CH

CHAPTER 3c

C) Screwed
ed Jo
Joints
1. Introduction
A screw thread is formed by cu cutting a continuous helical groove on a cylindrical
cylind surface.
A screw made by cutting a sing
single helical groove on the cylinder is known
own as a
single threaded (or single-sta start) screw and if a second thread is s cut in the space
between the grooves of thehe firs
first, a double threaded (or double-start)
rt) screw
scr is formed.
Similarly, triple and quadruple
ruple (i.e. multiple-start) threads may be formed.
formed The helical
grooves may be cut either righ
right hand or left hand. A screwed joint is mainly
mai composed
of two elements i.e. a boltolt anand nut. The screwed joints are widely ly used
use where the
machine parts are required d to b be readily connected or disconnected without
witho damage to
the machine or the fastening. This may be for the purpose of holding or adjustment
ad
in assembly or service inspeinspection, repair, or replacement or it may be for the
manufacturing or assembly ly rea
reasons. The parts may be rigidly connectedected or provisions
may be made for predetermined
rmined relative motion.
2. Advantages and Disadvant
dvantages of Screwed Joints
Following are the advantages
ges a and disadvantages of the screwed joints.
Advantages
1. Screwed joints are highly
ly reli
reliable in operation.
2. Screwed joints are convenien
venient to assemble and disassemble.
3. A wide range of screwed d join
joints may be adopted to various operating g conditions.
con
4. Screws are relatively cheap
heap tto produce due to standardization and highlyhighl efficient
manufacturing processes.
Disadvantages
The main disadvantage off the sscrewed joints is the stress concentration tion in the threaded
portions which are vulnerable
able p points under variable load conditions.
Note : The strength of the screwe
crewed joints is not comparable with that of riveted
ted or welded joints.
3. Important Terms Used d in S
Screw Threads
The following terms used in sc
screw threads, as shown in Fig.1, are important
impo from the
subject point of view :

Fig. 1

1
1. Major diameter. It is the largest diameter of an external or internal screw thread. The
screw is specified by this diameter. It is also known as outside or nominal diameter.
2. Minor diameter. It is the smallest diameter of an external or internal screw thread. It
is also known as core or root diameter.
3. Pitch diameter. It is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, on a cylindrical screw
thread, the surface of which would pass through the thread at such points as to make
equal the width of the thread and the width of the spaces between the threads. It is also
called an effective diameter. In a nut and bolt assembly, it is the diameter at which the
ridges on the bolt are in complete touch with the ridges of the corresponding nut.
4. Pitch. It is the distance from a point on one thread to the corresponding point on the
next. This is measured in an axial direction between corresponding points in the same
axial plane.
Mathematically,
Pitch = 1/ No. of threads per unit length of screw
5. Lead. It is the distance between two corresponding points on the same helix. It may
also be defined as the distance which a screw thread advances axially in one rotation of
the nut. Lead is equal to the pitch in case of single start threads, it is twice the pitch in
double start, thrice the pitch in triple start and so on.
6. Crest. It is the top surface of the thread.
7. Root. It is the bottom surface created by the two adjacent flanks of the thread.
8. Depth of thread. It is the perpendicular distance between the crest and root.
9. Flank. It is the surface joining the crest and root.
10. Angle of thread. It is the angle included by the flanks of the thread.
11. Slope. It is half the pitch of the thread.

6. Designation of Screw Threads

The complete designation of the screw thread shall include
1. Size designation. The size of the screw thread is designated by the letter `M'’
followed by the diameter and pitch, the two being separated by the sign ×. When there
is no indication of the pitch, it shall mean that a coarse pitch is implied.
2. Tolerance designation. This shall include
(a) A figure designating tolerance grade as indicated below:
‘7’ for fine grade, ‘8’ for normal (medium) grade, and ‘9’ for coarse grade.
(b) A letter designating the tolerance position as indicated below :
‘H’ for unit thread, ‘d’ for bolt thread with allowance, and ‘h’ for bolt thread without
allowance.
For example, A bolt thread of 6 mm size of coarse pitch and with allowance on the
threads and normal (medium) tolerance grade is designated as M6-8d.

7. Standard Dimensions of Screw Threads

The design dimensions of I.S.O. screw threads for screws, bolts and nuts of coarse and
fine series are shown in Table 1.

2
8. Stresses in Screwed Fastening due to Static Loading

The following stresses in screwed fastening due to static loading are important from the
subject point of view :
1. Initial stresses due to screwing up forces,
2. Stresses due to external forces, and
3. Stress due to combination of stresses at (1) and (2).
We shall now discuss these stresses, in detail, in the following articles.

9. Initial Stresses due to Screwing up Forces

The following stresses are induced in a bolt, screw or stud when it is screwed up tightly.

i. Tensile stress due to stretching of bolt. Since none of the above mentioned
stresses are accurately determined, therefore bolts are designed on the basis of direct
tensile stress with a large factor of safety in order to account for the indeterminate
stresses. The initial tension in a bolt, based on experiments, may be found by the
relation
Pi = 2840 d N
where Pi = Initial tension in a bolt, and
d = Nominal diameter of bolt, in mm.
The above relation is used for making a joint fluid tight like steam engine cylinder cover
joints etc. When the joint is not required as tight as fluid-tight joint, then the initial
tension in a bolt may be reduced to half of the above value. In such cases
Pi = 1420 d N
The small diameter bolts may fail during tightening, therefore bolts of smaller diameter
(less than M 16 or M 18) are not permitted in making fluid tight joints.

3
Table 1. Design dimensions
ions o
of screw threads, bolts and nuts accordin
cording to IS

Note : In case the table is not

ot ava
available, then the core diameter (dc) may be taken as 0.84 d,
where d is the major diameter.

4
5
If the bolt is not initially stress
stressed, then the maximum safe axial load oad which
w may be
applied to it, is given by
P = Permissibleible sstress × Cross-sectional area at bottom of the
th thread
(i.e. stress
ss are
area)
The stress area may be obtainebtained from Table 1 or it may be found by using the relation

where dp = Pitch diameter, and

dc = Core
ore oor minor diameter.

ii. Torsional shear stress cau

caused by the frictional resistance of the e threads
th during
its tightening.
The torsional shear stress caus
caused by the frictional resistance of the threads
hreads during its
tightening may be obtainedd by u
using the torsion equation. We know that

where τ = Torsionall shea

shear stress,
T = Torque applie
applied, and
dc = Minor or core d
diameter of the thread.
It has been shown during exper
experiments that due to repeated unscrewingng and
an tightening
of the nut, there is a gradual
ual sc
scoring of the threads, which increases the torsional
to
twisting moment (T).

iii. Shear stress across the threads. The average thread shearing stress for the screw
e th
( τ s ) is obtained by using the rel
relation :

where b = Width off the th

thread section at the root. The average thread
threa shearing
stress forr the nut is

where d = Major diameter.

6
 ing stress on threads. The compression or crushing
iv. Compression or crushing cru stress
between the threads (σc) may b
be obtained by using the relation :

where d = Major
ajor d
diameter,
dc = Minor
inor d
diameter, and
n = Numbe
umber of threads in engagement.

v. Bending stress if the surfa

surfaces under the head or nut are nott perfectly
perf parallel
to the bolt axis.
When the outside surfacess of tthe parts to be connected are not parallel
rallel to
t each other,
then the bolt will be subjected
cted tto bending action. The bending stress (σb) induced
i in the
shank of the bolt is given by

where x = Differen
ifference in height between the extreme corners
rners of
o the nut or
head,
ead,
l = Length
ngth o
of the shank of the bolt, and
E = Young’
oung’s modulus for the material of the bolt.

10. Stresses due to External

rnal F Forces
The following stresses aree indu
induced in a bolt when it is subjected to an
n external
exte load.
i. Tensile stress. The bolts,
lts, stu
studs and screws usually carry a load in the direction
d of the
bolt axis which induces a tensile stress in the bolt.
Let dc = Root or core d diameter of the thread, and
σt = Permissible
sible te
tensile stress for the bolt material

We know that external load

d app
applied,

Now from Table 1, the value

lue of the nominal diameter of bolt corresponding
nding to the value

of dc may be obt
obtained or stress area may be fixed.

7
Notes: (a) If the external load
d is ta
taken up by a number of bolts, then

(b) In case the standard table

le is no
not available, then for coarse threads, dc = 0.84 d, where d is
the nominal diameter of bolt.

11. Combined tension and d sh

shear stress
When the bolt is subjected
d to bboth tension and shear loads, as in case
se of coupling bolts
or bearing, then the diameter
eter oof the shank of the bolt is obtained from
rom the
th shear load
and that of threaded partrt from the tensile load. A diameter slightlytly larger
lar than that
required for either shear or te
tension may be assumed and stresses s due to combined
load should be checked for
or the following principal stresses.
Maximum principal shear stress
stress,

and maximum principal tensile

nsile stress,

These stresses should nott exce

exceed the safe permissible values of stresses.
sses.

EXAMPLES ON SCREWED
ED JO
JOINTS

1) Two machine parts are faste

fastened together tightly by means of a 24 mm tap bolt. If the
load tending to separate these
hese parts is neglected, find the stress that is set up in the bolt
by the initial tightening.

Solution. Given : d = 24 mm
From Table 1 (coarse series),
ies), w
we find that the core diameter of the thread
read
corresponding to M 24 is dc = 20.32 mm.
Let σt = Stress set up in the bolt.
We know that initial tensionn in tthe bolt,
P = 2840 d = 2840 × 24 = 68 160 N
We also know that initial tension
ension in the bolt (P),

8
2) Example 2. An eye boltlt is to be used for lifting a load of 60 kN. Find
d the nominal
diameter of the bolt, if the tensil
tensile stress is not to exceed 100 MPa. Assume
ssume coarse
threads.

Solution. Given : P = 60 kN = 60 × 103 N ; σt = 100

MPa = 100 N/mm2
An eye bolt for lifting a load is shown in Fig.
Fig 1.
Let d = Nominal diameter off the bolt, and
dc = Core diameter of the e bolt.
bolt
We know that load on the bolt (P),

Fig.1

From Table 1 (coarse series),

ies), w
we find that the standard core diameter (dc) is 28.706 mm
and the corresponding nominal
minal diameter ( d ) is 33 mm. Ans.

Note : A lifting eye bolt, as shown in Fig. 1, is used for lifting and transporting
ting heavy
he machines.
It consists of a ring of circular
ar cro
cross-section at the head and provided with threads
threa at the lower
portion for screwing inside a threa
threaded hole on the top of the machine.

3) Two shafts are connected

ted by means of a flange coupling to transmit it torque
torq of 25 N-
m. The flanges of the coupling
pling a
are fastened by four bolts of the same material
mate at a
radius of 30 mm. Find the size o
of the bolts if the allowable shear stress
ss for the bolt
material is 30 MPa.
Solution. Given : T = 25 N-mm = 25 × 103 N-mm ; n = 4; Rp = 30 mm ; τ = 30 3 MPa = 30
N/mm2
We know that the shearing load
oad ca
carried by flange coupling,

Let dc = Core diameter

meter of the bolt.
Resisting load on the bolts

From equations (i) and (ii), we

e get

From Table 1 (coarse series),

), we find that the standard core diameter of the bolt is 3.141 mm
and the corresponding size of the bolt is M 4. Ans.

9
4) A lever loaded safety valve
e has a diameter of 100 mm and the blow off pressurressure
is 1.6 N/mm2. The fulcrum off the lever is screwed into the cast iron body off the cover. Find the
diameter of the threaded partrt of th
the fulcrum if the permissible tensile stress is limited
lim to 50 MPa
and the leverage ratio is 8.

Solution. Given : D = 100 mmm ; p = 1.6 N/mm2; σt = 50 MPa = 50 N/mm2

We know that the load acting
g on th
the valve,

Since the leverage is 8, therefore

efore load at the end of the lever,

Load on the fulcrum,

P = F – W = 12 56
568 – 1571 = 10 997 N ...(i)
Let dc = Core diameter
meter of the threaded part.

Resisting load on the threaded

ed pa
part of the fulcrum,

From equations (i) and (ii), wee get

(dc)2 = 10 99 997 / 39.3 = 280 or dc = 16.7 mm
From Table 1 (fine series), we e find that the standard core diameter is 18.376
6 mm and the
corresponding size of the boltlt is M 20 × 1.5. Ans.

12. Eccentric Load Acting

g Pe
Perpendicular to the Axis of Bolts

A wall bracket carrying an ecce

eccentric load perpendicular to the axis of the bolts
bo is shown
in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

10
In this case, the bolts are subje
subjected to direct shearing load which is equally
qually shared by
all the bolts. Therefore direct
ect sh
shear load on each bolts,

A little consideration will show

how tthat the eccentric load W will try to tilt the bracket
br in the
clockwise direction about the ed edge A-A. As discussed earlier, the bolts ts will be subjected
to tensile stress due to the e turni
turning moment. The maximum tensile load d on a heavily
loaded bolt (Wt) may be obtaine
btained in the similar manner as discussed in the previous
article. In this case, bolts 3 and 4 are heavily loaded.
Maximum tensile load on bolt 3 or 4,

When the bolts are subjected

cted to shear as well as tensile loads, then the equivalent
eq
loads may be determined by the following relations :
Equivalent tensile load,

Knowing the value of equivalen

ivalent loads, the size of the bolt may be determin
termined for the
given allowable stresses.

Example 5. For supporting the travelling crane in a workshop, the bracket ckets are fixed on
steel columns as shown in Fig. 4. The maximum load that comes on the e bracket
br is 12
kN acting vertically at a distanc
tance of 400 mm from the face of the column. n. The
T vertical
face of the bracket is secured
ed tto a column by four bolts, in two rows (two o in each row) at
a distance of 50 mm from the he lo
lower edge of the bracket. Determine the
size of the bolts if the permissib
issible value of the tensile stress for the bolt
lt material
ma is 84
MPa. Also find the cross-sectio
ction of the arm of the bracket which is rectang
tangular.

Solution. Given : W = 12 kN = 12 × 103 N ; L = 400 mm ;

L1 = 50 mm ; L2 = 375 mmm;σ σt = 84 MPa = 84 N/mm2 ; n = 4
We know that direct shearr load on each bolt,

11
Since the load W will try to
o tilt th
the bracket in the clockwise direction about
bout the
t lower
edge, therefore the bolts will be subjected to tensile load due to turningng moment.
mo The
maximum loaded bolts are e 3 an
and 4 (See Fig. 11.34), because they lie at the
th greatest
distance from the tilting edge
dge A A–A (i.e. lower edge).
We know that maximum tensile
ensile load carried by bolts 3 and 4,

Since the bolts are subjected

ted to shear load as well as tensile load, therefor
erefore equivalent
tensile load,

Size of the bolt

Let dc = Core diameter of the b
bolt.
We know that the equivalent
ent ten
tensile load (Wte),

From Table 11.1 (coarse series

series), the standard core diameter is 11.546
6 mm and the
corresponding size of the bolt is M 14. Ans.

Cross-section of the arm of th

the bracket
Let t and b = Thickness and
nd dep
depth of arm of the bracket respectively.
Section modulus,

Assume that the arm of the

e bra
bracket extends upto the face of the steell column.
colum This
assumption gives strongerr sect
section for the arm of the bracket.
Maximum bending moment nt on the bracket,

M = 12 × 1033 × 40
400 = 4.8 × 106 N-mm
We know that the bending (tens
(tensile) stress (σt),

12
 Assuming
ing depth
d of arm
of the bracket,
brack b = 250
mm, we have

t = 343 × 103
3 / (25
(250)2 = 5.5 mm Ans.

13. Eccentric Load Acting

cting Parallel to the Axis of Bolts
Consider a bracket having a recrectangular base bolted to a wall by means
ans of four bolts as
shown in Fig. 1. A little conside
nsideration will show that each bolt is subjected
cted to
t a direct
tensile load of

Fig. 1. Eccen
ccentric load acting parallel to the axis of bolts.

Further the load W tends to ro rotate the bracket about the edge A-A.. Due to this, each
bolt is stretched by an amoun
mount that depends upon its distance from m the tilting edge.
Since the stress is a function
nction of elongation, therefore each boltt will experience a
different load which also o de
depends upon the distance from the tilting tiltin edge. For
convenience, all the bolts are mmade of same size. In case the flange is heavy,
he it may be
considered as a rigid body. Let w be the load in a bolt per unit distanc
istance due to the
turning effect of the bracket
ket an
and let W1 and W2 be the loads on each ach of o the bolts at
distances L1 and L2 from the tilt
tilting edge.

Load on each bolt at dist

distance L1,

and moment of this load about the tilting edge

13
 Similarly, load on e
each bolt at distance L2,

and moment of this load about

bout the tilting edge

Total momentt of the load on the bolts about the tilting edge

... (There are two bolts each at distance of L1 and

an L2)

Also the moment due to load W about the tilting edge

From equations (i) and (ii),, we have

It may be noted that the most

ost hheavily loaded bolts are those which are
re situated
situ at the
greatest distance from the tilting edge. In the case discussed above, the bolts
bo at
distance L2 are heavily loaded.
aded.

Tensile load on each bolt at dis

distance L2,

... [From equation (iii)]

and the total tensile load on the most heavily loaded bolt,

If dc is the core diameter of the bolt and σt is the tensile stress for the bolt material,
m then
total tensile load,

From equations (iv) and (v), the value of dc may be obtained.

14
EXAMPLES
6. A bracket, as shown in
n Fig. 1, supports a load of 30 kN. Determinene the size of bolts,
if the maximum allowable tens
tensile stress in the bolt material is 60 MPa.
Pa. The
T distances
are : L1 = 80 mm, L2 = 250
0 mm
mm, and L = 500 mm.

Solution. Given : W = 30 kN ; σt = 60 MPa = 60 N/mm2 ; L1 = 80 mm ; L2 = 250 mm ;

L = 500 mm
We know that the direct tensile
nsile load carried by each bolt,

and load in a bolt per unit distance,

Since the heavily loaded bolt is at a distance of L2 mm from the tilting edge,
edge therefore
load on the heavily loaded bolt,

Wt2 = w.L2 = 0.109

.109 × 250 = 27.25 kN

Maximum tensile load on the he

heavily loaded bolt,

Wt = Wt1 + Wt2 = 7.5 + 27.25 = 34.75 kN = 34 750 N

Let dc = Core diamete

ameter of the bolts.
We know that the maximumm ten
tensile load on the bolt (Wt),

or dc = 27.2
7.2 mm

From Table 1 (coarse series),

ies), w
we find that the standard
core diameter of the bolt is
28.706 mm and the correspond
sponding size of the bolt is M 33.
Ans.

7. A crane runway bracket is shown in Fig. 2. Determine

the tensile and compressiveive stresses produced in the
section X-X when the magnitunitude of the wheel load is 15
kN. Also find the maximum st stress produced in the bolts Fig. 2
used for fastening the bracket
ket tto the roof truss.
15
Solution. Given : W = 15 kN = 15 × 103 N
First of all, let us find the distan
distance of centre of gravity of the section at X– –X.
Let y = Distance e of ccentre of gravity (G) from the top of the
e flange.
flang

Moment of inertia about an axis passing

ssing through the centre of gravity of the section

= 30.4 × 106 m mm4

Distance of C.G. from the top o of the flange,
y1 = y = 699 mm
and distance of C.G. from the b bottom of the web,
y2 = 175 + 25 – 69 = 131 mm
Due to the tilting action of the lo
load W, the cross-section of the bracket X-X
X will be under
bending stress. The upperr fibre
fibres of the top flange will be under maximum
ximum tension and
the lower fibres of the webb will bbe under maximum compression.
Section modulus for the maximu
aximum tensile stress,

and section modulus for the

he ma
maximum compressive stress,

We know that bending moment

ment exerted on the section,

M = 15 × 103 ((200 + 69) = 4035 × 103 N-mm

Maximum bending stress (tensi
(tensile) in the flange, Fig. 3

and maximum bending stress

ress (c
(compressive) in the web,

The eccentric load also induces

duces direct tensile stress in the bracket. We
e know
kn that direct
tensile stress,

16
Maximum tensile stress produc
roduced in the section at X–X (i.e. in the flange),
nge),

бt = бb1 + бt1 = 9.16 + 1.94 11.1 N/mm2 = 11.1 MPa Ans.

4 = 11

and maximum compressive

ve stre
stress produced in the section at X–X (i.e.. in the
th web),

бc = бb2 – бt1 = 17.4 – 1.94 15.46 N/mm2 = 15.46 MPa Ans.

4 = 15

Let бtb = Maximum stres

stress produced in bolts,

n = Number of bolt
bolts = 4, and ...(Given)
d = Major diameter
meter of the bolts = 25 mm ...(Given)

The plan of the bracket is show

shown in Fig. 3. Due to the eccentric load W,, the
th bracket has
a tendency to tilt about thee edg
edge EE. Since the load is acting parallel to the axis of bolts,
therefore direct tensile load on each bolt,
Let w = Load in each bolt per mm distance from the edge EE due to the
turning effect
ffect of the bracket,
L1 = Distancee of bo
bolts 1 and 4 from the tilting edge EE = 50 mm,
m and
L2 = Distancee of bo
bolts 2 and 3 from the tilting edge EE
= 50 + 3255 = 37375 mm

Since the heavily loaded bolts are those which lie at greater distance
nce from
fr the tilting
edge, therefore the bolts 2 and 3 will be heavily loaded.
Maximum tensile load on each of bolts 2 and 3,

Wt2 = w × L2 = 27.
27.5 × 375 = 10 312 N
and the total tensile load on eac
each of the bolts 2 and 3,
Wt = Wt1 + Wt2 = 3750 + 10 312 = 14 062 N
We know that tensile load on ththe bolt (Wt),

... (Taking, dc = 0.84 d)

бtb = 14 062/346.4 = 40.6 N/mm2 = 40.6 M

17