Electric circuits

Reference: slides from Alexander-Sadiku

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
Motivation

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 CHAPTER 1: Basic Concepts &
Laws
Reading: Chapter 1 and 2
Textbook: Fundamental of Electric
Circuits Textbook

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Basic Concepts - Chapter 1

1.1 Systems of Units.

1.2 Electric Charge.
1.3 Current.
1.4 Voltage.
1.5 Power and Energy.
1.6 Circuit Elements.

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1.1 System of Units (1)
Six basic units
Quantity Basic unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic kelvin K
temperature
Luminous intensity candela cd
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1.1 System of Units (2)

The derived units commonly used in electric circuit theory

Decimal multiples and

submultiples of SI units
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 1.2 Electric Charges

 Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of

which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C).

 The charge e on one electron is negative and equal in

magnitude to 1.602  10-19 C which is called as
electronic charge. The charges that occur in nature are
integral multiples of the electronic charge.

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 1.3 Current (1)

 Electric current i = dq/dt. The unit of ampere

can be derived as 1 A = 1C/s.
 A direct current (dc) is a current that remains

constant with time.

 An alternating current (ac) is a current that

varies sinusoidally with time. (reverse direction)

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1.3 Current (2)
 The direction of current flow

Positive ions Negative ions

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1.3 Current (3)
Example 1

A conductor has a constant current of 5 A.

How many electrons pass a fixed point on the

conductor in one minute?

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1.3 Current (4)
Solution

Total no. of charges pass in 1 min is given by

5 A = (5 C/s)(60 s/min) = 300 C/min

Total no. of electronics pass in 1 min is given

300 C/min
19
 1.87 x10 21
electrons/min
1.602 x10 C/electron

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1.4 Voltage (1)
 Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to
move a unit charge through an element, measured in
volts (V).

Mathematically, (volt)

vab  dw / dq
 w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulomb (C).

 Electric voltage, vab, is always across the circuit element or

between two points in a circuit.
 vab > 0 means the potential of a is higher than potential of b.
 vab < 0 means the potential of a is lower than potential of b.

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1.5 Power and Energy (1)
 Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).
dw dw dq
 Mathematical expression: p    vi
dt dq dt
i i

+ +

v v
– –

Passive sign convention

P = +vi p = –vi
absorbing power supplying power
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1.5 Power and Energy (2)

 The law of conservation of energy

p0
• Energy is the capacity to do work, measured
in joules (J).
t t
• Mathematical expression w   pdt   vidt
t0 t0

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1.6 Circuit Elements (1)
Active Elements Passive Elements

• A dependent source is an active

element in which the source quantity
is controlled by another voltage or
current.

• They have four different types: VCVS,

CCVS, VCCS, CCCS. Keep in minds the
Independent Dependant signs of dependent sources.
sources sources 15
 Dependent sources

VCVS (Voltage Controlled  CCVS (Current Controlled

Voltage Source) Voltage Source)
Symbol: Symbol:

u1  u1 u2 i1 ri1 u2

u 2  αu 1 u 2  ri1

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 Dependent sources

VCCS (Voltage Controlled CCCS (Current Controlled

Current Source) Current Source)
Symbol Symbol

i2 i2
u1 gu1 i1 β i1(A)

i 2  gu1 i 2  βi1

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 1.6 Circuit Elements (2)

Example 2

Obtain the voltage v in the branch shown in Figure 2.1.1P for i2 = 1A.

Figure 2.1.1P

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 1.6 Circuit Elements (3)

Solution

Voltage v is the sum of the current-independent

10-V source and the current-dependent voltage
source vx.

Note that the factor 15 multiplying the control

current carries the units Ω.

Therefore, v = 10 + vx = 10 + 15(1) = 25 V

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 Basic Laws

2.1 Ohm’s Law.

2.2 Nodes, Branches, and Loops.
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws.
2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division.
2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division.
2.6 Wye-Delta Transformations.

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2.1 Ohms Law (1)
 Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a
resistor is directly proportional to the current I
flowing through the resistor.

 Mathematical expression for Ohm’s Law is as

follows:
v  iR
 Two extreme possible values of R: 0
(zero) and  (infinite) are related with two
basic circuit concepts: short circuit and open
circuit.
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2.1 Ohms Law (2)
 Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct
electric current; it is the reciprocal of resistance R
and is measured in mhos or siemens.
1 i
G 
R v
 The power dissipated by a resistor:

2
v
p  vi  i 2 R 
R

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2.2 Nodes, Branches and Loops (1)
 A branch represents a single element such as a voltage
source or a resistor.
 A node is the point of connection between two or more
branches.
 A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

 A network with b branches, n nodes, and l independent

loops will satisfy the fundamental theorem of network
topology:
b  l  n 1
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2.2 Nodes, Branches and Loops (2)
Example 1

Original circuit

Equivalent circuit

How many branches, nodes and loops are there?

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2.2 Nodes, Branches and Loops (3)
Example 2 Should we consider it as one
branch or two branches?

How many branches, nodes and loops are there?

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2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (1)
 Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic
sum of currents entering a node (or a closed
boundary) is zero.

N
Mathematically, i
n 1
n 0
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 2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (2)
Example 4

 Determine the current I for the circuit shown in the

figure below.

I + 4-(-3)-2 = 0
 I = -5A

This indicates that the

actual current for I is
flowing in the
opposite direction.
We can consider the whole
enclosed area as one “node”. 27
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (2)

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2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (3)
 Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic
sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is
zero.

M
Mathematically, v
m 1
n 0

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2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (3)
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (4)
Example 5

 Applying the KVL equation for the circuit of the figure

below.

va-v1-vb-v2-v3 = 0

V1 = IR1 v2 = IR2 v3 = IR3

 va-vb = I(R1 + R2 + R3)

va  vb
I
R1  R2  R3
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2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division (1)
 Series: Two or more elements are in series if they are
cascaded or connected sequentially and
consequently carry the same current.

 The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors

connected in a series is the sum of the individual
resistances.
N
Req  R1  R2      R N   Rn
n 1
 The voltage divider can be expressed as
Rn
vn  v
R1  R2      R N
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2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division (1)

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 2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage
Division (1)
Example 3

10V and 5
are in series

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2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division (1)
 Parallel: Two or more elements are in parallel if they are
connected to the same two nodes and consequently have
the same voltage across them.

 The equivalent resistance of a circuit with N

resistors in parallel is:
1 1 1 1
    
Req R1 R2 RN
 The total current i is shared by the resistors in inverse
proportion to their resistances. The current divider can be
expressed as: v iReq
in  
Rn Rn
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2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division (1)

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 2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current
Division (1)
Example 4

2, 3 and 2A
are in parallel

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 Star-delta Transformation : Y  

R 1.R 2
R a  R1  R 2  R1
R3 Rc Ra

R .R R3 R2
Rb  R3  R2  3 2 Rb
R1
R 1.R 3
R c  R1  R 3  If R1 = R2 = R3 = RY
R2
 R = R = R = R
a b c 
 R = 3 R
 Y

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 delta-star Transformation :  Y

R1
Rc Ra
R3 R2
Rb

R c .R a
R1  If Ra = Rb = Rc = R
Ra  Rb  R c
R1 = R 2 = R 3 = R Y
R a .R b
R2   R = R /3
Ra  Rb  R c Y 

R c .R b
R3 
Ra  Rb  R c 45
 Wye-Delta Transformations

Delta -> Star Star -> Delta

Rb Rc R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
R1  Ra 
( Ra  Rb  Rc ) R1

Rc R a R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
R2  Rb 
( Ra  Rb  Rc ) R2

R a Rb R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
R3  Rc 
( Ra  Rb  Rc ) R3
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 Star -> Delta

R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
Ra 
R1
R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
Rb 
R2
R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
Rc 
R3

Delta -> Star

Rb Rc
R1 
( Ra  Rb  Rc )
Rc R a
R2 
( Ra  Rb  Rc )
Ra Rb
R3 
( Ra  Rb  Rc )
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Quiz: 20 minutes

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Quiz: 20 minutes

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Quiz: 30 minutes

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