Threaded fasteners ( page No 127, DDHB)

• A machine element which holds the parts together is

known as fastener & the process of joining the parts by a
fastener is called fastening.
• Fasteners include things such as screws, bolts and nuts,
which are temporary fasteners & brazing, welding,
riveting etc. which are permanent fasteners.
• Screw threads are used in bolts & screws mainly for the
purpose of uniting parts. They are also used in calipers
and micrometers for precision measurements. Also lead
screws on a lathe or jack screws are used for
transmission of motion or power.
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE
 Advantages & disadvantages of threaded joints
Advantages:

1. Threaded joints are highly reliable in operation

2. Threaded joints are easy to assemble & disassemble.

3. A wide variety of threaded joints may be adopted for various

operating conditions.

4. Less production cost due to standardization.

Disadvantages:

Due to stress concentration in threaded portion, the fatigue

strength will be less.
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE
Screw threads Terminology

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE

 Screw threads Terminology

EXTERNAL THREAD TERMINOLOGY

Pitch
Crest

Flank
Addendum
Pitch line Flank
Thread angle
Angle Dedendum
Axial thickness

Root

Axis of thread

Major dia Pitch dia Minor dia

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE
PITCH: The distance from a point on a screw thread to a corresponding point on
the next thread measured parallel to the axis.
LEAD: The distance a screw thread advances in one turn. For a single start threads,
lead=pitch, For double start, lead = 2xpitch, & so on.
THREAD FORM: The cross section of thread cut by a plane containing the axis.
MAJOR DIAMETER: This is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, co-axial with the
screw, which just touches the crests of an external thread or roots of an internal
threads. It is also called as ‘Nominal diameter’.
MINOR DIAMETER: This is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, co-axial with the
screw which just touches the roots of an external thread or the crest of an internal
thread. This is also referred to as ‘root’ or ‘core diameter’.
EFFECTIVE DIAMETER OR PITCH DIAMETER: It is the diameter of an imaginary
cylinder coaxial with the axis of the thread and intersects the flanks of the thread
such that width of the threads &Dr width of spaces
P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept between
RVCE threads are equal.
FLANK: It is the Thread surface that connects crest with root.
DEPTH OF THREAD: It is the distance between crest and root measured
perpendicular to axis of screw.
ANGLE OF THREAD: Included angle between sides of thread measured in axial
plane.

HELIX ANGLE: Angle that thread makes with plane perpendicular to thread axis.

FLANK ANGLE: It is half the included angle of the thread.

ADDENDUM: It is the distance between the crest and the pitch line measured
perpendicular to axis of the screw.

DEDENDUM: It is the distance between the pitch line & the root measured
perpendicular to axis of the screw.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE

 FORMS OF SCREW THREADS
There are two main types of screw thread profiles;
(i) V-thread (ii) Square thread
Comparison of V & square threads:

V- thread Square thread

1 Threads are stronger in bending & Threads are weaker at the base.
shear
2 Threads are easy to cut Threads are difficult to cut
3 Comparatively less mechanical Higher mechanical efficiency
efficiency due to friction.
4 The sloping sides of the threads The normal force on the thread is exerted
produce a wedging action with the on a plane parallel to the axis of the screw
threads in the nut, thereby increasing
the holding action.
5 Suitable for fasteners such as bolts, Suitable for power transmission devices
nuts, studs, etc. such as lead screw of a lathe, valve spindles,
vice screws, jack screws. etc.
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE
 Thread profiles for fasteners

Thread profiles for power screws

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE
 Lead screw of a lathe
Loading on square & V threads

Fasteners

Screw jack
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE
 Representation of metric screw threads
• The ISO metric threads are distinguished by the letter M
followed by the diameter & pitch, the two being
separated by the sign ‘x’
• A screw of major diameter 10 mm & pitch 1.25 mm be
designated as M10 x 1.25.
• Table 9.8, Page 140, DDHB gives the dimensions of thread
profiles for ISO metric threads.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE

 Stresses in screw threads
The following stresses are considered in bolts subjected to static loading;
(i) Tensile stresses due to stretching of bolt :
Let F = Tensile load on the bolt, N, d  Major diameter of bolt, mm
 d  d1 
d1  Minor diameter of bolt, mm, Pitch diameter of bolt d 2   
 2 
  d1  d 2 
2

Tensile stress area A c   

4 2 
[For value of A c , refer Table 9.8, column (9), Page 140, DDHB]
F
Tensile stress σ =
Ac
16T
(ii) Torsional shear stress : τ = where T is the frictional torque
πd 1
3

necessary to rotate the screwDr PinR Venkatesh,

the nut. Mech Dept RVCE
 Stresses in screw threads.....
The following stresses are considered in bolts subjected to static loading;
(iii) Shear stress across the threads :
F
The average shear stress across the threads is τ av =
πd1l
where l is the length of engaged portion of the screw with the nut.
l  i  p where i = no. of threads in engagement & p is pitch
(iv) Crushing stress (or bearing stress) in the threads :
4F
The crushing stress between the screw & nut is  b =
π(d 2 - d12 )i

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE

 Problem 1
Find the size of a bolt which is subjected to a
maximum pull of 15 KN. The tensile yield stress for
the bolt material is 330 MPa. Take factor of safety
based on yield as 2.
 yt
330
Data : F  15000 N ,     115 MPa
FOS 2
F 15000
Also,    115   Tensile stress area = 90.9 mm 2
Ac Ac
From Table 9.8, page 140, nearest value of A c  92.1 mm 2 for which,
size of the bolt is M12 × 1.25

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE

 Problem 2
A generator weighing 60 KN is to be provided with an eye bolt for
lifting purposes. The nominal diameter of eye bolt is 30 mm and
pitch is 3.5 mm. The length of engaged portion of screw is 45 mm.
Determine the direct tensile stress & shear stress in the threaded
portion of the bolt.
Data : F  60000 N , d  30 mm, p  3.5 mm, l  45 mm
From Table 9.8, page 140, for M30  3.5 screw,
value of A c  561 mm 2 , Minor dia d1  25.706 mm
F 60000
(i) Direct tensile stress σ    106.95 N / mm 2
Ac 561
F
(ii) Shear across the threads  
 d1l
60000
   16.51 N / mm 2
  25.71 45
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE
 Problem 3
In a steam engine, the maximum steam pressure is 1 MPa . The
effective diameter of the cylinder is 200 mm. Determine the
diameter of the screwed end of the piston rod. Take the allowable
tensile stress in the piston rod as 60 MPa.

Data : Steam Pressure P  1 MPa, Dia of cylinder D  200 mm,   60 MPa

 
Steam load on the piston F  D2  P   200 2 1  31416 N
4 4
F 31416
Direct tensile stress σ   60  , Ac  523.6 m m 2
Ac Ac
From Table 9.8, page 140, nearest value of A c  553 mm 2 for which,
size of the bolt is M27 × 1

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE

 Load on the bolt due to initial tightening
The initial tension in a bolt due to tightening may result from the use
of torque wrench. An equation for estimating the initial fatening load
is given as;
Initial tightening load :
For bolt of a gas tight or metal to metal joint
Fi  2805 d Eqn 9.1 (c), page 127
Initial tightening load for bolt of a gasket joint [Fig 9.1(a) Page 128]
Fi  1402.34 d (It is 50% of gas tight joint)
Final load on bolt (External load with pre load) :
F  KFa  Fi Eqn 9.2 (a), page 128 where;
 Eb Ab   Eb Ab   Eg Ag 
K      Eqn 9.2 (b), page 128
 L   L  t 
[Refer Table 9.1, page 136 for values of K]
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE
 Problem 1
A steel bolt of size M 20 x 2.5 is used to connect two
plates as shown in fig. A copper gasket is placed in
between the plates. Determine the resultant load on the
bolt if it is subjected to an external load of 10 KN.

12
25 6

12

50

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE

 12
25 6

12

50

Data : Size of bolt is M 20  2.5, Nominal dia d = 20 mm

Inside dia of gasket Di = 20 mm, Outside dia of gasket D o = 50 mm

Length of gasket lg = 6 mm, Length of bolt L =12+6+12  30 mm

Load applied Fa  10 KN
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE
 12
25 6

12

50

Solution :
Initial tightening load in the bolt with gasket Fi  1402.34 d  1402.34  20  28046.8 N
 Eb Ab 
 
Final load on the bolt Ff  KFa  Fi , where K   L ,
 Eb Ab Eg Ag 
  
 L lg 
Eb  206 GPa, Eg  121 GPa
 
Stress area of the bolt Ab  245 mm 2 , Ag 
4
D 2
o  Di2  
4
50 2
 252   1472.62 mm 2

Substituting,  K  0.0536, Final load on the bolt Ff  0.0536 10 103  28046.8  28583 N
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE
 Problem 2
A cylinder head of a steam engine is subjected to a
steam pressure of 0.8 MPa. It is held in position by
means of 12 bolts. A soft copper gasket is used to
make the joint leak proof. The bore diameter of the
cylinder is 250 mm. Find the size of the bolts so that
the stress in bolts is not to exceed 110 MPa.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE

Data : Steam pressure P  0.8 MPa, No of bolts n  12
Diameter of cylinder D  250 mm,   110 Mpa
1 2 
Solution : Steam load on the cylinder head per bolt Fa   D  P 
n 4 
1  
 Fa    250 2
 0.8   3272.5 N
12  4 
Initial tightening load in the bolt with gasket Fi  1402.34d
Final load on the bolt F  KFa  Fi , where K  0.5 from table 9.1, page 136
[assuming soft copper gasket with long through bolts]
Substituting, F  KFa  Fi  F   0.5  3272.5  + 1402.34d

Also F    Ac    d c 2 Assuming core diameter as 0.84 d
4

110  (0.84d ) 2   0.5  3272.5  + 1402.34d
4
 60.96d 2  1402.34d  1636.25  0  d  24.11  25 mm
From Table 9.8, page 142, the standard size of bolt is M25 × 3
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE
 IMPACT LOADING
• The impact stresses result when the bolts are subjected
to suddenly applied load as in the case of bolts used in
pneumatic cylinders, cylinder heads of IC engine,
fastening connecting rod ends, etc.
• It is assumed that the bolt has to absorb all the energy of
impact.

Energy absorbed U  F / 2, where; F  Maximum load under impact

Fl
  maximum instantaneous deflection under impact  where;
AE
l  length of the bolt, A= Stress area of bolt, E = Elastic modulus of bolt

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE

 Problem 3 (Impact loading)

A M 20x2 steel bolt of 100 mm length is subjected to

impact load. The energy absorbed by the bolt is 2 N-m.

(i) Determine the stress in the shank of the bolt if there is

no threaded portion between the nut & the bolt head.

(ii) Determine the stress in the shank if the entire length of

the bolt is threaded.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE
Data : Energy U = 2N - m = 2000 N - mm, l = 100 mm, Bolt size M 20  2
For steel, take E = 207 GPa
From Table 9.8, page 141, for M20  2 stress area A c  258 mm 2
(i) Stress when there is no threaded portion between nut and bolt head :
  202
[Full diameter of bolt is available to resist load,  A= =314.16 mm 2 ]
4
1 F  Fl  F F 100 
U F     2000   3 
,  F = 51002 N
2 2  AE  2  314.16  207 10 
F 51002
Impact stress  =   162.34 N / mm 2
A 314.16

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE

(ii) Stress when the entire length of the bolt is threaded :

[only the core area of the bolt  258 mm 2 is available to resist the load]

F  Fl  F F  100 
U    2000   3 
 F  46017.7 N
2  AE  2  258  206 10 
F 46017.7
 Impact stress     178.71 MPa
Ac 258

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE

 Problem 4 (Fatigue loading)
The external load applied to a bolted joint fluctuates
between zero & 6 KN. The bolt is tightened with an initial
load of 5 KN. The root area of the bolt is 125 mm2. The
ratio of deflection per unit load for the bolt to that of the
member is 3.
(i) Determine the maximum & minimum bolt loads.
(ii) Determine the mean stress & the variable stress
assuming a stress concentration factor of 2.6 & load,
surface & size factors being unity.
(iii) Plot the Soderberg working stress diagram and
determine if the bolt is safely loaded for a factor of safety 2.
The material has n yield point of 330 Mpa and endurance
limit in reversed axial loading of 220 Mpa.
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE
Data : Min external load Fa min  0, Max external load Fa max  6000 N
Initial tightening load Fi  5000 N, Root area A  125 mm 2
Km  Eb Ab Eg Ag 
Stiffness ratio  3  K m  3K b  where K b  & Km  
Kb  L L 
Eb Ab  Eb Ab Eg Ag  Kb Kb
K        0.25
L  L L  K b  K m K b  3K b
Stress concentration factor k   2.6, Factor of safety = 2
Yield stress  yt  330 MPa, Endurance limit  en  220 MPa
Solution :
Maximum load on the bolt Fmax = KFa max + Fi  0.25(6000)  5000  6500 N
Minimum load on the bolt Fmin = KFa min + Fi  0.25(0)  5000  5000 N
1  Fmax  Fmin  1  6500  5000 
 Mean stress  m        46 N / mm 2

A 2  125  2 
1  Fmax  Fmin  1  6500  5000 
Stress amplitude  a        6 N / mm 2

A  Dr P R Venkatesh,
2 Mech
125 
 Dept RVCE 2 
 k ft a m 1
Using Soderberg equation,  
ABC en  yt FOS
Assuming all A, B & C as unity, given k ft  2.6,
2.6  6 46 1
   FOS  4.755  2 (desired factor of safety)
111 220 330 FOS
Hence the bolt is safely loaded.

Stress amplitude

Soderberg
Safe line

P Soderberg diagram
2.6 x 6=15.6 MPa

46 MPa
Mean stress

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept RVCE