EE238 ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING
FUNDAMENTAL
Date: 3/10/2022
CONTENTS

Course contents and assessments

Introduction to basic circuits

Series connection

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

COURSE CONTENTS

Introduction to basic circuit: Resistance, Voltage, Current, and ohm’s law

Resistance in series and Kirchhoff’s voltage law, potential divider

Resistance in parallel and Kirchhoff’s current law, current divider

Nodal Analysis

Mesh Analysis

Source Transformation, and super position

COURSE CONTENTS

Alternating current, waves, effective and mean values

Analysis of RL, RC, RLC circuits
Resonance in series circuits
AC power
Analysis of three-phase circuits and power calculation
Law of magnetic fields, Field strength flux density, permeability, and M.M.F.
Magnetic circuits
COURSE ASSESSMENT
7th week exam (30 Marks)
4th week exam (10 marks)
5th week exam (10 marks)
6th week exam (10 marks)
7th week exam (10 marks)
12th week exam (20 Marks)
10th week exam (10 marks)
11th week exam (10 marks)
12th week exam (10 marks)
VOLTAGE (POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE)
It is the energy required to move a unit charge from a reference point (-) to a
another point (+), measured in volts (V). +
𝑑𝑤 vab
𝑣𝑎𝑏 =
𝑑𝑞
Where -
b
𝑤 is the energy in joules (J)
𝑞 is the charge in coulombs (C)
a
-
𝑣𝑎𝑏 is measured in volts (V) -vba
If point a has higher potential volt than point b, then:
+
𝑣𝑎𝑏 = −𝑣𝑏𝑎 b
ELECTRIC CURRENT
It is the time rate of change of charge measured in amperes (A)
𝑑𝑞
𝑖=
𝑑𝑡 +
Where,
i
𝑖 is the current measured in amperes (A)
𝑞 is the charge measured in coulombs (C) -
𝑡 is the time measured in seconds (s)
DIRECT CURRENT VS. ALTERNATING CURRENT
Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC)
DC flows only in one direction and AC is a current that changes direction
can be constant or time varying with respect to time
POWER CALCULATION
It is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts (W)
𝑑𝑤
𝑝= + +
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑞
Multiply by , then v i v
𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑞
𝑝= = 𝑣𝑖 - -
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡
Therefore 𝑝 = +𝑣𝑖 𝑝 = −𝑣𝑖
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 Absorbed Supplied
The positive power sign refers to absorbed power, and the negative sign refers to a
supplied power.
According to the law of conservation, the power absorbed by the circuit elements must
equals to the power supplied
+𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = −𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
IDEAL INDEPENDENT SOURCE
An ideal independent source is an active element* that provides a specified voltage
or current that is completely independent of other circuit elements

v v i

Voltage source symbols Current source symbol

* Active element is an element capable of generating energy

VALID AND INVALID INDEPENDENT SOURCES CONNECTIONS
5A 6A

5V 2V
5A 5A
5V 5V

5A 5A 5A 2A
5V 5V 5V 2V
RESISTANCE
The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow of electric
current, and it is measured in ohms (Ω).
The resistance is represented by i
𝜌𝑙
𝑅= +
𝐴 R V
Where 𝜌 is the resistivity of the material in ohm-meters. -

𝑙 𝐴

𝜌
TABLE OF RESISTIVITY
VARIABLE RESISTOR
The variable resistor is an element with a variable value, which can be changed
according to a certain setting.

Variable resistance symbols Real life Variable resistance

OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT
Open Circuit (𝑅 = ∞) Short Circuit (𝑅 = 0)
An open circuit is a circuit element with A short circuit is a circuits element with
resistance approaching infinity resistance approaching zero
OHM’S LAW
It states that the voltage 𝑣 across a resistor is directly proportional to the
current 𝑖 flowing through the resistor
𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅 i
+
The current in the resistance must flow from the high potential to the lower R V
one, so that ohm’s law equation is positive -
𝑣 = +𝑖𝑅

Otherwise, the equation will be negative

𝑣 = −𝑖𝑅
POWER DISSIPATED IN THE RESISTOR
The power dissipated in the resistor ca be expressed by
𝑣 2
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑖 2 𝑅 = i
𝑅 +
Since R is a positive quantity, the power dissipated in a resistance is R V
always positive. Thus, a resistor always absorbs power from the -
circuit.
This confirms the idea that a resistor is a passive* element.

* Passive element is an element incapable of generating energy

SERIES CONNECTION
Two or more elements are in series if they
exclusively share a single node and consequently
i + v1 - + v2 -
carry the same current

The figure on the right shows a series connection. R1 R2

v
The equivalent resistance is
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
The voltage divider rule can be applied on the
series connection, so that
𝑅1
𝑣1 = 𝑣
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
EXAMPLE 1
Determine the total resistance of the series connection
in figure
a 20 Ω 220 Ω

Solution: R1 R2
Req
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + 𝑅4 R3 1.2 kΩ
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 20 + 220 + 1200 + 5600 5.6 kΩ
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 7040 Ω = 7.04 𝑘Ω b
R4
EXAMPLE 2
Find the total resistance 𝑅𝑒𝑞 of the resistors
shown on the left figure, knowing that 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = R2
𝑅3 = 𝑅4 = 3.3𝑘Ω

Solution:
a R1
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 4 3300 = 13.2𝑘Ω
R eq R3
R4
b
EXAMPLE 3
For the series figure find:
R1 = 2 Ω
• The total resistance
is + v1 -
• The source current 𝐼𝑠
+
• Determine the voltage across each resistor E=20V R2 = 1 Ω v2
-
Solution: + v3 -
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 = 8Ω
𝐸 20
R3 = 5 Ω
𝐼𝑠 = = = 2.5 𝐴
𝑅𝑒𝑞 8
𝑅1
𝑉1 = 𝐼𝑠 𝑅1 = 𝐸 = 5𝑉, 𝑉2 = 2.5𝑉, 𝑉3 = 12.5𝑉
𝑅1 +𝑅2 +𝑅3
EXAMPLE 4
For the circuit shown on the left find:
a. Find the total resistance 𝑅𝑇
b. Determine the source current 𝐼𝑠 and indicate its
direction on the circuit
c. Find the voltage across resistor 𝑅2 and indicate its
polarity on the circuit
EXAMPLE 4
Solution:
a. 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + 𝑅4 = 7Ω + 4Ω + 7Ω + 7Ω = 25Ω
Or 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅2 + 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 = 4Ω + 3 7Ω = 25Ω
EXAMPLE 4
Solution:
𝐸 50𝑉
b. 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑅 = 25Ω = 2𝐴
𝑇
𝑅2 4
c. 𝑉2 = 𝐼2 𝑅2 = 𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 = 2𝐴 4Ω = 8𝑉 OR 𝑉2 = 𝐸 𝑅 = 50 = 8𝑉
1 +𝑅2 +𝑅3 +𝑅4 4+7+7+7
 KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)
KVL states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around
a closed path (or loop) Is zero
𝑀

෍ 𝑣𝑚 = 0
𝑚=1

Where M is the number of voltages in the loop, and 𝑣𝑚 is

the mth voltage.
KVL equation for the figure shown is
−𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 − 𝑣4 + 𝑣5 = 0
Or
𝑣1 + 𝑣4 = 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 + 𝑣5
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)
KVL can be used to get the equivalent
of series voltage sources.
Example:
Use KVL to get the equivalent voltage
𝑣𝑎𝑏 for the figure on the right
Solution:
−𝑣𝑎𝑏 +𝑣1 +𝑣2 − 𝑣3 = 0
Rearranging Terms
𝑣𝑎𝑏 = +𝑣1 + 𝑣2 − 𝑣3
EXAMPLE 5
Find 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 for the circuit shown on the left figure
Solution:
Applying KVL on the loop
−20 + 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = 0

Substitute with Ohm’s law (𝑣1 = 2𝑖 & 𝑣2 = −3𝑖)

Therefore
−20 + 2𝑖 + 3𝑖 = 0
𝑖 = 4𝐴, 𝑣1 = 8Ω, 𝑣2 = −12Ω
EXAMPLE 6
Use Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law to determine the unknown
voltage for the circuit
Solution:
Applying KVL on the circuit
−𝐸1 + 𝑉1 + 4.2 + 𝐸2 = 0
Since
𝐸1 = 16𝑉, 𝐸2 = 9𝑉
Therefore
𝑉1 = 2.8𝑉
EXAMPLE 7
Determine the unknown voltage for the circuit shown
using Kirchhoff’s voltage law

Solution

Apply KVL on the circuit shown

−60𝑉 + 40𝑉 + 𝑣𝑥 − 30𝑉 = 0

Therefore

𝑉𝑥 = 50𝑉
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Any questions?