Mathematics 8 (Quarter 3, Week 1)

Name:_____________________________ Grade & Section:_____________ Date:_______

Topic: Mathematical System

Learning Competency: Describes a mathematical system.
Code: M8GE-IIIa-1

Concept:

Mathematical System

A mathematical system has four components: undefined terms, defined terms, axioms

or postulates and theorems. These are valid statements which are used to prove situations in

geometry. A mathematical system is best illustrated by the diagram shown:

Undefined Terms

Defined Terms
Mathematical
System
Axioms / Postulates

Theorems

A. Undefined Terms

The three undefined terms in geometry are: point, line, and plane. These are

classified as undefined because they do not fit into any set or category that has been

previously determined. These three undefined terms are called the building blocks of

geometry.

 A point is the most basic term of all geometric concepts. It has only a location. It

has no size but can be modeled by a dot. A point is named using a capital letter.

Learning Materials are for nonprofit educational purposes which are exclusively used for Schools Division of
Digos City. Copies are not for sale.
  A line is a set of points. It is straight. It has infinite length but has no thickness.

A thin wire or a strand of hair is physical model of a line. It is named by a single

lowercase script letter or by any two points on the line.

 A plane has length and width but no thickness. It is a flat surface that extends

infinitely along its length and its width. You can think of it as an infinite sheet of

paper. A plane is named by a single script capital letter or by any three

noncollinear points.

B. Defined Terms

In geometry, defined terms are terms which have a formal definition. The definition

may consist of undefined terms and other geometric terms.

There are four characteristics of a good definition:

1. It names the term being defined.

2. It places the term into a set or category.

3. It distinguishes itself from other terms in that category.

4. It is reversible.

Examples of defined terms are:

 Collinear points are three or more points that lie on the same line.

 Coplanar points are points that lie on the same plane.

 Perpendicular Lines are two lines that intersect to form right angles.

 Supplementary Angles are two angles whose measures give a sum of 180°.

C. Postulates and Axioms

Postulates and axioms are basically the same thing. These are mathematical

statements or conjectures that are accepted without proof.

Learning Materials are for nonprofit educational purposes which are exclusively used for Schools Division of
Digos City. Copies are not for sale.
 Postulates are statements which are geometry-related. These are statements

about geometric figures and relationships between different geometric figures.

Examples of Postulates are:

 Points-Existence Postulate

Space contains at least four noncoplanar points.

Every plane contains at least three non-collinear points.

 Straight Line Postulate

Two points are contained in one and only one line.

 Plane Postulate

Three noncollinear points are contained in one and only one plane.

Axioms are sometimes called algebraic postulates and are mostly statements about

real numbers. These are from other branches in Mathematics aside from Geometry.

Examples of Axioms are the Axioms of Equality:

 Reflexive Property of Equality

For all real numbers a, a = a.

 Symmetric Property of Equality

For all real numbers a and b, if a = b then b = a.

 Transitive Property of Equality

For all numbers a and b and c, if a = b then b = c then a = c.

D. Theorems

A theorem is a statement that flows logically from previous definitions and principles.

It is a statement that needs proof which are based on definitions, axioms or postulates, other

theorems, and a set of logical connectives.

Examples of Theorems are:

 Pythagorean Theorem

Learning Materials are for nonprofit educational purposes which are exclusively used for Schools Division of
Digos City. Copies are not for sale.
 The square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of

the squares of the other two sides.

 Linear Pair Theorem

If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.

 Vertical Angles Theorem

Vertical angles are congruent.

Each of these components will be discussed further in the succeeding modules.

Activity: Crossword Puzzle

Refer to the clues given below to answer this puzzle.

13

1 12

2 14

9 3 10

4
_ 11

15

6 7

8
(Note: _ means space
between two words.)

ACROSS:

1. lines or points that lie on the same plane

2. points that lie on the same line

3. a pair of angles whose measures add up to 180°

4. _____ theorem is a theorem which states that “if two angles form a linear pair,

then they are supplementary”.

5. It can be modelled by a dot.

Learning Materials are for nonprofit educational purposes which are exclusively used for Schools Division of
Digos City. Copies are not for sale.
 6. statements that need to be proven

7. statements which are accepted without proof and are sometimes called algebraic

postulates

8. contains at least four noncoplanar points

DOWN

9. statements which are accepted without proof and are geometry-related

10. terms which do not fit into previously determined categories

11. an undefined term which has length and width but no thickness

12. two intersecting lines that form a right angle

13. can be represented by a strand of hair

14. _____ Angles Theorem states that “vertical angles are congruent”.

15. terms which follow a formal definition

References:
1. Abuzo, Emmanuel P., Merden L. Bryant, Jem Boy B. Cabrella, et. al. Mathematics –
Grade 8 Learner’s Module. Quezon City: Book Media Press, Inc. 2013.
2. Nivera, Gladys C. Grade 8 Mathematics: Patterns and Practicalities. Makati City:
Don Bosco Press. 2018.
3. Sparknotes. “Geometry: Axioms and Postulates”.
http://www.sparknotes.com/math/geometry/axiomsandpostulates/summary/ (accessed
July 23, 2021)
4. Recio, Jayvee. “The Mathematical System in Geometry”. Hugot Sipnayan.
https://youtube/RAc8hDkAWu0 (accessed July 17, 2021)

Notes: a) This is exclusively for the use of Digos City Division.

b) The division welcomes suggestions for the improvement of this worksheet. Kindly email to
jemboy.cabrella@deped.gov.ph

Writer: Myrell P. Dumigsi

School: Digos City National High School
Evaluator: R-Jhon C. Alag

Learning Materials are for nonprofit educational purposes which are exclusively used for Schools Division of
Digos City. Copies are not for sale.
School: Digos City National High School

Learning Materials are for nonprofit educational purposes which are exclusively used for Schools Division of
Digos City. Copies are not for sale.
 ANSWER KEY

D
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N R D E
S M O I X A E S M E R O E H T
F L N N A
L E U A T N I O P L
A D C L F U
C R I A P - R A E N I L T
I D D S
T N N O
Y R A T N E M E L P P U S P
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V R A E N I L L O C
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Learning Materials are for nonprofit educational purposes which are exclusively used for Schools Division of
Digos City. Copies are not for sale.