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Maa 2.10 Exponential Equations

This document contains exercises on solving exponential and logarithmic equations from an International Baccalaureate Mathematics textbook. There are 9 practice problems involving solving equations with exponential, logarithmic, and quadratic terms. The problems range in difficulty from basic exponential equations to more complex problems combining exponential, logarithmic, and quadratic terms. Solutions are provided in the form of single logarithms or by using logarithms to common bases like base 2, base 10, natural logarithms, or logarithms to base 3.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

144 views28 pages

Maa 2.10 Exponential Equations

Uploaded by

Muborak

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 28

INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE

Mathematics: analysis and approaches

MAA

EXERCISES [MAA 2.10]

EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
Compiled by Christos Nikolaidis

A. Practice questions

1. [Maximum mark: 4] [without GDC]

Solve the following exponential equations. Express each solution as a single logarithm.

2 x  13 10 x  13

5x  13 e x  13

2. [Maximum mark: 4] [without GDC]

Solve the following exponential equations

ln A
In the form log a b In the form
ln B

2x  7

7x  2

3. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Solve the following exponential equations

2 x4  7

e x4  7

10 x 4  7

Page 1
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

4. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

Solve the following exponential equations using the logarithm to the base 3.

3x  7

3x  4  7

32 x  4  7

x 4
3 2
7

34 x  7

5. [Maximum mark: 12] [without GDC]

(a) Solve the exponential equations

23 x 1  3

e3 x 1  3

103 x 1  3

[6]
(b) Solve the logarithmic equations

log 2 (3 x  1)  3

ln(3 x  1)  3

log(3 x  1)  3

[6]

Page 2
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

6. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

(a) Solve the following equations by using the natural logarithm ln( ) . [6]

e x3  5

2e x 3  5

2 x 3  5

(b) Solve the equation 2 x 3  5x [4]

..................................................................................................................................

7. [Maximum mark: 8] [without GDC]

Solve the following exponential equations

(a) 3x 1  9 without using logs [2]

(b) 3x 1  5 by using (i) log 3 ( ) (ii) log( ) (iii) ln( ) [6]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
Page 3
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

8*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

ln a
Solve the equation 6 x 1  23 x 1 . Express your answer in the form
ln b
METHOD A [Use ln( ) first and then solve for x ]

..................................................................................................................................

METHOD B [Simplify to the form a x  b first and then use ln( ) ; Much quicker!]

..................................................................................................................................

Page 4
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

9*. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

(a) Solve the quadratic equation y2  2 y 1  0 [2]

(b) Hence solve the following exponential equations
1 1
(i) 2x  2 (ii) ex  2
2x ex
(iii) 4x  2  2x  1  0 (iv) e 2 x  2e x  1  0 [8]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
..
10**. [Maximum mark: 9] [without GDC]
Solve the equations

x ln x  e

x log x  10

x log7 x  7

Page 5
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

EXPONENTIAL vs LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

11. [Maximum mark: 10] [with GDC]

Let f ( x)  e  2 .
x

1
(a) Find f . [3]
1
(b) In the diagram below, sketch the graphs of f and f ; Indicate any intercepts
and asymptotes. [4]
(c) Complete the table [3]

Domain Range
f
1
f

..................................................................................................................................

Page 6
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

12. [Maximum mark: 10] [with GDC]

Let f ( x)  e x  2 .
1
(a) Find f . [3]
1
(b) In the diagram below, sketch the graphs of f and f ; Indicate any intercepts
and asymptotes. [4]
(c) Complete the table [3]

Domain Range
f
1
f

..................................................................................................................................

Page 7
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

13. [Maximum mark: 10] [with GDC]

Let f ( x)  e ( x 3)  2
1
(a) Find f . [3]
1
(b) In the diagram below, sketch the graphs of f and f ; Indicate any intercepts
and asymptotes. [4]
(c) Complete the table [3]

Domain Range
f
1
f

..................................................................................................................................

Page 8
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

B. Exam style questions (SHORT)

14. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

Solve the equation 3

x1
 15 . Give your answer in the form log a b where a, b  .

..................................................................................................................................

15. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

Solve the equation 2e

x1
 15 . Give your answer in the form a  ln b where a, b  ℚ .

..................................................................................................................................

16. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

Solve the equation 2(10

x1
)  15 . Give your answer in the form a  log b , a, b  ℚ .

..................................................................................................................................

Page 9
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

17. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

ln a
Solve the equation 6  3
x x 2
. Give your answer in the form where a, b  .
ln b

..................................................................................................................................

18. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

x 1 ln a
Solve the equation 6  3x  2 . Give your answer in the form where a, b  .
ln b

..................................................................................................................................

Page 10
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

19. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Solve the following equations.
(a) ln( x  2)  3 . [3]

(b) 102 x  500 . [3]

..................................................................................................................................

20. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Find the exact value of x satisfying the equation 3  5

x x 2
.
ln a
Give your answer in the form where a, b  ℚ .
ln b

..................................................................................................................................

Page 11
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

21*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

2 x 1
Find the exact value of x satisfying the equation (3 )(4
x
)  6 x2 .
ln a
Give your answer in the form where a, b  .
ln b

..................................................................................................................................

22*. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

Solve the equation 9e x e3 x  (e x ) 2  0 . Express your answer in the form a ln b , a, b ℤ .

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
Page 12
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

23*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Solve the exponential equation 4  9  2  8  0

x x

..................................................................................................................................

24**. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Solve the exponential equation e

3x
 2e x  3e 2 x  0 .

..................................................................................................................................

Page 13
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

25*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

x 1 3
Solve 2(5 )  1 , giving the answer in the form a  log 5 b , where a, b  ℤ .
5x
..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

26*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Solve the equation 10(25 x )  3  5 x

..............................................................................................................................................

Page 14
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

27**. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

x
Solve the equation 2(4 )  4  3.
x
(a) [3]

(b) (i) Solve the equation a x  e 2 x 1 where a  0 , giving your answer for x in
terms of a .
(ii) For what value of a does the equation have no solution? [3]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
Page 15
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

28**. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

2 x2
Solve the exponential equation 3  8  3x 1  9
..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

29**. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

2 x 3
The solution of 2  2 x 1  3 can be expressed in the form a  log 2 b where a, b  ℤ .
Find the value of a and of b .

..................................................................................................................................

Page 16
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

30**. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

( x  3)  pe m 
Solve the equation e  2  e ( x 3) (the result in the form ln n  , p, m, nZ)
 e 1 

..................................................................................................................................

31**. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

Solve the equation x

log 2 x
 16

..................................................................................................................................

Page 17
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

32*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Solve the equation log 2 (2 x  1)  2

..................................................................................................................................

33**. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

Solve the equation ln(e x  2e 2 x )  0

..................................................................................................................................

Page 18
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

34. [Maximum mark: 4] [with GDC]

1
Solve the equation e
2x
  2.
x2

..................................................................................................................................

35*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

The common ratio of the terms in a geometric series is 2x.
(a) State the set of values of x for which the sum to infinity of the series exists. [2]
(b) If the first term is 35, find the value of x for which the sum to infinity is 40. [4]

.................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

Page 19
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

MODELLING PROBLEMS

36. [Maximum mark: 6] [with GDC]

A group of ten leopards is introduced into a game park. After t years the number of

leopards, N , is modelled by N  10e 0.4 t .

(a) How many leopards are there after 2 years? [2]
(b) How long will it take for the number of leopards to reach 100? [2]
(c) How long will it take for the number of leopards to double? [2]
Give your answers to an appropriate degree of accuracy.

..................................................................................................................................

37. [Maximum mark: 5] [with / without GDC]

The population p of bacteria at time t is given by p  100e 0.05t . Calculate

(a) the value of p when t  0 ; [1]

(b) How long will it take for the size of the population to double? [4]

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
Page 20
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

38. [Maximum mark: 6] [with GDC]

The mass m kg of a radio-active substance at time t hours is given by m  4e 0.2t .
(a) Write down the initial mass. [1]
(b) The mass is reduced to 1.5 kg. How long does this take? [2]
(c) Find the half-life time of m . [3]

..................................................................................................................................

39. [Maximum mark: 5] [with GDC]

A machine was purchased for $10000. Its value V after t years is given by

V  10000e 0.3t . The machine must be replaced at the end of the year in which its value
drops below $1500. Determine in how many years the machine will need to be
replaced.

..................................................................................................................................

Page 21
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

40*. [Maximum mark: 6] [with GDC]

The area A km2 affected by a forest fire at time t hours is given by A  A0 e kt .
1
When t  5 , the area affected is 1 km2. Given that A0  ,
e
(a) Show that k  0.2 ; [3]
(b) Find the value of t when 100 km2 are affected. [3]

..................................................................................................................................

41. [Maximum mark: 5] [with GDC]

A population of bacteria is growing at the rate of 2.3% per minute. How long will it take
for the size of the population to double? Give your answer
ln a
(i) in the form (ii) to the nearest minute.
ln b

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
Page 22
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

42*. [Maximum mark: 6] [with GDC]

A sum of $100 is invested.
(a) If the interest is compounded annually at a rate of 5 % per year,

(i) write down an expression for the value V of the investment after n years.
(ii) hence, find the value of V after 20 years. [3]
5
(b) If the interest is compounded monthly at a rate of % per month, the total
12
value of the investment exceeds V after m months,
(i) write down an inequality that represents this information;
(ii) hence find the minimum number of m . [3]

..................................................................................................................................

Page 23
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

C. Exam style questions (LONG)

43. [Maximum mark: 15] [with GDC]

There were 1420 doctors working in a city on 1 January 1994. After n years the
number of doctors, D , working in the city is given by
D  1420  100n .
(a) (i) How many doctors were there working in the city at the start of 2004?
(ii) In what year were there first more than 2000 doctors working in the city? [3]

At the beginning of 1994 the city had a population of 1.2 million. After n years, the
population, P , of the city is given by

P  1 200 000 1.025  .

(b) (i) Find the population P at the beginning of 2004.

(ii) Calculate the percentage growth in population between 1 January 1994 and
1 January 2004.
(iii) In what year will the population first become greater than 2 million? [7]

(c) (i) What was the average number of people per doctor at the beginning of
1994?
(ii) After how many complete years will the number of people per doctor first
fall below 600? [5]

..................................................................................................................................

Page 24
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

..................................................................................................................................

Page 25
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

44*. [Maximum mark: 17] [with GDC]

A city is concerned about pollution, and decides to look at the number of people using
taxis. At the end of the year 2000, there were 280 taxis in the city. After n years the
number of taxis, T , in the city is given by
T  280 1.12n .
(a) (i) Find the number of taxis in the city at the end of 2005.
(ii) Find the year in which the number of taxis is double the number of taxis
there were at the end of 2000. [6]
(b) At the end of 2000 there were 25 600 people in the city who used taxis. After n
years the number of people, P , in the city who used taxis is given by
2 560 000
P .
10  90e – 0.1n
(i) Find the value of P at the end of 2005, giving your answer to the nearest
whole number.
(ii) After seven complete years, will the value of P be double its value at the end
of 2000? Justify your answer. [6]
(c) Let R be the ratio of the number of people using taxis in the city to the number of
taxis. The city will reduce the number of taxis if R  70 .
(i) Find the value of R at the end of 2000.
(ii) After how many complete years will the city first reduce the number of taxis? [5]

..................................................................................................................................

Page 26
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

..................................................................................................................................

Page 27
[MAA 2.10] EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

45* [Maximum mark: 10] [with GDC]

Initially a tank contains 10 000 litres of liquid. At the time t  0 minutes a tap is opened,
and liquid then flows out of the tank. The volume of liquid, V litres, which remains in the
tank after t minutes is given by

V  10 000(0.933t ) .
(a) Find the value of V after 5 minutes. [1]
(b) Find how long, to the nearest second, it takes for half of the initial amount of liquid
to flow out of the tank. [3]
(c) The tank is regarded as effectively empty when 95% of the liquid has flowed out.
Show that it takes almost three-quarters of an hour for this to happen. [3]
(d) (i) Find the value of 10 000  V when t  0.001 minutes.
(ii) Hence or otherwise, estimate the initial flow rate of the liquid.
Give your answer in litres per minute, correct to two significant figures. [3]

..................................................................................................................................

Page 28

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Maa 2.10 Exponential Equations

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Maa 2.10 Exponential Equations

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INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE

Mathematics: analysis and approaches

EXERCISES [MAA 2.10]

1. [Maximum mark: 4] [without GDC]

2. [Maximum mark: 4] [without GDC]

3. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

4. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

5. [Maximum mark: 12] [without GDC]

6. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

(b) Solve the equation 2 x 3  5x [4]

7. [Maximum mark: 8] [without GDC]

(a) 3x 1  9 without using logs [2]

(b) 3x 1  5 by using (i) log 3 ( ) (ii) log( ) (iii) ln( ) [6]

8*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

9*. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

(a) Solve the quadratic equation y2  2 y 1  0 [2]

EXPONENTIAL vs LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

11. [Maximum mark: 10] [with GDC]

12. [Maximum mark: 10] [with GDC]

13. [Maximum mark: 10] [with GDC]

B. Exam style questions (SHORT)

14. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

Solve the equation 3

15. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

Solve the equation 2e

16. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

Solve the equation 2(10

17. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

18. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

19. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

(b) 102 x  500 . [3]

20. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Find the exact value of x satisfying the equation 3  5

21*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

22*. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

23*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Solve the exponential equation 4  9  2  8  0

24**. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Solve the exponential equation e

25*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

26*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

27**. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

28**. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

29**. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

30**. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

31**. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

Solve the equation x

32*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

33**. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

34. [Maximum mark: 4] [with GDC]

35*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

36. [Maximum mark: 6] [with GDC]

leopards, N , is modelled by N  10e 0.4 t .

37. [Maximum mark: 5] [with / without GDC]

(a) the value of p when t  0 ; [1]

38. [Maximum mark: 6] [with GDC]

39. [Maximum mark: 5] [with GDC]

40*. [Maximum mark: 6] [with GDC]

41. [Maximum mark: 5] [with GDC]

42*. [Maximum mark: 6] [with GDC]

C. Exam style questions (LONG)

43. [Maximum mark: 15] [with GDC]

P  1 200 000 1.025  .

(b) (i) Find the population P at the beginning of 2004.

44*. [Maximum mark: 17] [with GDC]

45* [Maximum mark: 10] [with GDC]

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