Level4 - Road Construction - Road Demolution
Level4 - Road Construction - Road Demolution
in ROAD CONSTRUCTION
REQF Level: IV
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RCTRD401 Perform road demolition LEVEL IV ROAD CONSTRUCTION
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Learning objectives
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Learning unit 1: Select materials, tools, equipment and prepare workplace
These are generally used for smaller depths of excavations in small areas. Man
power is required to operate these tools. The tools come under this category are
explained below.
1. Spade
Spade is a tool which consists metal plate having sharp edges, the plate is
attached to long handle which is generally made up of wood. Because of its
sharp edges the soil can be dig easily. The metal plate having less curvature in
the spade so, we cannot lift the soil by spade.
2. Shovel
Shovel is tool which is used for the purpose of lifting of excavated soil. It is also
similar to spade the difference between spade and shovel is the difference in
leading edge. The curvature of metal plate of shovel is generally higher when
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compared to spade so we can hold the soil easily and lifted it. Shovel can also
be used for digging purpose in case of soft soils, sand etc.
3. Hoe
Hoe is an excavating tool which consists a metal plate attached to a long
handle with acute angle. The plate having sharp edge is used to excavate the
soil. For small work of excavation it is widely preferred tool. Sometimes metal
plate is replaced by fork type plate.
4. chisel
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A chisel is a tool with a characteristically shaped cutting edge (such that wood
chisels have lent part of their name to a particular grind) of blade on its end,
for carving or cutting a hard material such as wood, stone, or metal by hand,
struck with a mallet, or mechanical power.[1] The handle and blade of some
types of chisel are made of metal or of wood with a sharp edge in it.
5. pan
6. Pick axe
Pick axe consists hard spike attached perpendicular to handle. They are used
for excavating small trenches in soil. Pick axe can cut the soil even if the soil is
of hard type. The metal spike is pointed on one side and wide blade is provided
on the other side.
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7. Mattock
This looks like pickaxe. But serious digging is not possible with mattock.
Generally it is used as lifting tool because of its curve shapes metal at its
bottom.
8. forked hoe
9. Tape measure:
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A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler used to measure
distance.
It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre glass, or metal strip with linear-
measurement markings. It is a common measuring tool. Its design allows for a
measure of great length to be easily carried in pocket or toolkit and permits one
to measure around curves or corners.
This tool is used to transport cement mortar or any materials. Sometimes it also
be used to measure the quantites of materials for site level concrete mixing
11. pegs
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Used for marking the area. sometimes they hold the building lines when long
distances are to be marked
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1.2. Select equipment
✓ Excavation equipment
✓ Loading machine
✓ Cleaning machine
✓ Cutting machine
✓ Trucks
These are the large tools which are operated by mechanical force and are used
for the larger depths of excavations. There are so many types of machine tools
with ease of operation are designed in this modern day period.
1. Tracked Excavator
This is also called as track hoe. It consists of cabinet and long arm. Long arm
again consists of 2 parts. The first part which is closure to cabinet is called as
Boom and the other part is called as Dipper-stick. Digging bucket is attached
to the end of dipper. This entire system can rotate 360 degrees. In this case
Vehicle is moved by traction, so we can use this equipment in mines, forestry,
pipeline industries etc. the function of excavator is done by hydraulic fluid so,
it is also called as hydraulic excavators.
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2. Wheeled Excavator
This whole arrangement is similar to the tracked excavator except that the
movement of vehicle is done by wheels. It can move quickly when compared to
tracked excavator but it is not suitable for uneven grounds or hilly areas
because of slippery nature. So these are generally used for road constructions
etc..
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4. Bulldozer
Bulldozer consists of hard steel plate with sharp edge at its front. This sharp
edge is helps the plate to cut the soil and for excavation. The metal plate can be
raised and lowered with the help of hydraulic arms. The bulldozers are
available in both tracked and wheeled form. These are widely used for the
works of soil excavations, weak rock strata removal, lifting of soil etc.
5. Dragline Excavators
Dragline excavators consists large length boom. A cable is hanged from the top
of the boom and digging bucket is suspended to the cable. Generally dragline
excavators are used for larger depth excavations like port construction, under
water sediment removal etc. These are heavy equipment with greater economy.
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6.Air compressor
This is a machine used to clean the workplace. its known by its capability of
cleaning the dusts and removing all unnecessary materials on workplace.
7. Motor Grader:
This is used for levelling and finishing earth-work. They can be either towed
type or motorised type.
8. GRAB
Grab consists of a cable or hydraulically controlled bottom-opening bucket
suspended from a crane or a lifting arm. The bucket is opened and dropped on
to a material to be removed. It is then closed and the material caught between
the jaws lifted in the grab bucket and discharged onto stockpiles or into
waiting haulage vehicles. Grabs are typically used for the excavation of pits or
trenches and loading to and from stockpiles.
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9. DUMPERS
Dump trucks or dumpers generally vary in size from 1 to about 80 tonne
capacity. Large capacity machines are also available but are generally used in
mines, quaries or open cast sites. In recent years articulated dump trucks with
capacities upto 35 tonne have become popular as they are versatile and are
especially suitable for hauling on softer sub grades. The speed of tipping in
increased over a road lorry by the absence of a tailgate. Small dumper units are
available for work on small sites and mounted dump trucks are also available
with load capacities upto about 20 tonne.
10.SCRAPER
Scraper can excavate load and deposit material in one cycle and may be towed
or self propelled. It consists of a centrally mounted bowl, the bottom, leading
edge of which can be controlled. Both towed and self propelled scrapers are
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effectively articulated between the front motorized or towing unit and the bowl
and larger self propelled scraper may second engine mounted on the rear.
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1.3. Prepare workplace
1.3.1.Preparation of workplace
3. Demarcation of work area: Site limits are set to define the useful area
so as to avoid the misuse of the land.
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equipment was invented to protect hoses and other equipment which had to be
laid out
Motor vehicle crashes are another major safety hazard on construction sites. It
is important to be cautious while operating motor vehicles or equipment on the
site. A motor vehicle should have a service brake system, emergency brake
system, and a parking brake system. All vehicles must be equipped with an
audible warning system if the operator chooses to use it. Vehicles must have
windows and doors, power windshield wipers, and a clear view of site from the
rear window. All employees should be properly trained before using motor
vehicles and equipment.
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Learning unit 2: Road defect making
Road profiles
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2.2 Install security signs
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2.3. Make delimitation of damaged area
1. Raveling
Possible Causes
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a road suffering from raveling due to inadequate compaction caused by
cold weather paving.
✓ Mechanical dislodging by certain types of traffic (studded tires, snowplow
blades or tracked vehicles). The first and fourth figures above show
raveling most likely caused by snow plows.
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2. Depression
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3. Fatigue Cracking
HMA surface (or stabilized base) under repeated traffic loading. In thin
pavements, cracking initiates at the bottom of the HMA layer where the tensile
stress is the highest then propagates to the surface as one or more longitudinal
cracking. In thick pavements, the cracks most likely initiate from the top in
and asphalt binder aging (top-down cracking). After repeated loading, the
myriad of things. A few of the more common ones are listed here:
• Decrease in pavement load supporting characteristics
• Loss of base, subbase or subgrade support (e.g., poor drainage or spring
thaw resulting in a less stiff base).
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• Stripping on the bottom of the HMA layer (the stripped portion
contributes little to pavement strength so the effective HMA thickness
decreases)
• Increase in loading (e.g., more or heavier loads than anticipated in
design)
• Inadequate structural design
• Poor construction (e.g., inadequate compaction)
root cause of failure. Any investigation should involve digging a pit or coring
the pavement to determine the pavement’s structural makeup as well as
generally ineffective. Fatigue crack repair generally falls into one of two
categories:
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4. Block Cracking
Block cracking normally occurs over a large portion of pavement area but
Repair: Strategies depend upon the severity and extent of the block cracking:
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• Low severity cracks (< 1/2 inch wide). Crack seal to prevent (1) entry
of moisture into the subgrade through the cracks and (2) further raveling
of the crack edges. HMA can provide years of satisfactory service after
developing small cracks if they are kept sealed (Roberts et. al., 1996[1]).
• High severity cracks (> 1/2 inch wide and cracks with raveled
edges). Remove and replace the cracked pavement layer with an overlay.
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5. Bleeding
Description
Possible Causes: Bleeding occurs when asphalt binder fills the aggregate voids
during hot weather and then expands onto the pavement surface. Since
bleeding is not reversible during cold weather, asphalt binder will accumulate
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• Low HMA air void content (e.g., not enough room for the asphalt to
expand into during hot weather)
Repair: The following repair measures may eliminate or reduce the asphalt
binder film on the pavement’s surface but may not correct the underlying
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6. Polished Aggregate
aggregate extending above the asphalt binder (in the case of HMA) or cement
paste (in the case of PCC) is either very small or there are no rough or angular
aggregate particles.
the protruding rough, angular particles become polished. This can occur
quicker if the aggregate is susceptible to abrasion or subject to excessive
Repair
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7. Non-Uniform Texture
streaking and should be investigated as such. Typically, mat areas that look
rougher and more coarse than other areas are of the greatest concern. HMA
mixtures with larger nominal maximum aggregate sizes will naturally appear
more coarse on the mat surface than mixtures with smaller nominal maximum
aggregate sizes.
Figure 3: Excessive
Figure 1: Open texture Figure 2: Open texture handwork leaving
visible after rain. during construction. texture.
parking lots and other areas of high pedestrian traffic. Furthermore, rough
Possible Causes: There are many potential causes for non-uniform mat
texture. Many times, the same mechanisms can cause mat tearing and non-
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warranted. The following lists causes that are separate from mat tearing
causes:
Solutions: Solutions differ depending upon the cause. Typical solutions involve
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8. Mat Tearing
phenomena:
• Parts of the mat surface are dragged along by the screed. Under
normal operation, the screed passes cleanly over the mat, however, if the
screed is applying excess downward force or the mat is too thin for the
given nominal maximum aggregate size, it can begin to drag aggregate
particles along the surface of the mat leave in longitudinal streaks
behind where the dragging occurred.
• Other streaks. Other streaks can occur for a variety of reasons such as
screed wear, screed crown, screed extensions, segregation and
temperature differentials.
Problem: Torn mat areas are unsightly and can reduce long-term pavement
performance. Mat tearing usually results in a corresponding decrease in
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density relative to the mat as a whole. Therefore, torn or streaked areas may
have higher air voids and are susceptible to decreased stiffness, reduced
Possible Causes: Causes depend upon the type of mat tearing or streaking:
• Parts of the mat surface are dragged along by the screed. Warped or
worn screed plates will increase the likelihood of dragging aggregate
particles along the mat surface because they generate more friction
(warped screed plates) and have more potential defects that can grab
aggregate particles (worn screed plates). Excessive paver speed can
magnify small aggregate particle disturbances to the point where the
result becomes a visible streak. An excessively thin mat in relation to
nominal maximum aggregate size may result in the paver screed being
supported by the larger aggregate particles. Aggregate particles caught
between the screed and the surface being paved may roll or be dragged
forward.
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paving operations. As the hot HMA heats the screed, this type of
tearing will generally disappear.
• Parts of the mat surface are dragged along by the screed. Ensure the
screed plate is properly maintained and replace worn or defective screed
plates. Decrease paver speed. Adhere to nominal maximum aggregate
size vs. lift thickness requirements.
• Other streaks. Properly adjust screed crown settings. Typically, the lead
crown should be set slightly higher than the tail crown by about 3 mm
(0.125 inch). Heat the screed before paving operations. Be careful when
using screed extensions. Extensions that just lengthen the strike-off
plate are especially prone to causing rough mat streaks. Mix that passes
under these kinds of extensions is struck off at the correct elevation but
does not pass under the screed plate and therefore does not receive the
compactive effort of the screed
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9. Mat Shoving
Problem: Mats that shove under compaction loading are generally unstable
and are likely to continue to deform under traffic loading leading to roughness
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Learning unit 3. Excavate the defected area
5.3.1.Types of waste
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Electronic scrap components, such as CPUs, contain potentially harmful
components such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, or brominated flame
retardants. Recycling and disposal of e-waste may involve significant risk to
health of workers and communities in developed countries and great care must
be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling operations and leaking of
materials such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes.
The site deposit of waste materials should have the following characteristics:
• Far from the living houses
• Treated before for reduction of hazards
• Environmentally protection
• Temporarily stacking
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