Course Code: CHE 026L

Laboratory Activity Sheet #5

Name:__Zeian Jacob Bayla__________________________________________________________

Class number: _______
Section: __BSMLS-L__________ Schedule: __M/T/Th/F 8am-4pm______________________8/13/21____________
Date: _______________

ACTIVITY NO. 5
CHEMICAL BONDING: IONS AND MOLECULES
Objectives:
 Differentiate ionic and covalent bonding
 Draw the Lewis structure of ionic and covalent compounds.
 Classify bonding of compounds based on electronegativity
 Familiarize the different cations and anions with their charges
Materials:
 Periodic Table, Pen, Module 5 Lecture Notes, Paper

Introduction:
Chemical bonding is one of the most basic fundamentals of chemistry that explains other concepts
such as molecules and reactions. Without it, scientists wouldn't be able to explain why atoms are attracted to
each other or how products are formed after a chemical reaction has taken place.

A chemical bond is a link formed between two or more atoms or ions. Ionic and covalent bonds are the
two main types of chemical bonding. The main difference between ionic and covalent bonds is how equally
the electrons are shared between atoms in the bond.

The covalent bond is formed when two atoms are able to share electrons whereas the ionic bond is
formed when the "sharing" is so unequal that an electron from atom A is completely lost to atom B, resulting in
a pair of ions.

Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding between two non metallic atoms which is characterized
by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms and other covalent bonds.Covalent bonds have a definite
and predictable shape and have low melting and boiling points. They can be easily broken into its primary
structure as the atoms are close by to share the electrons. These are mostly gaseous and even a slight
negative or positive charge at opposite ends of a covalent bond gives them molecular polarity.
Covalent/Molecular compounds are termed as the substance formed thru covalent bonding.

Ionic bond, also known as electrovalent bond, is a type of bond formed from the electrostatic attraction
between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound. This kind of bonds occurs mainly between a
metallic and a non metallic atom.Ionic bonds normally form crystalline compounds and have higher melting
points and boiling points compared to covalent compounds. These conduct electricity in molten or solution
state and they are extremely polar bonds. Most of them are soluble in water but insoluble in non-polar solvents.
They require much more energy than covalent bond to break the bond between them. Ionic compounds are
termed as the substance formed thru ionic bonding.

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 Course Code: CHE 026L
Laboratory Activity Sheet #5

Name:____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _____________________________________ Date: _______________

Procedure:

A. Ionic VS Covalent Compounds and its Lewis Structures

1. Read and refer to your Module 5 Lecture notes.
2. Classify the given compounds in the activity sheet as to their type of bonding--ionic or covalent.
3. Draw the correct Lewis structure of the compounds in the activity sheet. Refer to the example below.

Compound Element 1 Element 2 Compound Type Lewis Structure

(metal or non- (metal or non-

metal?) metal?)

CO2 C = non-metal O = non-metal covalent

B. Classification of Bonding based on Electronegativity

One way to figure out what type of bond a molecule has is by determining the difference of the
electronegativity values of the molecules.

1. A non-polar covalent bond is a type of chemical bond that is formed when electrons are shared equally
between two atoms. Thus, in an atom, the number of electrons shared by the adjacent atoms will be the
same. Examples: H2 andF2.
If the difference is between 0.0-0.4, then the molecule has a non-polar covalent bond.
H2: The electronegativity of Hydrogen is 2.1. Since it is a molecule made up of the same element, you
can subtract directly: 2.1-2.1 = 0 (Nonpolar covalent)

Note: You can look for the electronegativity of an element in the periodic table.

2. Polar covalent bonding is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared
between two atoms. In a polar covalent bond, the electrons are not equally shared because one atom
spends more time with the electrons than the other atom.Example: CO.

If the difference is between 0.5-1.7, then the molecule has a polar covalent bond.
CO: The electronegativity of C is 2.5 and O is 3.5. Subtract from which is higher.
3.5-2.5 = 1 (Polar Covalent)

3. If the difference is 1.7 above, then the molecule has an ionic bond.
4. Answer the table provided in the activity sheet.

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 Course Code: CHE 026L
Laboratory Activity Sheet #5

Name:____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _____________________________________ Date: _______________

C. Cations and Anions Flash Card

1. Make a set of flash cards of all the ions found in your module. You may use index card, bond paper,
yellow paper or any blank paper.
2. Use the format shown below. It is also advisable that you use two colors of pen to differentiate
cations and anions. (Ex. Blue for anions and black for cations)
Front Back

Ammonium NH4+

3. Take a picture of your work. You are required to attach the picture/proof of work in the Google forms
provided by your instructor.

4. It is advisable that you use these flash cards in memorizing the cations and anions especially their
charges. Memorize or recite at least 10 ions before you sleep.

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 Course Code: CHE 026L
Laboratory Activity Sheet #5

Name:____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _____________________________________ Date: _______________

ACTIVITY NO. 5
CHEMICAL BONDING: IONS AND MOLECULES

A. Ionic VS Covalent Compounds and its Lewis Structures

Determine if the elements in the following compounds are metals or non-metals. Then determine the type of
bond or compound and draw its correct Lewis structure.

Compound Element 1 (metal Element 2 Compound Type Lewis Structure

or non-metal?) (metal or non-
metal?)

NaCl Na=Metal Cl=Non-metal Ionic

SO2 S=Non-metal O=Non-metal Covalent

HF H=Non-metal F=Non-metal Covalent

MgBr2 Mg=Metal Br=Non-metal Ionic

CaO Ionic
Ca=Metal O=Non-metal

H2O H=Non-metal O=Non-metal

Covalent

K2O K=Metal O=Non-metal Ionic

Write your answers in a paper. Take a picture of your final work and attach the picture in the provided Google
forms.

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 Course Code: CHE 026L
Laboratory Activity Sheet #5

Name:____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _____________________________________ Date: _______________

B. Classification of Bonding based on Electronegativity

Complete the table below based on what is asked.

Bonding More electronegative Less electronegative Difference in Bond Type

between element and value element and value electronegativity

Sulfur and Sulfur - 2.5 Hydrogen - 2.1 0.4 Nonpolar

Hydrogen covalent bond

Sulfur and Sulfur-2.5 Cesium-0.7 1.8 Ionic Bond

cesium

Chlorine and
Chlorine-3.0 Non-polar
bromine Bromine-2.8 0.3
covalent bond

Calcium and
Chlorine-3.0 Calcium-1.0 Ionic Bond
chlorine 2.0

Oxygen and
hydrogen Oxygen-3.0 Hydrogen-2.1 1.4 Polar covalent
bond
Nitrogen and
Nitrogen-3.5 Polar covalent
hydrogen Hydrogen-2.1 0.9 bond

If you don’t have a periodic

table, you can refer the
electronegativity values on
the picture shown on the left
side.

Write your answers in a paper.

Take a picture of your final
work and attach the picture in
the provided Google forms.

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 Course Code: CHE 026L
Laboratory Activity Sheet #5

Name:____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _____________________________________ Date: _______________

C. Cations and Anions Flash Card

Take a picture of your work as a whole. Attach the picture/proof of your work in the Google forms provided.

D. Guide Questions

1. Tabulate the differences between covalent and ionic bonding.

Ionic bond donates atom and it occurs between a non metal and a
metal while covalent bond occurs by sharing of atoms of both non-metals.

2. What are electrolytes? How is this different from ions?

Electrolytes ionizes and conduct electricity and ions are group of atoms that has a electrical charge.

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

Anions Cations