Total Score: 0

Postulates and Axioms

Learning Competency: Illustrates the need for an axiomatic structure of a
mathematical system in general, and in Geometry in particular: (a) defined
terms; (b) undefined terms; (c) postulates; and (d) theorems.
(M8GE-IIIa-c-1 Part 3)

Concept:

Postulates and axioms are basically the same thing. These are

mathematical statements or conjectures that are accepted without proof.

Postulates are statements which are geometry – related while Axioms are

from other branches in Mathematics aside from Geometry.

Some Basic Postulates:

a. Points – Existence Postulates

• Every line contains at least two points.

• Every plane contains at least three non-collinear points.

• Space contains at least four noncoplanar points.

b. Line Postulate

For every two points, there is exactly one line that contains both

points. ● ●
V W

c. Plane Postulates

• Any three non-collinear points lie in at least one plane.

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 • Any three points are always coplanar.

● H R
● J ●K

d. Flat – Plane Postulate

If two points are in a plane, then the line containing the points

is in the same plane.

M P
● N
●

e. Line – Intersection Postulate

If two lines intersect, then their intersection is a point.

N
●
b
a

f. Plane – Intersection Postulate

If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

Source:
https://quizlet.com/501505714
/math-1-ch-9-reasoning-and-
proofs-flash-cards/

g. Segment Addition Postulate

If points P, Q, and R are collinear and Q is between points P and

R, then PQ + QR = PR.

6 cm 4 cm PQ + QR = PR
● ● ●
P Q R 6 cm + 4 cm = 10 cm
PR = 10 cm

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 h. Angle Addition Postulate

If point S lies in the interior of ∠𝑃𝑄𝑅, then m∠𝑃𝑄𝑆 + m∠𝑆𝑄𝑅 =

m∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 P S
● ●
m∠𝑃𝑄𝑆 + m∠𝑆𝑄𝑅 = m∠𝑃𝑄𝑅
Q ●
94° R 94° + 48° = 132°
48°
m∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 132°

i. Right Angle Postulate

All right angles are congruent.

90° 90°
90°

Example A:

Complete the “then” statement and state the postulate that will justify each

statement.

1. If ∠𝑅𝐴𝑀 and ∠𝐻𝐴𝑀 are adjacent angles, then _____ + _____ = m∠RAH

Answer: then __________

m∠𝑹𝑨𝑴 + __________
m∠𝑯𝑨𝑴 = m∠RAH

Reason: Angle Addition Postulate

2. If points D and R are in plane B, then ________ is in plane B.

⃡𝑫𝑹 is in plane B
Answer: then _______

Reason: Flat – Plane Postulate

Some Basic Axioms:

▪ Properties of Equality by Equivalence Relation

a. Reflexive Property of Equality

A number equals itself.

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 ▪ For all real numbers a, a = a

b. Symmetric Property of Equality

Order of equality does not matter.

▪ For all real numbers a and b, if a = b then b = a.

c. Transitive Property of Equality

Two numbers equal to the same number are equal to each

other.

▪ For all numbers a, b and c, if a = b and b = c then a = c.

• Properties of Equality by Operation

a. Addition Property of Equality

If two expressions are equal, and you add the same value

to both sides of the equation, the equation will remain equal.

▪ For all numbers a, b and c, if a = b then a + c = b + c.

b. Subtraction Property of Equality

If two expressions are equal, and you subtract the same

value to both sides of the equation, the equation will remain equal.

▪ For all numbers a and b and c, if a = b then a – c = b – c.

c. Multiplication Property of Equality

If two expressions are equal, and you multiply the same

value to both sides of the equation, the equation will remain equal.

▪ For all numbers a and b and c, if a = b then ac = bc.

d. Division Property of Equality

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 If two expressions are equal, and you divide the same

value to both sides of the equation, the equation will remain

equal.

𝑎 𝑏
▪ For all numbers a and b and c, if a = b then = .
𝑐 𝑐

e. Substitution Property of Equality

For all real numbers a and b, if a = b, then b can be

substituted for a in any expression.

Example: If: y = x + 5 and x = 3,

Then: y = 3 + 5

f. Distributive Property of Equality

For all real numbers a, b, and c: c (a + b) = ac + bc.

g. Zero Product Property

If the product of two expressions is zero, then one or both

expressions is equal to zero.

▪ For all numbers a and b, if ab = 0, then either a = 0 or b =

0 or both a and b equals 0.

▪ Properties of Congruence

a. Reflexive Property of Congruence

Any shape is congruent to itself.

̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐴𝐵
Examples: 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ ; ∠𝑋 ≅ ∠𝑋

b. Symmetric Property of Congruence

If a figure is congruent to another figure, then they are

congruent in vice versa.

̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅
Examples: If 𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝐷, then ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 ≅ 𝐴𝐵

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 If ∠𝑋 ≅ ∠𝑌, then ∠𝑌 ≅ ∠𝑋

c. Transitive Property of Congruence

If two shapes are congruent to a third, then they are also

congruent to each other.

Examples: If ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 and ̅̅̅̅ 𝐸𝐹 , then ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 ≅ ̅̅̅̅ 𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐹

If ∠𝑋 ≅ ∠𝑌 and ∠𝑌 ≅ ∠𝑍, then ∠𝑋 ≅ ∠𝑍

Example B:

Simplify the following using the different properties of equality and

congruence then state the axiom that will justify each statement.

1. If 3n = 12, then __________.

Solution:

3n = 12
3 3
n = 4

Answer: If 3n = 12, then __________.

n=4

Reason: Division Property of Equality

2. If x – 3 = 1 , then __________.

Solution:

x–3=5

x–3+3=5+3

x = 8

Answer: If x – 3 = 1 , then __________.

x=8

Reason: Addition Property of Equality

3. If 𝑚∠𝐴 – 25° = 𝑚∠𝐵 and 𝑚∠𝐴 = 70°, then __________.

Solution:

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 𝑚∠𝐴 – 25° = 𝑚∠𝐵

70° – 25° = 𝑚∠𝐵

45° = 𝑚∠𝐵 (1)

𝑚∠𝐵 = 45° (2)

Answer: If 𝑚∠𝐴 – 25° = 𝑚∠𝐵 and 𝑚∠𝐴 = 70°, then

𝒎∠𝑩 = 𝟒𝟓°
_____________.

Reasons: (1) Substitution Property of Equality

(2) Reflexive Property of Equality

Activity 1:

A. State the postulate which supports each statement:

a line postulate
_________________________ 1. Points M and D is contained in ⃡𝑀𝐷 .
segment addition postulate
_________________________ 2. If FG = 12 cm and GH = 5 cm, then FH = 17

cm.
intersection postulate
_________________________ 3. Plane P and plane R intersects at ⃡𝑁𝐿.
plane postulate
⃡ is on
_________________________ 4. Points X and Y are on plane Z. XY

plane Z.
right angle postulate
_________________________ 5. If ∠𝑄 and ∠𝑅 are right angles, then ∠𝑄 ≅ ∠𝑅.

B. State the axiom which supports each statement.

symmetric proeprty of equality
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑉𝑊
_________________________ 6. If 𝑈𝑉 ̅̅̅̅̅ , then 𝑉𝑊
̅̅̅̅̅ = 𝑈𝑉
̅̅̅̅.
reflexive property of congruence
_________________________ 7. ̅𝑆𝑇
̅̅̅ ≅ ̅𝑇𝑆
̅̅̅
transitive property of congruence
_________________________ 8. If ∠𝐽 ≅ ∠𝐻 and ∠𝐻 ≅ ∠𝐾, then ∠𝐽 ≅ ∠𝐾.
reflexive property of equality
_________________________ 9. ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶
subtraction property of equality
_________________________ 10. If m + 8 = 11, then m = 3.

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Activity 2:

A. Complete each given statement and state the postulate to justify your

answer.
right angle postulate
_________________________ 1. If ∠ARK and ∠CRY are both right angles,
then ∠
_______
ARK ≅ _______.
segment addition postulate
∠_________________________
NE CRY 2. If point E is between points Y and N,
then _______ +YE_______ = YN.
angle addition postulate
_________________________
180 degrees 3. If ∠𝐾𝐺𝑌 = 110° and ∠𝑌𝐺𝐷 = 70°,
then ∠𝐾𝐺𝐷 = _______.
line intersection postulate
_________________________ 4. Lines m and n intersect at Q. Q is a _______.
point
point existence postulate
_________________________ 5. There exist at least three
non collinear points
____________________ in every plane.

B. Simplify the following statements and state the property of equality or

congruence that will justify your answer.

distributie property of equality 2x+6
_________________________ 6. 2 (x + 3) = __________
multiplication property of equality 𝑏 𝑏
_________________________ 7. If = 6, then • 2 = 6 • 2. Thus, b = ____.
12
2 2
division property of equality 6
_________________________ 8. If 4n = 24, then n = _____.
substitution property of equality 3
_________________________ 9. If 2x + y = 12 and y = x + 3, then 2x + __ =

12.
∠2
addition property of equality
_________________________ 10. If 𝑚∠1 – 𝑚∠2 = 120°, then 𝑚∠1 = ______.

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32
References:
1. Abuzo, Emmanuel P., Merden L. Bryant, Jem Boy B. Cabrella, et. al.
Mathematics – Grade 8 Learner’s Module. Quezon City: Book Media
Press, Inc. 2013.
2. Nivera, Gladys C. Grade 8 Mathematics: Patterns and Practicalities.
Makati City: Don Bosco Press. 2018.
3. Recio, Jayvee. “Postulates as Proofs: Basic Postulates on Points, Lines
and Planes”. Hugot Sipnayan. https://youtube/BGIvOz68bN4
(accessed July 17, 2021)
4. Recio, Jayvee. “Axioms as a Proof in Geometry: Properties of Equality
/ Properties of Congruence”. Hugot Sipnayan.
https://youtube/iw_AMDf1Hbo (accessed July 17, 2021)

Myrell P. Dumigsi Abshalom P. Legaspi

Writer Layout Artist
Digos City National High School Goma NHS

R-Jhon C. Alag
Evaluator
Digos City National High School

Learning Materials are for nonprofit educational purposes which are exclusively used for
Schools Division of Digos City only. Copies are not for sale.

33
 34
Schools Division of Digos City only. Copies are not for sale.
Learning Materials are for nonprofit educational purposes which are exclusively used for
Digos City National High School
Evaluator
R-Jhon C. Alag
Goma NHS Digos City National High School
Layout Artist Writer
Abshalom P. Legaspi Myrell P. Dumigsi
Activity 1:
A. B.
1. Line Postulate 6. Symmetric Property of Equality
2. Segment Addition Postulate 7. Reflexive Property of Congruence
3. Plane – Intersection Postulate 8. Transitive Property of Congruence
4. Flat – Plane Postulate 9. Reflexive Property of Equality
5. Right Angle Postulate 10. Subtraction Property of Equality
Activity 2:
A.
1. Right Angle Postulate; ∠ARK ≅ ∠CRY
2. Segment Addition Postulate; YE + NE = YN
3. Angle Addition Postulate; ∠𝐾𝐺𝐷 = 180°
4. Line – Intersection Postulate; point
5. Point – Existence Postulate; non-collinear points
B.
6. Distributive Property of Equality; 2x + 6
7. Multiplication Property of Equality; 12
8. Division Property of Equality; 6
9. Substitution Property of Equality; x + 3
For teachers use only (Separate sheets)
10. Addition Property of Equality; 120° + m∠2
Answer Key
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