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Level4 - Road Construction - Road Demolution

This document provides information on a curriculum module for road demolition. It includes 3 learning units: 1) selecting materials, tools, and equipment and preparing the workplace, 2) making road defects, and 3) excavating the defective area. It describes various hand tools used for demolition like spades, shovels, hoes, chisels, and picks. It also lists heavy equipment like excavators, bulldozers, dragline excavators, dump trucks, scrapers, and asphalt cutters. The workplace preparation steps outlined are testing equipment, assessing tools, setting up security signs, and delineating the damaged area.
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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
606 views38 pages

Level4 - Road Construction - Road Demolution

This document provides information on a curriculum module for road demolition. It includes 3 learning units: 1) selecting materials, tools, and equipment and preparing the workplace, 2) making road defects, and 3) excavating the defective area. It describes various hand tools used for demolition like spades, shovels, hoes, chisels, and picks. It also lists heavy equipment like excavators, bulldozers, dragline excavators, dump trucks, scrapers, and asphalt cutters. The workplace preparation steps outlined are testing equipment, assessing tools, setting up security signs, and delineating the damaged area.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 38

CURRICULUM: CSTRCT4001 TVET CERTIFICATE IV

in ROAD CONSTRUCTION
REQF Level: IV

Sector: CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING SERVICES


Sub-sector: ROAD CONSTRUCTION

Module Code and Title: RCTRD401 Road


Demolition
Competence: RCTRD401 Perform road
demolition
Learning hours :40

Page 1 of 38
RCTRD401 Perform road demolition LEVEL IV ROAD CONSTRUCTION

This module contains the following learning units:

• Learning units1: Select materials, tools, equipment and prepare


workplace
• learning units 2: Road defect making
• learning units 3: Excavate the defected area

Page 2 of 38
Learning objectives

By the end of this module,the trainee will be able to:

1. Properly select tools according to the type of work.


2. Properly select equipment with respect to the work to be done
3. Conveniently prepare workplace according to the work
4. Properly interpret drawing according to the location of distress
5. Carefully install security signs in accordance with work activities.
6. Neatly mark delimitation of damaged area according to the extent of distress
7. Adequately trim damaged area in accordance with the extent of distress
8. Adequately dig damaged area according to the extent of distress.
9. Properly load and transport cut materials as per waste materials type
10. Properly dump demolition materials

Page 3 of 38
Learning unit 1: Select materials, tools, equipment and prepare workplace

1.1. Select tools.

1.1.1.Description of tools used in demolition:

These are generally used for smaller depths of excavations in small areas. Man
power is required to operate these tools. The tools come under this category are
explained below.

1. Spade
Spade is a tool which consists metal plate having sharp edges, the plate is
attached to long handle which is generally made up of wood. Because of its
sharp edges the soil can be dig easily. The metal plate having less curvature in
the spade so, we cannot lift the soil by spade.

2. Shovel
Shovel is tool which is used for the purpose of lifting of excavated soil. It is also
similar to spade the difference between spade and shovel is the difference in
leading edge. The curvature of metal plate of shovel is generally higher when

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compared to spade so we can hold the soil easily and lifted it. Shovel can also
be used for digging purpose in case of soft soils, sand etc.

3. Hoe
Hoe is an excavating tool which consists a metal plate attached to a long
handle with acute angle. The plate having sharp edge is used to excavate the
soil. For small work of excavation it is widely preferred tool. Sometimes metal
plate is replaced by fork type plate.

4. chisel

Page 5 of 38
A chisel is a tool with a characteristically shaped cutting edge (such that wood
chisels have lent part of their name to a particular grind) of blade on its end,
for carving or cutting a hard material such as wood, stone, or metal by hand,
struck with a mallet, or mechanical power.[1] The handle and blade of some
types of chisel are made of metal or of wood with a sharp edge in it.

5. pan

This one is used to transport materials

6. Pick axe
Pick axe consists hard spike attached perpendicular to handle. They are used
for excavating small trenches in soil. Pick axe can cut the soil even if the soil is
of hard type. The metal spike is pointed on one side and wide blade is provided
on the other side.

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7. Mattock
This looks like pickaxe. But serious digging is not possible with mattock.
Generally it is used as lifting tool because of its curve shapes metal at its
bottom.

8. forked hoe

This one is used for digging in sandy soils

9. Tape measure:

Page 7 of 38
A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler used to measure
distance.
It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre glass, or metal strip with linear-
measurement markings. It is a common measuring tool. Its design allows for a
measure of great length to be easily carried in pocket or toolkit and permits one
to measure around curves or corners.

10. Wheel barrow

This tool is used to transport cement mortar or any materials. Sometimes it also
be used to measure the quantites of materials for site level concrete mixing

11. pegs

Page 8 of 38
Used for marking the area. sometimes they hold the building lines when long
distances are to be marked

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1.2. Select equipment

1.2.1.Description of tools used in used demolition reconstruction

✓ Excavation equipment
✓ Loading machine
✓ Cleaning machine
✓ Cutting machine
✓ Trucks

These are the large tools which are operated by mechanical force and are used
for the larger depths of excavations. There are so many types of machine tools
with ease of operation are designed in this modern day period.

✓ Types of equipment used in excavation :


❖ Pneumatic Equipment
❖ Track chain equipment

1. Tracked Excavator
This is also called as track hoe. It consists of cabinet and long arm. Long arm
again consists of 2 parts. The first part which is closure to cabinet is called as
Boom and the other part is called as Dipper-stick. Digging bucket is attached
to the end of dipper. This entire system can rotate 360 degrees. In this case
Vehicle is moved by traction, so we can use this equipment in mines, forestry,
pipeline industries etc. the function of excavator is done by hydraulic fluid so,
it is also called as hydraulic excavators.

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2. Wheeled Excavator
This whole arrangement is similar to the tracked excavator except that the
movement of vehicle is done by wheels. It can move quickly when compared to
tracked excavator but it is not suitable for uneven grounds or hilly areas
because of slippery nature. So these are generally used for road constructions
etc..

3. Back Hoe Excavator


In case of back hoe excavator, the hoe arrangement is on back side and loader
bucket is arranged in front of the vehicle. So two operations digging and
loading or lifting is done by hoe and loader. This is widely used equipment
nowadays because of its small size and versatility. This is moved with the help
of wheels. so, moving from one workstation to another is quickly done.

Page 11 of 38
4. Bulldozer
Bulldozer consists of hard steel plate with sharp edge at its front. This sharp
edge is helps the plate to cut the soil and for excavation. The metal plate can be
raised and lowered with the help of hydraulic arms. The bulldozers are
available in both tracked and wheeled form. These are widely used for the
works of soil excavations, weak rock strata removal, lifting of soil etc.

5. Dragline Excavators
Dragline excavators consists large length boom. A cable is hanged from the top
of the boom and digging bucket is suspended to the cable. Generally dragline
excavators are used for larger depth excavations like port construction, under
water sediment removal etc. These are heavy equipment with greater economy.

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6.Air compressor

This is a machine used to clean the workplace. its known by its capability of
cleaning the dusts and removing all unnecessary materials on workplace.

7. Motor Grader:

This is used for levelling and finishing earth-work. They can be either towed
type or motorised type.

8. GRAB
Grab consists of a cable or hydraulically controlled bottom-opening bucket
suspended from a crane or a lifting arm. The bucket is opened and dropped on
to a material to be removed. It is then closed and the material caught between
the jaws lifted in the grab bucket and discharged onto stockpiles or into
waiting haulage vehicles. Grabs are typically used for the excavation of pits or
trenches and loading to and from stockpiles.

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9. DUMPERS
Dump trucks or dumpers generally vary in size from 1 to about 80 tonne
capacity. Large capacity machines are also available but are generally used in
mines, quaries or open cast sites. In recent years articulated dump trucks with
capacities upto 35 tonne have become popular as they are versatile and are
especially suitable for hauling on softer sub grades. The speed of tipping in
increased over a road lorry by the absence of a tailgate. Small dumper units are
available for work on small sites and mounted dump trucks are also available
with load capacities upto about 20 tonne.

10.SCRAPER
Scraper can excavate load and deposit material in one cycle and may be towed
or self propelled. It consists of a centrally mounted bowl, the bottom, leading
edge of which can be controlled. Both towed and self propelled scrapers are

Page 14 of 38
effectively articulated between the front motorized or towing unit and the bowl
and larger self propelled scraper may second engine mounted on the rear.

11. Asphalt Cutters

A powered machine having a rotating abrasive blade; used to saw through


bituminous surfacing material.

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1.3. Prepare workplace

1. Testing of equipment: The equipments before being used must be


tested for ensuring that they are in a good condition for the work.

✓ Heavy machines must be tested by a competent person so as to


ensure their working performance
✓ Temporarly adjustment and permanent adjustiments must be done
to the levelling instruments for the better performance

2. Assessment of tools: tools have to be checked for their working


condition in different way

✓ Metal made tools must be lubrified with suitable oil to minimize


the effects of corrosion
✓ They have to be checked in their handles for the breakage
✓ For those found in a bad conditions , a quick repair must be done
before their usage

1.3.1.Preparation of workplace

1. Investigate the site: Site Investigation is the process of collecting


information, assessment of the data and reporting potential hazards
beneath a site which are unknown.

2. Cleaning the site: the unwanted materials must be removed to the


workplace in order to work in a comfortable condition

3. Demarcation of work area: Site limits are set to define the useful area
so as to avoid the misuse of the land.

4. Addressing of obstacles: Various workplace safety signs commonly used


at construction sites and industrial work environments

Employees on construction sites also need to be aware of dangers on the


ground. Cables running across roadways were often seen until cable ramp

Page 16 of 38
equipment was invented to protect hoses and other equipment which had to be
laid out

Motor vehicle crashes are another major safety hazard on construction sites. It
is important to be cautious while operating motor vehicles or equipment on the
site. A motor vehicle should have a service brake system, emergency brake
system, and a parking brake system. All vehicles must be equipped with an
audible warning system if the operator chooses to use it. Vehicles must have
windows and doors, power windshield wipers, and a clear view of site from the
rear window. All employees should be properly trained before using motor
vehicles and equipment.

5. Positioning signs for safety measures : different safety signs must be


installed along the boundaries of working area so as to ensure the safety
for the road users and for the workers .

Page 17 of 38
Learning unit 2: Road defect making

2.1. Interpret drawing

2.1.1. Interpretation of road drawings

✓ Line: long thin mark on the surface of something


✓ Dimensioning: act of putting measurement of something in a particular
direction, especially its height, length or width
✓ Scale: set of numbers, amounts etc., used to measure or compare the
level of something
✓ Symbols: sign, shape or object which is used to represent something else
✓ Profiles: Profiles are the aspect of the road, including cross sections
profiles showing vertical curves (crest and sag curves) and longitudinal
profiles

Road profiles

Page 18 of 38
Page 19 of 38
2.2 Install security signs

2.2.1.Security sign types

✓ Sheet wall: they are elevated to indicate different information including


directions, distances, signs and so on
✓ Sign post/notice sign: a pole at the side of a road, especially at a point
where two or more roads meet, which gives information about routes and
distances

2.2.2.Positioning of security signs

✓ Locating the position for security sign


✓ Prepare the location area
✓ Place the security sign

Page 20 of 38
2.3. Make delimitation of damaged area

2.3.1. Distress types

1. Raveling

Description: The progressive disintegration of an HMA layer from the surface


downward as a result of the dislodgement of aggregate particles.

Problem: Loose debris on the pavement, roughness, water collecting in the


raveled locations resulting in vehicle hydroplaning, loss of skid resistance

Possible Causes

✓ Loss of bond between aggregate particles and the asphalt binder as a


result of:
• A dust coating on the aggregate particles that forces the asphalt
binder to bond with the dust rather than the aggregate
• Aggregate Segregation. If fine particles are missing from the
aggregate matrix, then the asphalt binder is only able to bind
the remaining coarse particles at their relatively few contact
points.
✓ Inadequate compaction during construction. High density is required to
develop sufficient cohesion within the HMA. The third figure above shows

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a road suffering from raveling due to inadequate compaction caused by
cold weather paving.
✓ Mechanical dislodging by certain types of traffic (studded tires, snowplow
blades or tracked vehicles). The first and fourth figures above show
raveling most likely caused by snow plows.

Repair: A raveled pavement should be investigated to determine the root cause


of failure. Repair strategies generally fall into one of two categories:

✓ Small, localized areas of raveling. Remove the raveled pavement and


patch.
✓ Large raveled areas indicative of general HMA failure. Remove the
damaged pavement and overlay.

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2. Depression

Description: Localized pavement surface areas with slightly lower elevations


than the surrounding pavement. Depressions are very noticeable after a rain
when they fill with water.

Problem: Roughness, depressions filled with substantial water can cause


vehicle hydroplaning

Possible Causes: Frost heave or subgrade settlement resulting from


inadequate compaction during construction.

Repair: By definition, depressions are small localized areas. A pavement


depression should be investigated to determine the root cause of failure (i.e.,
subgrade settlement or frost heave). Depressions should be repaired by
removing the affected pavement then digging out and replacing the area of poor
subgrade. Patch over the repaired subgrade.

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3. Fatigue Cracking

Description: Series of interconnected cracks caused by fatigue failure of the

HMA surface (or stabilized base) under repeated traffic loading. In thin

pavements, cracking initiates at the bottom of the HMA layer where the tensile

stress is the highest then propagates to the surface as one or more longitudinal

cracks. This is commonly referred to as “bottom-up” or “classical” fatigue

cracking. In thick pavements, the cracks most likely initiate from the top in

areas of high localized tensile stresses resulting from tire-pavement interaction

and asphalt binder aging (top-down cracking). After repeated loading, the

longitudinal cracks connect forming many-sided sharp-angled pieces that

develop into a pattern resembling the back of an alligator or crocodile.

Figure 1: Fatigue Figure 2: Very severely Figure 3: Fatigue


cracking as a result of fatigued cracked cracking from a lack of
frost action pavement edge support

Problem: Indicator of structural failure, cracks allow moisture infiltration,

roughness, may further deteriorate to a pothole.

Possible Causes: Inadequate structural support, which can be caused by a

myriad of things. A few of the more common ones are listed here:
• Decrease in pavement load supporting characteristics
• Loss of base, subbase or subgrade support (e.g., poor drainage or spring
thaw resulting in a less stiff base).

Page 24 of 38
• Stripping on the bottom of the HMA layer (the stripped portion
contributes little to pavement strength so the effective HMA thickness
decreases)
• Increase in loading (e.g., more or heavier loads than anticipated in
design)
• Inadequate structural design
• Poor construction (e.g., inadequate compaction)

Repair: A fatigue cracked pavement should be investigated to determine the

root cause of failure. Any investigation should involve digging a pit or coring
the pavement to determine the pavement’s structural makeup as well as

determining whether or not subsurface moisture is a contributing factor. Once

the characteristic alligator pattern is apparent, repair by crack sealing is

generally ineffective. Fatigue crack repair generally falls into one of two

categories:

• Small, localized fatigue cracking indicative of a loss of subgrade


support. Remove the cracked pavement area then dig out and replace
the area of poor subgrade and improve the drainage of that area if
necessary. Patch over the repaired subgrade.

• Large fatigue cracked areas indicative of general structural failure.


Place an HMA overlay over the entire pavement surface. This overlay
must be strong enough structurally to carry the anticipated loading
because the underlying fatigue cracked pavement most likely contributes
little or no strength (Roberts et. al., 1996[1]).

Page 25 of 38
4. Block Cracking

Description: Interconnected cracks that divide the pavement up into

rectangular pieces. Blocks range in size from approximately 0.1 m2 to 9 m2

.Larger blocks are generally classified as longitudinal and transverse cracking.

Block cracking normally occurs over a large portion of pavement area but

sometimes will occur only in non-traffic areas.

Figure 1: Block cracking Figure 2: Block cracking Figure 3: Block cracking


on a low volume in a residential driveway in a curbside parking
pavement area.

Problem: Allows moisture infiltration, roughness

Possible Causes: HMA shrinkage and daily temperature cycling. Typically

caused by an inability of asphalt binder to expand and contract with

temperature cycles because of:

• Asphalt binder aging

• Poor choice of asphalt binder in the mix design

Repair: Strategies depend upon the severity and extent of the block cracking:

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• Low severity cracks (< 1/2 inch wide). Crack seal to prevent (1) entry
of moisture into the subgrade through the cracks and (2) further raveling
of the crack edges. HMA can provide years of satisfactory service after
developing small cracks if they are kept sealed (Roberts et. al., 1996[1]).

• High severity cracks (> 1/2 inch wide and cracks with raveled
edges). Remove and replace the cracked pavement layer with an overlay.

Page 27 of 38
5. Bleeding

Description

A film of asphalt binder on the pavement surface. It usually creates a shiny,


glass-like reflecting surface (as in the first photo) that can become quite sticky.
Sometimes referred to as “flushing”.

Figure 2: BST bleeding in Figure 3: BST bleeding in


Figure 1: Bleeding as a the wheelpaths
the wheelpaths
result of overasphalting

Problem: Loss of skid resistance when wet

Possible Causes: Bleeding occurs when asphalt binder fills the aggregate voids
during hot weather and then expands onto the pavement surface. Since

bleeding is not reversible during cold weather, asphalt binder will accumulate

on the pavement surface over time. This can be caused by one or a

combination of the following:

• Excessive asphalt binder in the HMA (either due to mix


design or manufacturing)

• Excessive application of asphalt binder during BST application (as in the


above figures)

Page 28 of 38
• Low HMA air void content (e.g., not enough room for the asphalt to
expand into during hot weather)

Repair: The following repair measures may eliminate or reduce the asphalt

binder film on the pavement’s surface but may not correct the underlying

problem that caused the bleeding:

• Minor bleeding can often be corrected by applying coarse sand to blot up


the excess asphalt binder.

• Major bleeding can be corrected by cutting off excess asphalt with a


motor grader or removing it with a heater planer. If the resulting surface
is excessively rough, resurfacing may be necessary (APAI, no date given).

Page 29 of 38
6. Polished Aggregate

Description: Areas of pavement (either PCC or HMA) where the portion of

aggregate extending above the asphalt binder (in the case of HMA) or cement

paste (in the case of PCC) is either very small or there are no rough or angular

aggregate particles.

Figure 1: Polished PCC Figure 2: Close up of Figure 3: Aggregate from


aggregate after 40 years polished Hot Mix Asphalt two different SMAs at
of wear. aggregate. NCAT test track.

Problem: Decreased skid resistance

Possible Causes: Repeated traffic applications. Generally, as a pavement ages

the protruding rough, angular particles become polished. This can occur
quicker if the aggregate is susceptible to abrasion or subject to excessive

studded tire wear.

Repair

• HMA: Apply a skid-resistant slurry seal or BST or overlay.


• PCC: Diamond grinding or overlay.
• Klaruw: Bush-Hammering or Shot-Blasting.

Page 30 of 38
7. Non-Uniform Texture

Description: Differences in appearance within the mat surface. Extreme

differences in mat surface appearance often take on the look of tearing or

streaking and should be investigated as such. Typically, mat areas that look

rougher and more coarse than other areas are of the greatest concern. HMA

mixtures with larger nominal maximum aggregate sizes will naturally appear

more coarse on the mat surface than mixtures with smaller nominal maximum

aggregate sizes.

Figure 3: Excessive
Figure 1: Open texture Figure 2: Open texture handwork leaving
visible after rain. during construction. texture.

Problem: In and of itself, a rough surface texture is not necessarily detrimental

to pavement performance. Rough surface areas are, however, undesirable in

parking lots and other areas of high pedestrian traffic. Furthermore, rough

areas can be an indication of low density, aggregate segregation or temperature

differentials, which can all substantially reduce pavement life.

Possible Causes: There are many potential causes for non-uniform mat

texture. Many times, the same mechanisms can cause mat tearing and non-

uniform texture. Therefore, an investigation of mat tearing causes is also

Page 31 of 38
warranted. The following lists causes that are separate from mat tearing

causes:

• Handwork. Handwork behind the paver screed will generally deposit


HMA material on top of the mat either in thin layers or individual
aggregate particles. Even after compaction, areas of handwork are often
noticeable. Although minimal handwork is not detrimental to pavement
performance, it can be unsightly and therefore detrimental to pavement
appearance.

• Low mix delivery temperature. HMA delivered at low temperatures may


not allow adequate time for compaction. If it is cool enough the
compaction equipment (including the paver screed) may not be able to
achieve a smooth surface texture.

• Soft base course or subbase. If the base course or subbase deforms


under the paver screed of compaction equipment, the surface texture
may be different from the surrounding mat.

• Segregation. Segregation, especially coarse segregation, is often visibly


noticeable as a rough mat texture.

• Temperature differentials. Temperature differentials are often visibly


noticeable as a rough mat texture.

Solutions: Solutions differ depending upon the cause. Typical solutions involve

minimizing handwork, delivering the HMA at a high enough temperature to


allow for proper compaction, properly preparing base courses and subgrades

and taking steps to eliminate segregation and temperature differentials.

Page 32 of 38
8. Mat Tearing

Description: Mat tearing, or streaks in the mat, can be caused by different

phenomena:

• Parts of the mat surface are dragged along by the screed. Under
normal operation, the screed passes cleanly over the mat, however, if the
screed is applying excess downward force or the mat is too thin for the
given nominal maximum aggregate size, it can begin to drag aggregate
particles along the surface of the mat leave in longitudinal streaks
behind where the dragging occurred.

• Inadequate mix delivered behind the gearbox. This type of streak is


usually 150 – 200 mm (6 – 8 inches) wide and runs longitudinally down
the middle of the mat.

• Other streaks. Other streaks can occur for a variety of reasons such as
screed wear, screed crown, screed extensions, segregation and
temperature differentials.

Figure 1: Mat-wide Figure 2: Centerline Figure 3: Infrared of


streaks. streak. centerline streak.

Problem: Torn mat areas are unsightly and can reduce long-term pavement
performance. Mat tearing usually results in a corresponding decrease in

Page 33 of 38
density relative to the mat as a whole. Therefore, torn or streaked areas may

have higher air voids and are susceptible to decreased stiffness, reduced

fatigue life, accelerated aging/decreased durability, rutting, raveling, and

moisture damage (Hughes, 1984[1]; Hughes, 1989[2]).

Possible Causes: Causes depend upon the type of mat tearing or streaking:

• Parts of the mat surface are dragged along by the screed. Warped or
worn screed plates will increase the likelihood of dragging aggregate
particles along the mat surface because they generate more friction
(warped screed plates) and have more potential defects that can grab
aggregate particles (worn screed plates). Excessive paver speed can
magnify small aggregate particle disturbances to the point where the
result becomes a visible streak. An excessively thin mat in relation to
nominal maximum aggregate size may result in the paver screed being
supported by the larger aggregate particles. Aggregate particles caught
between the screed and the surface being paved may roll or be dragged
forward.

• Inadequate mix delivered to a particular area in front of the screed.


Inadequate material flow to the location behind the auger gear box may
be caused by improper flow gate settings, or improperly set, missing, or
worn reverse augers located adjacent to the gearbox. Reverse augers are
a small portion of each auger located adjacent to the gear box where the
augers are pitched the opposite way so as to cause mix to flow inwards
(the rest of the auger is pitched to promote outward material flow) and fill
in behind the gear box.

• Other streaks. Other forms of mat streaking can be caused by:

• Improper screed crown settings. A wide centerline streak can be


caused by a lack of lead crown in the screed. Wide streaks on both
outside mat edges can be caused by an excess of lead crown.

• Cold screed plate. Without preheating (usually with screed


heaters), a screed plate will tend to tear the mat at the beginning of

Page 34 of 38
paving operations. As the hot HMA heats the screed, this type of
tearing will generally disappear.

• Improper screed extension use or installation. If screed extensions


do not closely match the screed’s crown and elevation they could
create a small streak at the point of transition from screed to
extension.

Solutions: Solutions depend upon the type of tearing or streaking:

• Parts of the mat surface are dragged along by the screed. Ensure the
screed plate is properly maintained and replace worn or defective screed
plates. Decrease paver speed. Adhere to nominal maximum aggregate
size vs. lift thickness requirements.

• Inadequate mix delivered to a particular area in front of the screed.


Install reverse augers or paddles near the gearbox if they are not already
installed. If they are installed, check them for wear and proper operation.
Some pavers are more prone to this type of problem than others.

• Other streaks. Properly adjust screed crown settings. Typically, the lead
crown should be set slightly higher than the tail crown by about 3 mm
(0.125 inch). Heat the screed before paving operations. Be careful when
using screed extensions. Extensions that just lengthen the strike-off
plate are especially prone to causing rough mat streaks. Mix that passes
under these kinds of extensions is struck off at the correct elevation but
does not pass under the screed plate and therefore does not receive the
compactive effort of the screed

Page 35 of 38
9. Mat Shoving

Description: Displacement of the HMA mixture in a longitudinal direction

while compacting. Shoving under traffic loading is covered in a seperate article.

Problem: Mats that shove under compaction loading are generally unstable

and are likely to continue to deform under traffic loading leading to roughness

problems. If a mat is not adequately compacted because it is shoving, the

resulting low density can cause the mat to be susceptible to decreased

stiffness, reduced fatigue life, accelerated aging/decreased durability, rutting,

raveling, and moisture damage (Hughes, 1984[1]; Hughes, 1989[2]).

Possible Causes: Tender mixes.

Solutions: Eliminate the causes for tender mixes or develop a compaction

sequence and pattern to accommodate the tender mix. Compaction sequence

and patterns will depend upon the type of mix tenderness.

2.3.2. Marking delimitation area process

✓ Clean the area


✓ Mark the area

Page 36 of 38
Learning unit 3. Excavate the defected area

3.1. Trim damaged area

3.1.1. Trimming steps

✓ Prepare the surface


✓ Setting the cuter machine
✓ Saw cut around damaged area

3.2. Dig the damaged area

3.2.1. Digging materials methods

✓ Manual: by using hands tools


✓ Mechanized: by using heavy equipments

3.3. Loading and transport materials

3.3.1. Loading methods

✓ Manual: by using hands tools


✓ Mechanized: by using heavy equipments

3.3.2. Waste types from demolished area

✓ Recycled materials: wastes that can be recycled and re used in other


activities
✓ Non-recycled materials: wastes which have lost their usefull properties
and which cannot be recycled to be reused in the future

3.3. Dump waste materials

5.3.1.Types of waste

✓ E-waste: or e-waste describes discarded electrical or electronic devices.


Used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling,
or disposal are also considered e-waste. Informal processing of e-waste in
developing countries can lead to adverse human health effects and
environmental pollution.

Page 37 of 38
Electronic scrap components, such as CPUs, contain potentially harmful
components such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, or brominated flame
retardants. Recycling and disposal of e-waste may involve significant risk to
health of workers and communities in developed countries and great care must
be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling operations and leaking of
materials such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes.

✓ Non-usable materials: Those are the useless materials.

5.3.2.Description of dumping site for waste materials

The site deposit of waste materials should have the following characteristics:
• Far from the living houses
• Treated before for reduction of hazards
• Environmentally protection
• Temporarily stacking

The end ………………………

Page 38 of 38

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