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30 views19 pagesChapter 3 SchaumOutlines Electromagnetics
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limber dameciousCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 19
Electric Field
3.4_ Introduction
‘The concepts of electric force and field intensity were introduced in Chapter 1. This chapter elaborates further
‘on those concepts and formulates them using vector notations, a necessary framework in electromagnetics. In
doing so, it expands upon, and refers to, some examples and problems from Chapter 1
3.2__Coulomb’s Law in Vector Form
“The force between two charges Q, and Q, is given by Coulomb’s law. This was introduced in Section 1.6 in scalar
form. In veetor form Coulomb's law incorporates both the magnitude and direction of the force as follows:
20, ,,, - 20 p,
aneR ane,
F
where F, is the force on charge Q, due to a second charge Q,, ay, is the unit vector directed from Q, 10 Q,,
R,, = R,,a,,and eis the permittivity of the medium,
EXAMPLE 1. Find the force on charge Q,, 20 UC, due to charge Q,.~300 UC, where Q, is at (0, 1,2) m and
2,31 2, 0,0) m
Because I Cis a rather large unit, charges ae often given in microcoulombs (uC), nanocoulombs (aC), or
picocoulombs (pC). (See Appendix forthe SI prefix system.) Referring to Fig. 3-1,
R= ~2a,+
0.1.2)
Ry
@,0,0)
Fig. 34 CHAPTER 3 Electric Field
and
Then
4x (0~*/36m)3"
= s
‘The force magnitude is 6 N and the direction is such that Q, is atracted to Q, (unlike charges attract)
‘The force field in the region ofan isolated charge Q is spherically symmetric. This is made evident by locat-
ing Q atthe origin ofa spherical coordinate system, so thatthe position vector R, from Q to a small test charge
0, < Q.is simply ra, Then
Gre
showing that onthe spherical surface r = constant, [F,| is constant, and Fis radial
3.3 Superposition
The force on charge Q, duc to n ~ 1 other charges Q,, ..,@Q, isthe vector sum ofthe individual frees
a ie ay 1 Oe ay pon BF Oey
ted Greg” Ane f
‘This superposition extends in @ natural way to the case where charge is continuously distributed through some
spatial region: One simply replaces the above vector sum by a vector integral (sce Section 3.5).
34
jectric Fiel
Intensity
Suppose that the ahove-considered test charge Q, is sufficiently small so as not to disturb significantly the field
ofthe fixed point charge Q. Then the electric field intensity, E due to Qis defined tobe the force per unit charge
on QE = FQ,
or Q at the origin ofa spherical coordinate systom [se Fig. 32a) the electri fed intensity at an arbitrary
point P is, ftom Section 32,
Ir a fF
PV.0.0) PU Yo 23)
ra, Raw ma, WA ema,
ft y
(0) Spherical * 6) Cartesian
Fig. 32 aq CHAPTER 3 Electric Field
In an arbitrary Cartesian coordinate system [see Fig. 3-2(0)],
E 2 =
Trek
‘The units of E are newtons per coulomb (N/C) or the equivalent, volts per meter (V/m).
EXAMPLE 2. Find E at (0,3, 4) m in Cartesian coordinates due to a point charge Q = 0.5 1C at the origin.
Ii this case,
R=3a,+4a, R=S ag =06a, +08,
03X10 66, 08a)
4n(10-? /36n\(5) .
Thus, [E| = 180 Vim in the direction ay
6a, + 08a,
3.5 Charge Distributions
Volume Charge
‘When charge is distributed throughout a specified volume, each charge element contributes to the electric field
at an external point. A summation or integration is then required to obtain the total electric field. Even though
clectric charge in its smallest division is found to be an electron or proton, it is useful to consider continuous
(in fact, differentiable) charge distributions and to define a charge density by
4Q 2
2 cm
=F cm)
Note the units in parentheses, which is meant to signify that p will be in C/m! provided that the variables are
expressed in proper SI units (C for Q and m for v). This convention will be used throughout this book
With reference to volume vin Fig. 3-3, each differential charge dQ produces a differential electri field
dg
Fig. 23
at the observation point P. Assuming that the only charge in the region is contained within the volume, the total
clectric field at P is obtained by integration over the volume:
PAR ay
I, Amey CHAPTER 3 Electric Field ——<_p
Sheet Charge
(Charge may also be distributed over a surface or a sheet. Then each differential charge dQ on the sheet results
in a differential electric field
do
4negR™
a
a point P (see Fig. 3-4). Ifthe surface charge density isp, (C/m!) and if no other charge is present in the region,
then the total electic field at P is
= [ Pan as
Smeg
0 Ae
R
eo ndS
s
Fig. 34
Line Charge
If charge is distributed over a (curved) line, each differential charge dQ along the line produces a differential
electric field
ag
axe
at P (see Fig. 3-5). And ifthe line charge density is p, (Cim), and no other charge is in the region, then the total
electric field at P is
Fg. 35
It should be emphasized that in all three ofthe above charge distributions and corresponding integrals for E, the
unit vector ay is variable, depending on the coordinates of the charge element dQ. Thus, a, cannot be removed
from the integrand. It should also be noticed that whenever the appropriate integral converges, it defines E at
an internal point of the charge distribution, CHAPTER 3 Electric Field
3,6 _ Standard Charge Configurations
In tree special cases the integration discussed in Section 3S is cither unnecessary or easily carried out. In regard
to these standard configurations (and to others which will be covered inthis chapter) it should be noted that the
charge is not “on a conductor.” When a problem states that charge is distributed in the form of a disk, for exam-
ple, it does not mean a disk-shaped conductor with charge on the surface. (In Chapter 7, conductors with sur-
face charge will be examined.) Although it may now require a stretch of the imagination, these charges should
bbe thought of as somehow suspended in space, fixed in the specified configuration
Point Charge
[As previously determined, the field of a single point charge Q is given by
2
ner
E (spherical coordinates)
See Fig. 3-2(a). This is a spherically symmette field that follows an inverse-square lav (like gravitation)
Infinite Line Charge
If charge is distributed with uniform density p, (Cli) along an infinite, straight line—which will be chosen as
the z axis—then the field is given by
E x ‘a, (cylindrical coordinates)
See Fig. 3-6. This field has cylindrical symmetry and is inversely proportional to the first power of the distance
from the line charge. For a derivation of K,, see Problem 3.9
Fig. 36
EXAMPLE 3. A uniform line charge, infinite in extent, with p, ~ 20 nCim, lies along the z axis. Find E
2 6,8,3)m.
In cylindrical coordinates r = V6 ® = 10 m. The field is constant with 2. Thus,
20x10
2 (10? /36n)(10)
=36a, Vim CHAPTER 3 Electric Field
Infinite Plane Charge
Ie charge is distributed with uniform density p, (Cim*) over an infinite plane, then the field is given by
See Fig. 3-7. This f
of this expression, see Problem 3.12.
ld of constant magnitude and has mirror symmetry about the plane charge. For a derivation
re
Fig. 37
EXAMPLE 4. Charge is distributed uniformly over the plane ¢ ~ 10 cm with a density p, ~ (1/3) nC /m?. Find E.
|e[- 22 = 10
ae Vim
2 200"7/36m)
10cm, E = ~6a, Vim,
Above the sheet (¢ > 10 om), E = 6a, Vii; and for z
Tas
3.1. Two point charges, Q, 3) mand (3, 1,0) m,
respectively (Fig. 3-8).
= 50 tC and Q, = 10 WC, are located at (—1, 1,
ind the force on Q,
= eh an
are
{50 x 1076 )(107%)
amo" Bomar
=(0.18)C08a, ~06a)N
The force has a magnitude of 0.18 N and « direction given by the unit vector —0.8
0.148, — 0.1088, a> CHAPTER 3 Electric Field
3.2. Refer to Fig. 3-9. Find the force on a 100 jC charge at (0,0, 3) mf four like charges of 20 uC are
located on the x and y axes at 4 m,
‘Consider the force due to the charge at
0-20 10°) (4a, + 3a,
Ss,
‘The y component will be canceled by the charge at y
Sacancaer oe
33. Refer to Fig. 3-10. Point charge Q, ~ 300 UC, located at (1,
.—3) m, experiences a force
8a, — 8a, +4a.N
Fig. 3:10
due to point charge Q, at (3, -3, ~2) m. Determine Q,,
R, = -28, +28,
[Note that, because
the given force is along R,, (see Problem 2.21), as it must be.
5-22
dre
ba,
3.4, Find the force on a point charge of 50 uC at (0, 0,5) m due to a charge of $00z iC that is uniformly
distributed over the circular disk r= 5 m,z = 0 mn (see Fig. 3-11)
. G0 rors
fig 3tt
Th ca desi
2 SO 1 oa ci tchnt
A a(S)
Insync cons
Rann,
‘Then each differential charge results in diferential force
(50% 10-)ipyr dr dp) (=ra, +5:
‘axl B6m YF 125)
Before integrating, note thatthe radial components will cancel ané that a, is constant. Hence,
F fr * (50x 107° (02 x10) Sr dreds
0 fo amor? 36m) + 257
=v0r tts,
0 easy
3.5. Repeat Problem 3.4 for a disk of radius 2 m.
Reducing the radius has to effects: the charge density is increased by a factor
‘while the integral over r becomes
f rar
0 a3"
‘The resulting force is
ors inteatar ft s00st6
° easy
0.0143
0586
3.6. Find the expression for the electric field at P due to @ point charge Q at (x,.y,.2,)-Repeat with the
‘charge placed atthe origin.
‘As shown in Fig. 3-12,
R= (Ja, + 0-9), + spa, CHAPTER 3 Electric Field
Fig. 312
Then g-2 a,
trek
Q GHA, +a, +e- 5),
404 [= Hy are
‘When the charge is atthe origin,
O satya, tia,
Tyas
anes (Fy
but this expression fils to show the symmeiry ofthe field. In spherical coordinates with Q tthe origin,
@
rer
E
and now the symmetry is apparent.
3.7, Find E at the origin due to a point charge of 644 nC located at (—4, 3,2) m in Cartesian coordinates,
‘The electric field intensity due to a point charge Q atthe origin in spherical coordinates is
@
rer
E
In this problem the distance is V29 m and the vector from the charge tothe origin, where E isto be evaluated, is
R= 4a, — 3a, —2a,
2a, }
Vie
9
38. Find E at (0, 0, S)m due to Q, = 0.35 jC at (0, 4,0) m and Q, = ~0.55 xC at (3,0, 0) m (see Fig. 3-13).
anion? _(
a0" 7357) (29),
R, =—4a, +50,
Ry =~ 3a, +5:
0.45 x10
aro /36m)aD |
4800, +600, Vim
0,0) 4,0)
Fig. 343 CHAPTER 3 Electric Field ——e{p
Fear ena
and E=E, +E, =749a, —48.0a, ~ 64.9a, Vim
3.9. Charge is distributed uniformly along an infinite straight line with constant density p,..Develop the
‘expression for E at the general point P.
Cindi coordinates wl bused, wt he ine care athe 2 nse Fig 314). ALP,
to (7 =
Fig. 3:14
‘Since for every dQ atz there is another charge dQ at ~2, the z components cancel, Then
—_——
-- tng
wprf[ 2 Pym
dre | yee Tree
3.10. On the line described by x = 2 m,y = ~ 4m theres a uniform charge dstibution of density p, = 20 nC,
Determine the electric field E at(—2, —1,4)m.
‘With some modification foe Cartesian coordinates the expression obtained in Problem 39 ean be used with this
uniform line charge. Since the line is parallel oa, the field has no 2 component. Relering to Fig. 3-15,
4a, +3,
20x10? (4a, + 3a,
2m) S
=576a, +43.2a, Vim
Fig. 3:15, a> CHAPTER 3 Electric Field
3.11. As shown in Fig.3-16, two uniform line charges of density p, = 4 nC/m lie in the x = 0 plane at
y= 4m, Find E at (4,0, 10) m,
Fig. 3:16
‘The line charges are both parallel to a; their fields are radial end paralle! to the xy plane. Por either line charg, the
‘magnitude ofthe field at P would be
18
a
E Vim
rer
‘The field due to both line charges is, by superposition,
B=2| Foss" ]a, it, vim
3.12, Develop an expression for E due to charge uniformly distributed over an infinite plane with density p,
‘The eylindrial coordinate system willbe used, with the charge in the z~ 0 plane as shown in Fig, 3-17.
on gt (tn
Fig. 3:7 CHAPTER 3 Electric Field ——_=p>
Symmetry about the z axis results in cancellation ofthe radial components,
BS [eat ti
‘This result i for points above the ay plane. Below the xy plane the unit vector changes to —
{orm may be writen using a,, the unit normal vector
‘The generalized
‘The electric field is everywhere normal tothe plane of the charge. and its magnitude is independent of the distance
‘rom the plane
3.13. As shown in Fig. 318, the plane y
‘m contains a uniform charge distribution of density
p, = (10*/6n)C/m*, Determine E at all points.
Fig. 3:18
Fory> 3m,
Peg
265"
= 30a,V/m,
and fory<3m,
E = ~30a, Vien
3.14, Two infinite uniform sheets of charge, each with density p,, are located at x = =1 (Fig. 3-19).
Determine E in all regions.
>
Fig. 3.19 38.
36.
37.
CHAPTER 3 Electric Field
‘Only parts ofthe two sheets of charge ae shown in Fig. 3-19. Both sheets result in E fields that are directed along x
independent of the distance. Then
[roteoda,
E+E, =] 0
(lea, x1
Repeat Problem 3.14 with p, on x = —1 and —p, on x =
0 xed
Eta lp/ea, —i», E> (p,/2¢,)a, the field due to a uniform plane sheet. CHAPTER 3 Electric Field ——e|p>
3.21. Charge lies on the circular disk r = a, z = 0 with density p, = p, sin? ¢, Determine E at 0, 6, A).
ag = Pols grades)
ang eR) \ Sea
‘The charge distribution, though not uniform, stil is symmetrical such that all radial components cancel.
(sin? p)r dr dg sh a 1
nop [ foaendte, 28 oS),
3.22. Charge lies on the citcular disk r = 4m, < = 0 with density p, = (10-
r=0,2=3m,
(1) (Chm). Determine E at
40" aoa
43a,
i 2 (Vit)
are +9) | vo
re
‘Asin Problems 3.20 an 3.21, he rail componsat vanishes by symmety
arnict) [fee
ro
3.23. Charge lies in the 2 = —3 m plane inthe form of a square sheet defined by 2 = x= 2m,-2=y=2m
‘with charge density p, = 2(x? + y* + 9)" nC/m?, Find Fat the origin
sixi0*
Vim or 1514, MVim
From Pig. 3.25,
R
dQ = p,dvdy
ya,+ ia, (om)
et y+ OM LO-Fdedy (©)
2-2-3 22,3)
Fig. 3:25
andso
as seals oe
aa BH) vie)
ae.
‘Duo to symmetry, only the z component of K-exists
ea [tf 2A, 640, vin
os
3.24. A charge of uniform density p, = 0.3 nClm? covers the plane 2x ~ 3y + z = 6 m. Find K on the side of
the plane containing the origin.
Since this eharge configuration is a uniform sheet, E = p, 2¢, and E = (17.0)a, Vim, The vait normal vectors for &
plane Ar + By + Cz = Date
Aa, + Ba, + Ca, CHAPTER 3 Electric Field
via
From Fig, 3-26 itis evident tha the unit vector on the side of the plane containing the origin is produced by the
negative sign, The elect field atthe ovigin is
(.
E=070)]
v
0.08)
©.-2.0)
(8.0.9)
Fig. 326
‘SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
3.25, ‘Two point charges, Q, = 250 uC and Q, = ~300 Cate located a (0,0) mand 0,0,
the force on Q,.
5) m, respectively.
3.26. Two point charges, Q, = 30 jC and Q, = —100 jC, are located at (2, 0,5) m and (1,0
Find the force on 0,
2) m, respectively.
3.27. In Problem 3.26 find the force on Q,
3.28. Four point charges, each 20 1C, are on the x and y axes at +4 m. Find the force on a 100-1 point charge at
(0,0,3)m,
‘3.29, ‘Ten identical charges of $00 uC each are spaced equally around a circle of rads 2 m, Find the force om a charge of|
=20 fC located on the axis, 2m from the plane ofthe circle
3.30. Determine the force on a point charge of $0 Jat (0,0, 5) m due to point charge of SOO UC a the origin,
‘Compare the answer with Problems 3.4 and 35, whete this same total charge is disteibured overacitculr disk,
3.31. Find the force on a point charge of 30 jC at (0,0, 5) m due toa 4 m squat inthe z = 0 plane between x = =2m
and y = £2. with a total charge of $00 4C, distributed uniformly
3.32, ‘Two identical point charges of Q(C) each are separated by distance dm). Express the electric Held E for points
along the line joining the wo charges.
3.33, Identical charges of Q(C) are located at te eight comers ofa cube with a side (a). Show that the Coulombic
force on each charge has magnitude (3.290°%4x 6,0) N.
‘3.44. Show that th electric field K outside aspherical shell of uniform charge density p, is the same as F due to the total
‘charge onthe shell located at the center.
3.35, Develop the expression in Cartesian coordinates for E due to ani
‘uniform density,
initely long, straight charge configuration of CHAPTER 3 Electric Field ——_|_—>
3.36. ‘Two uniform line charges ofp, 4.m, Determine the electric
‘eld K at (F4,0,2) m
rim each are parallel tothe 2 axis at.
6.
3.37. ‘Two uniform line charges of p, ~ 5 nClm each ate parallel to the x axis, one at = 0, = —2m and the other at
Oy = 4m, Find Eat 4 1,3).
3.38, Determine K at the origin due toa uniform line charge distibution with p, ~ 3.30-nCim located atx = 3m,y = 4m.
3.39._ Referring to Problem 3.36, at what other points will the value of F be the sare?
3.40. ‘Two meters from the: axis, [I due toa uniform line charge along the z axis is known to be 1.80 X 10! Vim. Find
the uniform charge density p,
SAL. The plane —x + 3y ~ 6¢ = 6 m contains a uniform charge distribution p, = 0.53 nCim?, Find B on the side
‘containing the origin,
3.42, ‘Two infinite sheets of uniform charge density p, = (10-Y/6n) Cin ure located at: = ~$ mand y = ~5 m.
Determine the uniform line charge density p, necessary to produce the same value of Fat (4,2, 2), if te line
charge is located at : = 0, = 0.
3.43. Two uniform charge distributions are as follows: a shect of uniform charge density p, = ~50 nCJm? at y = 2.m and
1m. At what points inthe region will Be zero?
3.44. A uniform sheet of charge with p, = (1/3) nClm? is located at z = Sm and a uniform line of charge with
(6, = (~25/9) nCim is located at 2 = —3 my = 3 m. Find the electric field E at (0, ~1,0) m,
348. A uniform line charge of p, = (V2 X 10°4/6}Cim lies along the x axis and a uniform sheet of charge is located at
y= Sm. Along the line y= 3m,z = 3 m the electric field K has only a z component. What i p, for the sheet?
3.46. A uniform line charge of p, = 3.30 nC/m is located atx ‘m.A point charge Q is 2m from the origin,
Find the charge 0 and it location such thatthe elect felis Zero a the
347. A circular sng of charge with radius 2m ies in the <= 0 plane, with center atthe origin. Ide uniform charge density
is p,= 10 n/m, find the point charge atthe origin which would produce the same electric field K at (0,0, )m.
3.48. ‘The cirular disk r = 2m in the 2
E for the point 0, gh).
plane has a charge density p,
10-¥/r (Cf) Determine the electric field
3.49, Examine the result in Problem 3.48 ash becomes much greater than 2m and compare it to the field ath which
results when the total charge on the disk is concentrated atthe origi.
3.50, A finite sheet of charge, of density p, = 2x(x? + y? = 4)" (Chm?) ies inthe
0 Sy = 2m, Determine K at (0,0,2)m,
2mand
© plane for 0
351. Determine the electric field E at (8,0, 0) m due toa charge of 10 nC distibuted uniformly along the x axis between
x= =S mand x ~ Sm, Repeat forthe same charge distributed between x ~ =I m andx ~ 1m,
352, The circular disk r = 1
Ohas a charge density p,
8 + 25)§4e (Ch), Find E at 0.0, 5).
3.53. Show that the electric field is zero everywhere inside a uniformly charged spherical shel.
3.54, Charge is distributed with constant density p thoughout a spherical volume of radius a. By using the results of
Problems 3.34 aud 3.53, show that
Ba, rsa
3 ey
oP, ea
Ber
‘where r isthe distance from the center of the sphere ANSWERS TO SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS,
325. R-U35)
3.26, F = (0.465)
321.
38,
329,
3.30,
3a,
3.32, I the charges are at x= Oand.x = d. then, for 0