WHAT’S NEW

Activity 1: Define Me
A. Define at least five key terms in your research study according to a conceptual definition.
1. Face to face. It is when people involved are being close together and looking directly at each
other.
2. Module. Is any in a series of standardized units used together, such as an educational unit that
covers a single subject or topic.
3. New normal. A new normal is a state to which an economy, society, etc. settles following a
crisis, when this differs from the situation that prevailed prior to the start of the crisis.
4. Pandemic. A pandemic is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large
region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of people.
5. Student. A person who attends a school, college, or university.

B. Using the terms in your conceptual definition, define them according to an operational
definition.
1. Face to face. This refers to one of the modalities used in learning delivery in which the teacher
and students should be in the same place or setting, such as the classroom.
2. Module. Teaching modules are guides of the topics and lessons of a specific subject given to
students under the modular method. It is also an alternative distance learning delivery in which
students are required to read and answer the activities specified in the module.
3. New normal. Refers to the learning system or education in the new normal that uses
alternative learning methods that includes online learning and offline methods, such as take-
home readings and activities.
4. Pandemic. Refers to an epidemic called COVID-19 occurring worldwide, or over a very wide
area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people.
5. Student. Refers to a person who is enrolled in Catarman National High School as a Senior
High in the Accountancy, Business and Management Strand.
 WHAT’S MORE
Activity 1: My Order Please
Arrange the following words/terms according to how it should be ordered. Note the number of
sequence on the space provided at the left side of the terms.
Order Defined Terms
Response rate. In survey research, the actual percentage of questionnaires completed
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and returned.
1 Accuracy. A term used in survey research to refer to the match between the target
population and the sample.
6 Precision. In survey research, the tightness of the confidence limits.

2 Control group. A group in an experiment that receives not treatment to compare the
treated group against a norm.
3 Data. Recorded observations, usually in numeric or textual form
Hypotheses. A tentative explanation based on theory to predict a causal relationship
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between variables.
8 Reliability. The extent to which a measure, procedure or instrument yields the same
result on repeated trials.
Random sampling. The process used in research to draw a sample of a population
7 strictly by chance, yielding no discernible pattern beyond chance.

5 Parameter. A coefficient or value for the population that corresponds to a particular

statistic from a sample and is often inferred from the sample.
Synchronic reliability. The similarity of observations within the same time frame; it is
10 not about the similarity of things observed.

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Activity 1: Spot me wrong
Read the following definition of terms and identify the errors on how it was written. Rewrite
the correct terms and its definition to the space provided.
Definition of Terms Answer
Mean. The average score within
Analysis of variance (ANOVA). A method of statistical
a distribution.
Median. The center score is a analysis used to determine differences among the means of
distribution. two or more groups on a
Mode. The most frequent variable.
score in a distribution.
RANGE. The difference
Mean. The average score within a distribution.
between the highest and lowest Median. The center score is a distribution.
scores in a distribution.
ANOVA. A method of Mode. The most frequent score in a distribution.
statistical analysis used to Range. The difference between the highest and lowest
determine differences among the
scores in a distribution.
means of two or more groups on a
variable.

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 WHAT I CAN DO
Task 1: Define Me Operationally
Base on your research title and research framework, organize your definition of terms.
Write the complete definition of terms of your research study operationally as directed by the
guidelines given to you in this module. Note that there are other ways or formats of writing your
definition of terms depending on the guidelines of your institution. Use a separate paper for your
answer.

Definition of Terms
To comprehend the study better, the following terms are operationally defined.

Academic Performance. It is the measurement of student achievement across various

academic subjects. Teachers and education officials typically measure achievement using
classroom performance, graduation rates and results from standardized tests.
Distance learning. A method of study where teachers and students do not meet in a classroom
but use the Internet, email, mail, etc., to have classes
Face to face. This refers to one of the modalities used in learning delivery in which the teacher
and students should be in the same place or setting, such as the classroom.
Learning Delivery Modalities. This refers to a learning delivery modality where learning takes
place between the teacher and the learners who are geographically remote from each other during
instruction. This modality has three types: Modular Distance Learning (MDL), Online Distance
Learning (ODL), and TV/Radio-Based Instruction.
Modular Distance Learning (MDL). Is a form of distance learning that uses Self-Learning
Modules (SLMs) based on the most essential learning competencies (MELCS) provided by
DepEd. The modules include sections on motivation and assessment that serve as a complete
guide of both teachers' and students' desired competencies.
Module. Teaching modules are guides of the topics and lessons of a specific subject given to
students under the modular method. It is also an alternative distance learning delivery in which
students are required to read and answer the activities specified in the module.
New normal. Refers to the learning system or education in the new normal that uses alternative
learning methods that includes online learning and offline methods, such as take-home readings
and activities.
Pandemic. Refers to an epidemic called COVID-19 occurring worldwide, or over a very wide
area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people.
Student. Refers to a person who is enrolled in Catarman National High School as a Senior
High in the Accountancy, Business and Management Strand.

Additional Activity
Direction: after you submit your definition of terms, once it is corrected in accordance with the
guidelines given, you may start incorporating them into your research manuscript.

WHAT’S NEW
Activity 1: Own Words
Direction: in your own words, briefly define the following terms according to how you
understood the lesson.
1. Alternative hypothesis – is an alternate statement when the null hypothesis is disprove.
2. Complex hypothesis – this reflects the relationship between two variables, and shows the
connection between two or more dependent and independent variables.
3. Concise – being concise means that the information is brief and comprehensive.
4. Directional hypothesis – this shows that the effect of dependent and independent variable have
a clear direction.
5. Empirical hypothesis – this is where the trial and error are leading to a series of findings.

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6. Falsifiable – means that a certain statement, theory or hypothesis are to be contradicted by
evidence.
7. Hypothesis – it explains what you expect to happen, it is clear and understandable, it contains
an independent and dependent variable, and it should be testable and measurable.
8. Non-directional hypothesis – is used when the dependent and independent variable have
effects but does not reflect the direction of the effect if it is positively or negatively affected.
9. Null hypothesis – this hypothesis exist when a researcher consider the independent and
dependent variable to have no relationship.
10. Testable – means that a certain hypothesis should have the capability of being tested or
proved.

WHAT’S MORE
Activity 1: Type Identity
Given the following hypothesis, identify the type and direction which applies to each. Write your
answer in the right column.
Hypothesis Answer
1. The higher the unemployment rate, - Simple Hypothesis and Directional Hypothesis
the higher will be the poverty and
crime rate.
2. Increase the intake of food with - Complex Hypothesis and Directional Hypothesis
high carbohydrate content daily
leads to obesity.
3. There is a significant change in my
- Alternative Hypothesis and Non-directional Hypothesis
sleeping pattern when I drink milk
before sleeping or do not.
4. Planets revolve around the sun at - Empirical Hypothesis and Non-directional Hypothesis
diverse speeds.
5. There is no relationship between the - Null Hypothesis and Non-directional Hypothesis
use of social media and the attention
span of students in school.
6. Implementing a flexible working
arrangement enhance job contentment - Simple Hypothesis and Directional Hypothesis
of the employees.
7. Sex education for high school - Statistical and Null Hypothesis and Non-directional
students has no effect on the rates of Hypothesis
teen pregnancy.
8. People who value freedom and - Complex and Empirical Hypothesis and Directional
longevity are more likely to Hypothesis
experience happiness that those who
do not value their freedom and
longevity.
9. The number of lectures attended
By the senior high school students - Null Hypothesis and Directional Hypothesis
does not affect their final exam scores.
10. If you sleep at least 6 hours a day,
you will get a high score on the test - Alternative Hypothesis and Directional Hypothesis
than if you get less sleep.

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 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Activity 1: With Guidance
Refer to the guidelines on how to write a hypothesis. Choose at least 3 guidelines and explain
them further on why or how they are vital in formulating hypothesis.
1. Before writing your specific hypothesis, spend more time researching about the topic you
are interested in. Focus on information and previous studies related to your topic.
Be sure to read on the topic to familiarize yourself with it before making a final
decision. You need to make certain that the topic is researchable in an interdisciplinary
sense, meaning that there is sufficient published material on the topic in the legal
literature and in the literature of a second or possibly a third discipline to write a 35-page
paper.

2. Your independent variable and dependent variable must be included in your hypothesis.
Determining cause and effect is one of the most important parts of scientific research. It’s
essential to know which is the cause – the independent variable – and which is the effect – the
dependent variable. So these two variables are very essential in your hypothesis.

3. Your hypothesis should be concise and comprises clear and simple language. Make it
short and simple for it to be easily understood and avoid any misconceptions or
misunderstanding.
Avoid judgmental words in your hypothesis. Value judgments are subjective and are
not appropriate for a hypothesis. You should strive to be objective. Therefore the use of
personal opinion is to be avoided.

WHAT I CAN DO
Task 1: Ho vs Ha
Base on your research study, refer to your research questions. Formulate three (3) null hypothesis
and three (3) alternative hypothesis. Write your research title and research questions, followed by
your hypothesis.

Research Title: MODULAR DISTANCE LEARNING: ITS EFFECTS ON THE ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE OF ACCOUNTANCY, BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT STUDENTS IN
CATARMAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Research Questions:
1. Is there a significant relationship between the modular distance learning and the academic
performance of the students?
2. Does the modular learning system have advantages and disadvantages to the students’
academic performance?
3. Will the main factors of modular distance learning negatively affect the academic performance
of the students?
4. Does the difference between distance learning and regular education affect the level of
performance of the students?
Null hypothesis
1. There is no significant difference between the modular distance learning and the academic
performance of the students.
2. The modular learning system have no significant change to the students’ academic
performance.
3. The main factors of modular learning system have no significant difference on the academic
performance of the students.

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Alternative hypothesis
1. There is a significant difference between the modular distance learning and the academic
performance of the students.
2. The modular learning system have a significant difference to the students’ academic
performance.
3. The main factors of modular learning system have a significant difference on the academic
performance of the students.
Additional Activity
Direction: After you submit your research hypothesis, once it is corrected in accordance with the
guidelines given, you may start incorporating them into your research manuscript.

WHAT’S NEW
Activity 1: Own Words
Direction: In your own words, briefly define the following terms according to how you
understood the lesson.
1. Peer-review
- acts as a filter to ensure that only high quality research is published, by determining the
validity, significance and originality of the study.
2. General references
– this refers to all of the reference that the researcher include in the whole study.
3. In-text citation
– is also a reference that is made within the body of text in the paper.
4. Periodicals
– are the chosen edited summaries of the findings of the study done by journalists for general
readers.
5. Snowballing
– is a sampling technique, in which existing subjects provide referrals to recruit samples
required for a research study.
6. Body of knowledge
– is a type of knowledge representation by any knowledge organization. It refers to the core
teachings and skills required to work in a particular field or industry.
7. Search engines
– it is a website through which users can search internet contents.
8. Reference management software
– it enable researchers to more easily organize and manage large volumes of references.
9. Main body
– this brings together all the information you have gathered from other sources during your
research.
10. Government documents
– is a blanket term used to categorize any information disseminated by a government agency.

WHAT IS IT
Activity 1: Take a View
Refer to the following sites/links for further discussions on review of related literature. Give your
comprehensive summary and personal reflection on what you have learn from the videos.

On the first link that I clicked, the discussions were all about the common mistakes on
conducting a literature review. I have learned that collecting as many citations as possible is a
mistake and it is not necessary in the paper, according to Michael Quinn Patton, Ph.D. is that
what’s important is the quality of the sources and our engagements with it. According to him we
must also understand what’s relevant and not relevant in our inquiry. The second mistake that I
have learned is that claiming research is entirely unique, that there is nothing published on the
topic. And the third mistake is Citing only the second-and third hand accounts of the classics. I

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have also learned about the two “streams” to pay attention to when conducting a literature review
and that includes the theoretical and methodological. On the second link, the discussions are
about the Overview of Literature review. Overall the video revolves around the discussion on
‘what is a literature review and how to write it’ and I have learned many things about the
literature review from this discussion or video and that includes the types, functions, etc. about
the literature review, but most importantly this video guided me and helped me in making a
literature review on my research paper. As well as the first link, it helped me avoid mistakes in
conducting a literature review on my own.

WHAT’S MORE
Activity 1: Com-Con
Compare and contrast the following terms. Write your answer in the table.
Terms Compare Contrast

Reference and Reference and Reference Bibliography

Bibliography bibliography both
Reference include Bibliographies, on the
include and contain
sources that have been other hand, contain all
sources that have been
directly cited in the the sources that you
used in the paper.
paper. have used for your
paper, whether they are
directly cited or not.
Thesis and Both papers are similar Thesis Dissertation
Dissertation in their structure, as they
A thesis is a While a dissertation is
contain an introduction,
compilation of research your opportunity
literary review, body,
that proves you are during a doctorate
conclusion, bibliography
knowledgeable about program to contribute
and appendix.
the information learn new knowledge,
throughout your theories or practices to
graduate program. your field. The point is
to come up with an
entirely new concept,
develop it and defend
its worth.

Chronological Both reviews gather Chronological review Methodological review

review and information or studies
Chronological review While methodological
Methodological and then they review it.
describes each work in review is a specialized
review
succession starting with type of literature
the earliest available review in which the
information. researcher gathers,
compares and contrast
other studies to the
current research.
Primary sources A secondary source Primary sources Secondary sources
and Secondary describes, interprets, or
A primary source gives Secondary sources
sources synthesizes primary
you direct access to the provide second-hand
sources.
subject of your information and
research. commentary from
other researchers.
Theoretical They both present or Theoretical review Context review

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 review and introduce a part of a It is a literature review It is primarily focused
Context review study and focuses on in which the researcher on the content or
that specific part. introduces a several contextual aspect of
theories or concepts research.
that are focused on a
specific topic.

Activity 2: Cite Seeing

Direction: Refer to the types of literature review. Choose at least three (3) from the list and give
example of each. Search them using the internet. Cite the source and make sure that you have
taken your information from a reliable one.

1. Theoretical Literature Review Example

Source: https://www.template.net/business/literature-review-example/

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2. Methodological Literature Review Example
Source: https://www.template.net/business/literature-review-example/

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3. Historical Literature Review Example
Source: https://www.template.net/business/literature-review-example/

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 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Activity 1: Write Me Up
In five (5) to ten (10) sentences, briefly discuss the following:
1. The importance of the review of related literature in your research study.
It is important for a researcher to have a comprehensive and relevant body of supporting
materials to his research work. The related literature and studies are needed for the following
reasons: It provides insight into the theoretical/conceptual background of the study. It provides
the rationale of the framework of the study. The theoretical framework for instance, is obtained
or conceived through the literature search. Reviewing related materials helps the researcher to
gather valuable data and ideas that can guide him in his own research. It prepares the reader to
better assimilate and understand the concepts of the study and gives him a bird’s eye view of the
quality of readings the researcher has done in support of his study. Reviewing the related
literature requires the researcher to make in-depth readings of both the reasearch and conceptual
literature.

As a student, which among the different types of literature is/are applicable to your
research study?

The literature you should use should be closely related to your research topic. You review this
literature as it will assist you with appropriate concepts and theories to underpin your research.
I personally like to apply Theoretical review in my research study.

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