MULTIPLE

INTEGRALS

CHAPTER 2
 SUBTOPICS
2

1. Double Integral
2. Double Integral over Rectangular Regions
3. Double Integral over Non-Rectangular Regions
4. Double Integral in Polar Coordinates
5. Triple Integral
6. Triple Integral in Cylindrical Coordinates
7. Triple Integral in Spherical Coordinates
8. Moment and Centre of Gravity
 INTRODUCTION
3

For one variable, the definite integral

𝒃
න 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒂
gives the area under the curve 𝒇 𝒙 from 𝒂 to 𝒃

For two variables, the definite integral

ඵ 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨
𝑹
gives the volume under the surface in the region 𝑹

1.1 DOUBLE INTEGRALS

 ITERATED INTEGRATION
4

𝒅 𝒙=𝒉(𝒚) 𝒅 𝒙=𝒉(𝒚)
‫𝒇 )𝒚(𝒈=𝒙׬ 𝒄׬‬ 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = ‫𝒄׬‬ ‫𝒇 )𝒚(𝒈=𝒙׬‬ 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚

or

𝒃 𝒚=𝒉(𝒙) 𝒃 𝒚=𝒉(𝒙)
න න 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 = න න 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒚=𝒈(𝒙) 𝒂 𝒚=𝒈(𝒙)

DOUBLE INTEGRAL OVER RECTANGULAR REGIONS

 PROPERTIES OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS
5

Constant Multiple

ඵ 𝒄𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨 = 𝒄 ඵ 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨 for any number c

𝑹 𝑹

Sum and Difference

ඵ 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 ± 𝒈(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝑨 = ඵ 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨 ± ඵ 𝒈 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨
𝑹 𝑹 𝑹

DOUBLE INTEGRAL OVER RECTANGULAR REGIONS

 PROPERTIES OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS
6

Domination

ඵ 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨 ≥ 𝟎 if 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎 on R
𝑹

ඵ 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨 ≥ ඵ 𝒈 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨 if 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 ≥ 𝒈 𝒙, 𝒚 on R
𝑹 𝑹

If 𝑹 = 𝑹𝟏 ∪ 𝑹𝟐 where 𝑹𝟏 ∩ 𝑹𝟐 = ∅, then

ඵ 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨 = ඵ 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨 + ඵ 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨
𝑹 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐

DOUBLE INTEGRAL OVER RECTANGULAR REGIONS

 EXAMPLE 1
7

1. Evaluate

𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
(a) ‫𝒚𝒙 𝟎׬ 𝟎׬‬ + 𝟖 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 (b) ‫𝒚𝒙 𝟎׬ 𝟎׬‬ + 𝟖 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚

2. Evaluate

𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
(a) ‫ 𝒚 𝒙 𝟏׬ 𝟎׬‬+ 𝟖𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 (b) ‫ 𝒚 𝒙 𝟎׬ 𝟏׬‬+ 𝟖 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚

DOUBLE INTEGRAL OVER RECTANGULAR REGIONS

 DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER RECTANGLES
8

Fubini’s theorem
If 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 is continuous throughout the rectangular region
𝑹: 𝒂 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒃, 𝒄 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝒅, then

𝒅 𝒃 𝒃 𝒅
ඵ 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨 = න න 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = න න 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙
𝒄 𝒂 𝒂 𝒄
𝑹

DOUBLE INTEGRAL OVER RECTANGULAR REGIONS

 EXAMPLE 2
9

1. Evaluate the double integral ‫ 𝒙 𝑹׭‬− 𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝑨,

where 𝑹 = (𝒙, 𝒚) 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐, 𝟏 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟐 .

2. Evaluate ‫𝑨𝒅 )𝒚𝒙(𝐧𝐢𝐬 𝒚 𝑹׭‬, where 𝑹 = 𝟏, 𝟐 × 𝟎, 𝝅 .

DOUBLE INTEGRAL OVER RECTANGULAR REGIONS

DOUBLE INTEGRAL OVER NON–RECTANGULAR REGIONS
10

Type I regions
If 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 be continuous on a type I region such that
𝑹 = (𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒂 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒃, 𝒈𝟏 (𝒙) ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝒈𝟐 (𝒙)
then
𝒃 𝒈𝟐 (𝒙)
‫𝒙 𝒇 𝑹׭‬, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨 = ‫𝒇 )𝒙( 𝒈׬ 𝒂׬‬ 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙
𝟏

DOUBLE INTEGRAL OVER NON-RECTANGULAR REGIONS

DOUBLE INTEGRAL OVER NON–RECTANGULAR REGIONS
11

Type II regions
If 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 be continuous on a type II region such that

𝑹 = (𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒄 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝒅, 𝒉𝟏 (𝒚) ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒉𝟐 (𝒚)

then
𝒅 𝒉𝟐 (𝒚)
‫𝒙 𝒇 𝑹׭‬, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨 = ‫𝒇 )𝒚( 𝒉׬ 𝒄׬‬ 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝟏

DOUBLE INTEGRAL OVER NON-RECTANGULAR REGIONS

 EXAMPLE 3
12

1. Evaluate
𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 𝒚
(a)‫𝒙( 𝟐𝒙׬ 𝟎׬‬ + 𝒚)𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 (b)‫𝒙( 𝒚׬ 𝟎׬‬ + 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚

2. Find the volume of solid whose base is the region in the

xy–plane that is bounded by the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏 and
the line 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏 in the first quadrant, while the top of
the solid is bounded by the plane 𝒛 = 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐.

DOUBLE INTEGRAL OVER NON-RECTANGULAR REGIONS

 FINDING LIMITS OF INTEGRATION
13

Step 1: Sketch the region of integration.

Step 2: Find the y-limits of the integration.

Use vertical line. Mark the y-values where
the vertical line enters and leaves.

Step 3: Find the x-limits of the integration.

Step 4: Solve.

DOUBLE INTEGRAL OVER NON-RECTANGULAR REGIONS

 REVERSING THE ORDER OF INTEGRATION
14

Step 1: Sketch the region of integration.

Step 2: Find the y-limits of the integration.

Use horizontal line. Mark the y-values where
the horizontal line enters and leaves.

Step 3: Find the x-limits of the integration.

Step 4: Solve.

DOUBLE INTEGRAL OVER NON-RECTANGULAR REGIONS

 EXAMPLE 4
15

1. Evaluate ‫ 𝒙 𝑹׭‬+ 𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝑨, where R is the region bounded

by the parabolas 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 and 𝒚 = 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 .

2. Find the volume of the solid that lies under the paraboloid
𝒛 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 and above the region R in the xy-plane
bounded by the line 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 and the parabola 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 .

3. Evaluate ‫𝑨𝒅 𝒚𝒙 𝑹׭‬, where R is the region bounded by

the line 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏 and the parabola 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔.

DOUBLE INTEGRAL OVER NON-RECTANGULAR REGIONS

 EXERCISE
16

𝝅
sin 𝒚
1. Evaluate ‫𝟎׬ 𝟎׬‬
𝟐 (𝒙 cos 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚

2. Sketch the region of integration, write an equivalent

double integral with the order of integration reversed and
evaluate the integral.
𝟏 𝟒−𝟐𝒙
a) ‫𝟐׬ 𝟎׬‬ 𝒚 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝒚
b) ‫𝒚׬ 𝟎׬‬ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝟏 𝟏−𝒚𝟐
c) ‫׬ 𝟎׬‬− 𝟏−𝒚𝟐 𝟑𝒚 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚

𝟐 𝟏 𝒙 𝟐
3. Calculate ‫𝒚׬ 𝟎׬‬ 𝒆 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝟐
DOUBLE INTEGRAL OVER NON-RECTANGULAR REGIONS
AREA CALCULATED AS A DOUBLE INTEGRAL
17

The area of a closed, bounded plane region 𝑹 is

𝑨 = ඵ 𝟏 𝒅𝑨 = ඵ 𝒅𝑨
𝑹 𝑹

DOUBLE INTEGRAL OVER NON-RECTANGULAR REGIONS

 EXAMPLE 5
18

1. Find the area of the region R bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 in

the first quadrant.

2. Find the area of the region R enclosed by the parabola

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 and the line 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟐.

𝒙
3. Find the area of the region R enclosed by the lines 𝒚 = 𝒙, 𝒚 =
𝟑
and 𝒚 = 𝟐.

4. Find the area of the region R enclosed by the parabolas

𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐 and 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 .

5. Use a double integral to find the area of the region R enclosed

𝟏
between the parabola 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 and the line 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙.
𝟐
DOUBLE INTEGRAL OVER NON-RECTANGULAR REGIONS
 SIMPLE POLAR REGION
19

a region enclosed between two rays, 𝜽 = 𝜶 and 𝜽 = 𝜷, and two

continuous polar curves, 𝒓 = 𝒓𝟏 𝜽 = 𝒂 and 𝒓 = 𝒓𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒃,
where the equations of the rays and the polar curves satisfy

 𝜶 ≤𝜷
 𝜷 − 𝜶 ≤ 𝟐𝝅
 𝟎 ≤ 𝒓𝟏 𝜽 ≤ 𝒓𝟐 𝜽

DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR FORM

 DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR FORM
20

Fubini’s Theorem
If 𝒇 𝒓, 𝜽 is continuous and 𝑹 = { 𝒓, 𝜽 : 𝒂 ≤ 𝒓 ≤ 𝒃, 𝜶 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝜷},
then
𝜷 𝒃 𝒃 𝜷

ඵ 𝒇 𝒓, 𝜽 𝒅𝑨 = න න 𝒇 𝒓, 𝜽 𝒓𝒅𝒓𝒅𝜽 = න න 𝒇 𝒓, 𝜽 𝒓𝒅𝜽𝒅𝒓
𝑹 𝜶 𝒂 𝒂 𝜶

Revision:
𝒓𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR FORM

 EXAMPLE 6
21

1. Find ‫𝒓 𝒇 𝑹׭‬, 𝜽 𝒅𝑨 given that 𝒇 𝒓, 𝜽 = 𝒓 cos 𝜽 and

𝝅 𝝅
𝑹 = 𝒓, 𝜽 : 𝟏 ≤ 𝒓 ≤ 𝟑, ≤ 𝜽 ≤ .
𝟔 𝟐

2. Evaluate ‫ 𝒙𝟑 𝑹׭‬+ 𝟒𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝑨 , where R is the region in the

upper half-plane bounded by the circles 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏
and 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 .

DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR FORM

CHANGING CARTESIAN INTEGRALS INTO POLAR INTEGRALS
22

Step 1 – Substitute 𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 and 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Step 2 – Replace 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 to 𝒓𝒅𝒓𝒅𝜽

ඵ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ඵ 𝑓 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

𝑅 𝐺
where G = region of integration in polar coordinates

DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR FORM

 EXAMPLE 8
23

1. By changing the integrand from Cartesian to polar

coordinates, evaluate
1 1−𝑥 2
a) ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

2 4−𝑥 2 2
b) ‫׬‬−2 ‫׬‬0 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )3/2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
2. Evaluate ‫𝑹׭‬ 𝒆 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 where R is the semicircular
region bounded by the x-axis and the curve
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR FORM

 AREA IN POLAR COORDINATES
24

The area of a closed and bounded region 𝑅 in the polar

coordinate plane is

𝐴 = ඵ 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑅

Example:
𝝅 𝟐𝝅
Sketch the region bounded by 𝒓 = 𝟐, 𝒓 = 𝟒, 𝜽 = ,𝜽 = . Find
𝟐 𝟑
the area of the region bounded.

DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR FORM

 TYPE OF REGION
25

Type I regions Type II regions

A region that is bounded by A region that is bounded by
𝜽=𝜶 , 𝜽=𝜷 ; and 𝒓 = 𝒂 , 𝒓 = 𝒃 ; and by the
continuous polar curves, 𝒓 = continuous polar curves, 𝜽 =
𝒈𝟏 (𝜽) and 𝒓 = 𝒈𝟐 (𝜽) where 𝒉𝟏 (𝒓) and 𝜽 = 𝒉𝟐 (𝒓) where
𝟎 ≤ 𝒈𝟏 (𝜽) ≤ 𝒈𝟐 (𝜽) for 𝜶 ≤ 𝟎 ≤ 𝒉𝟏 (𝒓) ≤ 𝒉𝟐 (𝒓) for 𝒂 ≤
𝜽 ≤ 𝜷. 𝒓 ≤ 𝒃.
𝑟 = 𝑔2 (𝜃) 𝜃 = ℎ2 (𝑟) 𝑟=𝑏
R
𝑟 = 𝑔1 (𝜃)
𝑟=𝑎
𝛽 𝜃 = ℎ1 (𝑟)
𝛼
DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR FORM
 FINDING LIMITS OF INTEGRATION
26

Step 1: Sketch the region and label the bounding

curves.

Step 2: Find the r-limits of the integration.

Use a ray L from the origin cutting through R. Mark the
r-values where the vertical line enters and leaves.

Step 3: Find the 𝜽-limits of the integration.

Step 4: Solve.

DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR FORM

 EXAMPLE 7
27

a. Use a double integral to find the area enclosed by one

loop of the four-leaved rose 𝒓 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽.

b. Use a double integral to find the area enclosed by three-

leaved rose 𝒓 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜽.

c. Find the area of the region that lies inside the

cardioid 𝒓 = 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 and outside the
circle 𝒓 = 𝟏 in the first quadrant.

DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR FORM

 PETALED 0F ROSES
28

DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR FORM

 PETALED 0F ROSES
29

Sketch the graph of 𝒓 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 in polar coordinates.

DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR FORM

 EXAMPLE 7
30

c. Find the volume of the solid region bounded above

by the paraboloid 𝒛 = 𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 and below
by the unit circle in the 𝒙𝒚 −plane.

d. Using polar integration, find the area of the region R in

the xy-plane enclosed by the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒, above
the line 𝒚 = 𝟏, and below the line 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙.

DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR FORM

 REVISION
31

1. Evaluate ‫ 𝟐𝒚𝒙𝟐𝟏 𝑹׭‬− 𝟖𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝑨 , 𝑹 = { 𝒙, 𝒚 : 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐, −𝟏 ≤

DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR FORM

 SKETCHING 3-D
32

TRIPLE INTEGRAL
 SKETCHING 3-D
33

TRIPLE INTEGRAL
 SKETCHING 3-D
34
 SKETCHING 3-D
35

1. Sketch the surface that lies in the first octant:

a) 𝒚 = 𝒙 b) 𝒚 = 𝒛 c) 𝒙 = 𝒛

TRIPLE INTEGRAL
 SKETCHING 3-D
36

2. Sketch the graph of the equation in 3-dimensional space:

a) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 b) 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 c) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓

TRIPLE INTEGRAL
 TRIPLE INTEGRAL
37

If 𝒇 is a function defined over a closed, bounded solid region 𝑮,

then the triple integral of 𝒇 over 𝑮 is defined as

ම 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = lim ෍ 𝑓(𝑥𝑘∗ , 𝑦𝑘,

∗ ∗
𝑧𝑘 ) ∆𝑉𝑘
𝑛→∞
𝐺 𝑘=1

TRIPLE INTEGRAL
 PROPERTIES OF TRIPLE INTEGRAL
38

If 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 and 𝒈 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 are continuous, then

Constant Multiple

ම 𝑐𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑐 ම 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉
𝐺 𝐺
Sum and Difference

ම[𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ± 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)]𝑑𝑉 = ම 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 ± ම 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉

𝐺 𝐺 𝐺

TRIPLE INTEGRAL
 PROPERTIES OF TRIPLE INTEGRAL
39

If 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 and 𝒈 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 are continuous, then

Domination

‫𝑥 𝑓 𝐺׮‬, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 ≥ 0 if 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ≥ 0 on G

‫𝑥 𝑓 𝐺׮‬, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 ≥ ‫𝑥 𝑔 𝐺׮‬, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉
if 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ≥ 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 on 𝑮

TRIPLE INTEGRAL
 PROPERTIES OF TRIPLE INTEGRAL
40

If 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 and 𝒈 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 are continuous, then

Additivity

ම 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = ම 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 + ම 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉
𝐺 𝐺1 𝐺2
If 𝑮 = 𝑮𝟏 ∪ 𝑮𝟐 and 𝑮𝟏 ∩ 𝑮𝟐 = ∅

TRIPLE INTEGRAL
 TRIPLE INTEGRALS FOR RECTANGULAR SOLIDS
41

If 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 and 𝒈 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 are continuous, then

Fubini’s theorem
If 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 is continuous on a box-shaped region 𝑮 of the form
𝑮: { 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 : 𝒂 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒃, 𝒄 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝒅, 𝒌 ≤ 𝒛 ≤ 𝒍}, then

𝑙 𝑑 𝑏
ම 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = න න න 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑘 𝑐 𝑎
𝐺

TRIPLE INTEGRALS FOR RECTANGULAR SOLIDS

 EXAMPLE 9
42

1. Evaluate ‫ 𝑽𝒅) 𝟑𝒛 𝟐𝒚𝒙𝟐𝟏( 𝑮׮‬where 𝑮 is the rectangular box

given by 𝑮 = { 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 : −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟑, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒛 ≤ 𝟐}.

𝟐 𝝅/𝟐 𝟏 𝒛
2. Evaluate ‫ 𝒆 𝟎׬ 𝟎׬ 𝟎׬‬sin 𝒚 𝒅𝒛𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙.

TRIPLE INTEGRALS FOR RECTANGULAR SOLIDS

TRIPLE INTEGRALS FOR NON-RECTANGULAR SOLIDS
43

There are 3 possible types for a region not in the shape of a

rectangular box:
1. Type I – integrating over simple 𝒙𝒚 −solid
2. Type II – integrating over simple 𝒙𝒛 −solid
3. Type III – integrating over simple 𝒚𝒛 −solid

TRIPLE INTEGRALS FOR NON-RECTANGULAR SOLIDS

 TYPE I REGION
44

Solid region 𝑮 lies between the graphs of two continuous

functions of 𝒙 and 𝒚 (bounded upper and below), that is
𝑮 = { 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 : (𝒙, 𝒚) ∈ 𝑹, 𝒌𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒚) ≤ 𝒛 ≤ 𝒌𝟐 (𝒙, 𝒚)}, where 𝑹 is
the projection of 𝑮 onto the 𝒙𝒚 −plane.

𝒌𝟐 (𝒙,𝒚)
ම 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝑽 = ඵ න 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝑨
𝒌𝟏 (𝒙,𝒚)
𝑮 𝑹

*can integrate with respect to either 𝑥 or 𝑦, or use the

polar coordinates if needed
TRIPLE INTEGRALS FOR NON-RECTANGULAR SOLIDS
 EXAMPLE 10
45

If 𝑮 is the region in the first octant enclosed by the cylinder

𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏 and the plane 𝒚 = 𝒙. Evaluate ‫𝑽𝒅𝒛 𝑮׮‬

TRIPLE INTEGRALS FOR NON-RECTANGULAR SOLIDS – TYPE I

 EXAMPLE 10
46

Use a triple integral to find the volume of the solid within

the cylinder 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗 and between the planes 𝒛 = 𝟏 and
𝒙 + 𝒛 = 𝟓, as shown in the figure.

TRIPLE INTEGRALS FOR NON-RECTANGULAR SOLIDS – TYPE I

 TYPE II REGION
47

Solid region 𝑮 lies between the graphs of two continuous

functions of 𝒙 and 𝒛 (bounded left and right), that is
𝑮 = { 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 : (𝒙, 𝒛) ∈ 𝑹, 𝒈𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒛) ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝒈𝟐 (𝒙, 𝒛)}, where 𝑹 is
the projection of 𝑮 on the 𝒙𝒛 −plane
𝒈𝟐 (𝒙,𝒛)
ම 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝑽 = ඵ න 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝑨
𝒈𝟏 (𝒙,𝒛)
𝑮 𝑹

*can integrate with respect to either 𝑥 or 𝑧, or use the

polar coordinates if needed
TRIPLE INTEGRALS FOR NON-RECTANGULAR SOLIDS
 EXAMPLE 11
48

Find the volume of solid 𝑮 bounded by 𝒛 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 , 𝒛 = 𝟒 −

𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝟎 and 𝒛 + 𝒚 = 𝟔.

TRIPLE INTEGRALS FOR NON-RECTANGULAR SOLIDS – TYPE II

 TYPE III REGION
49

Solid region 𝑮 lies between the graphs of two continuous

functions of 𝒚 and 𝒛 (bounded back and front), that is
𝑮 = { 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 : (𝒚, 𝒛) ∈ 𝑹, 𝒉𝟏 (𝒚, 𝒛) ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒉𝟐 (𝒚, 𝒛)}, where 𝑹 is
the projection of 𝑮 on the 𝒚𝒛 −plane.

ℎ2 (𝑦,𝑧)
ම 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = ඵ න 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝐴
ℎ1 (𝑦,𝑧)
𝐺 𝑅

*can integrate with respect to either 𝑦 or 𝑧, or use the

polar coordinates if needed
TRIPLE INTEGRALS FOR NON-RECTANGULAR SOLIDS
 EXAMPLE 12
50

Find the volume of the solid in the first octant bounded by the
planes 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟒, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝒚 −plane and 𝒚𝒛 −plane.

TRIPLE INTEGRALS FOR NON-RECTANGULAR SOLIDS – TYPE III

 TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
51

Cylindrical coordinates
 Represent a point 𝑷 in space by (𝒓, 𝜽, 𝒛) in which:
• 𝒓 and 𝜽 are polar coordinates for the
vertical projection of 𝑷 on the 𝒙𝒚 −plane
• 𝒛 is the rectangular vertical coordinates
 Rectangular coordinates (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) are transformed into cylindrical
coordinates by:
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃; 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃; 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 ; 𝑧 = 𝑧; 𝑦
tan θ =
𝑥

TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

 TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
52

Suppose that 𝒇(𝒓, 𝜽, 𝒛) is continuous in a region 𝑮 of the form

𝑮 = { 𝒓, 𝜽, 𝒛 : (𝒓, 𝜽) ∈ 𝑹, 𝒌𝟏 (𝒓, 𝜽) ≤ 𝒛 ≤ 𝒌𝟐 (𝒓, 𝜽)} where 𝑹 is
the projection of 𝑮 on the 𝒓𝜽 −plane. Then

𝑘2 (𝑟,𝜃)
ම 𝑓 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = ඵ න 𝑓 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝐴
𝑘1 (𝑟,𝜃)
𝐺 𝑅

TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

 EXAMPLE 13
53

a) Use cylindrical coordinate to evaluate

𝟗−𝒙𝟐 𝟗−𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐 𝟐
‫׬‬−𝟑 ‫׬‬− 𝟗−𝒙𝟐 ‫𝟎׬‬ 𝒙 𝒅𝒛𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙.

b) Use triple integral in cylindrical coordinates to find the

volume of the solid bounded by 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗, 𝒛 =
𝟐𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 and 𝒛 = 𝟎.

TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

54
 TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES
55

Spherical coordinates
 Represent a point 𝑷 in space by (𝜌, ∅, 𝜃) in which
• 𝝆 – the distance from 𝑷 to the origin
• ∅ – the angle between the positive 𝒛 −axis
and the line from the origin to the point 𝑷
• 𝜽 – the angle from cylindrical coordinates
 Rectangular coordinates (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) are transformed into spherical
coordinates 𝑷(𝜌, ∅, 𝜃) by:
𝒙 = 𝝆𝐬𝐢𝐧∅𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜽 𝒚 = 𝝆𝐬𝐢𝐧∅𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜽 𝒛 = 𝝆𝐜𝐨𝐬∅
𝒓 = 𝝆𝐬𝐢𝐧∅ 𝝆𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐

TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES

 TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES
56

Suppose that 𝒇(𝝆, ∅, 𝜽) is continuous on a spherical box-

shaped region 𝑮 of the form 𝑮 = { 𝝆, ∅, 𝜽 : 𝒂 ≤ 𝝆 ≤ 𝒃,
𝒌 ≤ ∅ ≤ 𝒍, 𝒄 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝒅}. Then

𝑑 𝑙 𝑏

ම 𝑓 𝜌, ∅, 𝜃 𝑑𝑉 = න න න 𝑓 𝜌, ∅, 𝜃 𝜌2 sin ∅𝑑𝜌𝑑∅𝑑𝜃
𝐺 𝑐 𝑘 𝑎

TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES

 EXAMPLE 14
57

a) Use spherical coordinate to evaluate

𝟒−𝒙𝟐 𝟒−𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐 𝟐
‫׬‬−𝟐 ‫׬‬− 𝟒−𝒙𝟐
‫𝟎׬‬ 𝒛 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒅𝒛𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙.

b) Find the volume of the solid bounded above by sphere

𝝆 = 𝟑 and below by cone 𝝓 = 𝝅 ∕ 𝟑

c) Find the volume of the solid bounded

above by sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
and below by cone 𝒛 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐

TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES

 TRIPLE INTEGRALS
58

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
Rectangular to Cylindrical
𝑧=𝑧
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧
𝑥 = 𝜌 sin ∅ cos 𝜃
𝑦 = 𝜌 sin ∅ sin 𝜃
Rectangular to Spherical
𝑧 = 𝜌 cos ∅
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 𝜌2 sin 𝜙 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜙𝑑𝜃
𝑟 = 𝜌 sin ∅
Cylindrical to Spherical 𝑧 = 𝜌 cos ∅
𝜃=𝜃
 EXERCISES
59

a) Use triple integral to find the volume of the solid bounded

by the planes 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟎 and 𝒛 = 𝟎.

b) Use triple integral to find the volume of the solid bounded

by 𝒚 = 𝟐 − 𝒛𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝒛𝟐 , 𝒙 + 𝒛 = 𝟒 and 𝒙 = 𝟎.

TRIPLE INTEGRALS FOR NON-RECTANGULAR SOLIDS – TYPE III

 APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
60

1. Masses and moments in two dimensions (Lamina)

2. Masses and moments in three dimensions

APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

 NOTATION & TERMINOLOGY
61

Laminar a solid object that is sufficiently “flat” to be regarded as

two-dimensional
Density mass per unit area, 𝜎 𝑥, 𝑦
Mass quantity of matter in a body , 𝑚
Moment of mass tendency of mass to produce a rotation about a
point/line/plane
• Positive moment – clockwise rotation
• Negative moment – counterclockwise rotation
Center of a point where a system behaves as if all its mass is
gravity/center of concentrated there (balance point).
mass
Centroid center of mass of a homogeneous body
Moment of inertia Tendency to resist a change in the rotational motion about
an axis
 MASSES AND MOMENTS IN TWO DIMENSIONS
(LAMINA)
62

• A material’s density function, denoted by 𝝈 𝒙, 𝒚 , is the mass

per unit area, expressed as:
𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 (𝒎)
𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝝈 𝒙, 𝒚 =
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 (𝑨)

• Hence the mass for thin flat plate (lamina) in the 𝒙𝒚 −plane is
obtained by integrating the density function over the region 𝑹

𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬, 𝒎 = ඵ 𝝈 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨
𝑹

APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

 MASSES AND MOMENTS IN TWO DIMENSIONS
(LAMINA)
63

• Moments of mass about the 𝒙 −axes and 𝒚 −axes are given as:

ഥ = ඵ 𝒙𝝈 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨
𝑴𝒚 = 𝒙
𝑹

ഥ = ඵ 𝒚𝝈 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨
𝑴𝒙 = 𝒚
𝑹

𝑴𝒚 𝑴𝒙
• Centre of mass, 𝒙
ഥ, 𝒚
ഥ = ,
𝒎 𝒎
• If the density 𝝈 is constant, the point 𝒙 ഥ is called the centroid
ഥ, 𝒚
of the region
APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
 EXAMPLE 15
64

A triangular lamina with vertices (0,0), (0,1) and (1,0) has

density function 𝜹 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 . Find:

a) total mass
b) center of gravity of the triangular lamina

APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

 EXAMPLE 16
65

A lamina of density 𝜹 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 occupies a region R bounded

by the parabola 𝒚 = 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 and the line 𝒚 = 𝒙. Find:

a) Mass
b) Centre of mass of the lamina

APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

 MASSES AND MOMENTS IN THREE DIMENSIONS
(SOLID)
66

• The density 𝝈 𝒙, 𝒚 at a point in the solid refers to mass per unit

volume.

𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬, 𝒎 = ම 𝝈 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝑽
𝑮

ഥ = ම 𝒙𝝈 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝑽
𝐌𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭, 𝑴𝒚𝒛 = 𝒙
𝑮

ഥ = ම 𝒚𝝈 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝑽
𝐌𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭, 𝑴𝒙𝒛 = 𝒚
𝑮

𝐌𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭, 𝑴𝒙𝒚 = 𝒛ത = ම 𝒛𝝈 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝑽
𝑮
APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
 MASSES AND MOMENTS IN THREE DIMENSIONS
67

𝑴𝒚𝒛 𝑴𝒙𝒛 𝑴𝒙𝒚

• Centre of mass, 𝒙
ഥ, 𝒚,
ഥ 𝒛ത = , ,
𝒎 𝒎 𝒎
• If the density 𝝈 is constant, the point 𝒙 ഥ 𝒛ത is called the
ഥ, 𝒚,
centroid

APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

 EXAMPLE 17
68

Find the centroid of the solid 𝑮 bounded below by the cone

𝒛 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 and above by the sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔.
𝟔𝟒𝝅
Given the volume of solid 𝑮 is 𝟐− 𝟐
𝟑

APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

 EXAMPLE 18
69

Find the centroid of a solid of constant density 𝝈 bounded below

by the disk 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ≤ 𝟒 in the plane 𝒛 = 𝟎 and above by the
paraboloid 𝒛 = 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 .

APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

 MOMENTS OF INERTIA FOR TWO DIMENSIONS
70

• Also known as second moments

• The moments of inertia of a lamina of density 𝝈 covering the
planar R about the 𝒙 −axis, 𝒚 −axis, and 𝒛 −axis are given by:

𝑰𝒙 = ඵ 𝒚𝟐 𝝈 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨
𝑹

𝑰𝒚 = ඵ 𝒙𝟐 𝝈 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨
𝑹

𝑰𝒛 = ඵ(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝝈 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝑨
𝑹
APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
 EXAMPLE 19
71

A thin plate covers the triangular region bounded by the 𝒙 −axis

and the lines 𝒙 = 𝟏 and 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 in the first quadrant. The plate’s
density at the point (𝒙, 𝒚) is 𝝈 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟔. Find the
plate’s moments of inertia about the coordinate axes and the
origin.

APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

 MOMENTS OF INERTIA FOR THREE DIMENSIONS
72

• Suppose the solid occupies a region 𝑹 and that the density at

each point (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) in 𝑹 is given by 𝝈(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛). The moments of
inertia of the solid about the 𝒙 −axis, 𝒚 −axis, and 𝒛 −axis are
given by

𝑰𝒙 = ම(𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )𝝈 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝑽 ,
𝑮

𝑰𝒚 = ම(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )𝝈 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝑽
𝑮

𝑰𝒛 = ම(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝝈 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒅𝑽
𝑮
APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
 EXAMPLE 20
73

A cubical solid is in the first octant and is bounded by the

coordinates planes, the planes 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟏 and 𝒛 = 𝟏. If the
density 𝝈 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 + 𝟏, find the moments of inertia
about the coordinates axes.

APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

 REFERENCES
74

1. Engineering Mathematics Module, Pearson (2012).

2. Calculus, Wiley (1988).

3. Calculus, Thomson (2003).