Heileen S. San Gabriel Prof.

Meniano
BSOA-3B November 12, 2022

Nervous System
(Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System)

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
● Describe the function of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves after modeling each body part's job
in the nervous system.
● The student will determine that the nervous system is responsible for communication between
different body parts, detecting stimuli in the body, and directing the body's responses.
● Students can identify the difference between the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous
system
● Students can generate a list of facts about the Nervous System.

The Nervous System is a particular system that controls our respiration, digestion, thoughts,
movements, and even our ability to respond. The Nervous System is in charge of how we get out
of bed in the morning and go about our daily lives. Because the nervous system, which is made
up of nerves and cells, is a complex network, messages from the brain and spinal cord are
transmitted to other parts of the body through it. The nervous system serves as the body's
command center and regulates our automatic reactions, thoughts, and movements. It also
regulates other bodily processes and systems, including respiration, digestion, and puberty
(sexual development) Neurons or nerve cells are indeed a special type of cell that make up the
nervous system. The fundamental unit of the nervous system and the brain is the neuron, which
transmits information to other nerve cells, muscles, and gland cells.  The parts of a neuron
comprise of dendrites, the cell body (soma), the nucleus Schwann cells, the myelin sheath, the
node of Ranvier, the axon terminal, and finally the axon. And the Nervous System does not end
there because it has two parts which are the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral
Nervous System (PNS)
The Central Nervous System (CNS) comprises two major structures: the brain and the spinal
cord. It is called "central" because it integrates information from all across the body and
coordinates action throughout the whole organism.
There are numerous different kinds of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), including
Astrocytes – exchanges of materials between neurons and capillaries, Ependymal Cells – create,
secrete, and circulate cerebrospinal fluid, Oligodendrocytes – produce an insulating barrier called
the myelin sheath, Microglia Cells – immune defense against invading microorganisms.
Spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of neural signals between the brain and the
rest of the body. Spinal Cord has four region which are the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, spinal
nerves (Afferent and Efferent)
The brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills,
vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body.

There are (3) Three major parts of the brain:

The cerebrum interprets impulses that come back to the brain from other parts of the body. The
cerebrum's function or role is to coordinate and process the bodily's essential sensory and motor
processes, as well as to give intellectual abilities, deal with emotions, and contribute the
distinctive personality qualities that make each person an individual.
The cerebellum which means “little brain,” is primarily involved in coordinating movement and
balance. It can also play a role in cognitive functions like language and attention.
The brainstem regulates vital cardiac and respiratory functions and acts as a vehicle for sensory
information.Your brainstem helps regulate some body functions, including your breathing and
heart rate.

Brain Diseases:
Stroke - when the supply of blood to the brain is reduced or blocked completely, which prevents
brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients.
Alzheimer's disease - A type of brain disorder that causes problems with memory, thinking and
behavior.
Migraine - A severe throbbing pain, generally experienced on one side of the head.
Epilepsy - A seizure is an electrical storm in your brain, typically interfering with consciousness
and causing convulsions (uncontrolled movements).
Mental illness - Mental, behavioral and emotional disorders can diminish a person’s quality of
life and ability to function.
Major types include:
Anxiety.
Bipolar disorder.
Depression.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A nerve is a cable-like structure within the body designed to conduct nerve impulses that relay
information from one part of the body to another.
There are (3) three types of nerves in the human body:
The sensory nerves that send messages to the brain or the spinal cord from the sense organs.
The motor nerves are responsible for carrying the information from the CNS to the PNS.
The mixed nerves are the nerves that perform both the action of sensory nerves as well as a
motor nerve. The primary function of nerves to conduct an electrochemical impulse and convey
information.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is part of your nervous system that lies outside your brain
and spinal cord. It plays key role in both sending information from different areas of your body
back to your brain, as well as carrying out commands from your brain to various parts of your
body. Think of your brain as the tree's trunk, and your spinal cord as its root, if your nervous
system were an upside-down tree. Similar to how a tree's limbs, branches, and twigs stretch out
across the remainder of the tree, your peripheral nervous system does the same.
The Somatic Nervous System is associated with voluntary control of body movement via skeletal
muscles. For example, imagine that you are out for a jog in the park one brisk winter morning.
As you run, you spot a patch of slick ice on the path ahead. Your visual system perceives the icy
patch and relays this information to your brain. Your brain then sends signals to engage your
muscles to take action.

Two subsystem:
Sensory: Your PNS is a key part of how your brain gets information about the world around you.
Your brain is like a powerful supercomputer. However, it knows nothing about the world outside
your body without outside input. That’s why your peripheral nervous system is so important. A
computer needs peripheral devices like a camera, microphone or keyboard to give it information
from outside itself, and your brain is the same.
Movement: This is how your brain runs critical processes that don’t depend on your thinking
about them. Examples of this include heartbeat and blood pressure. Your peripheral nerves that
branch outward throughout your body deliver command signals from your brain to your muscles.

There Two Main Parts

 Cranial Nerves
 Spinal Nerves
Cranial comes from the word cranium which is the part of the skull. Cranial nerves have 12 pairs
of peripheral nerves that originate from the cerebral cortex and brain stem. These nerves help us
in movement of our facial muscles, eye muscles, tongue muscles, neck muscles and also
shoulder muscles.
Spinal nerves have 31 pairs of Peripheral nerves that originate from the spinal cord. These nerves
help us with voluntary movements of our muscles of the limbs and trunk and also carry the
sensation back to the brain from these areas.
Autonomic Nervous System is an involuntary process which means automic, or we cannot
control it because it happens on its own, eg. our heartbeat, blood flow, breathing and digestion.
Also, the autonomic nervous system is always active, even when we’re asleep, and it’s key to our
continued survival.
There are two main division of the autonomic nervous system
(1) SYMPATHETIC NS
(2) PARASYMPATHETIC NS
Sympathetic nervous system controls our fight and flight response which means it's either we
stay and face the danger that might occur or run away for safety. Ex., you are walking alone in
the dark street then suddenly a stranger approaches and harms you, our body will respond in a
way to enable us to either fight or run away from the situation.
Also, our sympathetic nervous system activates to speed up our heart rate, delivering more blood
to the areas that need more oxygen to help us to get out from danger.
Parasympathetic nervous system controls our rest and digest response which means the ability to
react and go back to our day-to-day operation. Through our parasympathetic nervous system our
network of nerves and body will now relax after the stress from danger.
Eventually, our sympathetic nervous and parasympathetic nervous system work together to
maintain our normal body function.
COMMON DISEASES OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:
Type 2 Diabetes
When we say peripheral neuropathy, it is a medical term, were our peripheral nerves are
damaged, usually in our hands and feet which can result in type 2 diabetes. We can get type 2
diabetes because of too much sugar circulating in the bloodstream.
Congenital and Genetic conditions
These are conditions that we have when we are born, we inherit from our parents. Genetic
disorders occur when a mutation affects your genes. Carrying the mutation doesn’t always mean
you’ll end up with a disease. There are many types, including single-gene, multifactorial and
chromosomal disorders.
Infection
When we say lyme disease caused by bacterium borrelia burgdorferi wherein transmitted to
humans thru bite of black legged ticks wherein if you get bitten, you can have a fever, headache
and even skin rashes.
The nervous system is an extensive network of organs and tissues that regulate and coordinate
the body's activities. It is composed of two major divisions, the central nervous system and the
peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord,
while the peripheral nervous system consists of all the nerves that connect the central nervous
system to the rest of the body. The peripheral nervous system can be further divided into the
somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. As we covered, in order to prevent
noncommunicable diseases like cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, we need to consume a
healthy diet and eat at the proper times. In addition to eating healthy foods, our bodies also
require exercise to help us maintain a healthy lifestyle. For instance, eating unhealthy or what
we'll refer to as junk foods that can cause noncommunicable disease and activities also means
staying up late, which can cause iron deficiency, this part of hobby that we must avoid to prevent
Diseases especially noncommunicable diseases.

APPLICATION TO PRACTICE:
- Eat healthy foods, we should eat healthy food because it is essential for good health and
nutrition. It protects you against many chronic noncommunicable diseases, such as heart disease,
diabetes and cancer. Eating a variety of foods and consuming less salt, sugars and saturated and
industrially-produced trans-fats are essential for the body.
- Exercise regularly and stay physically active, regular physical activity is one of the most
important things you can do for your health. Being physically active can improve your brain
health, help manage weight, reduce the risk of disease, strengthen bones and muscles, and
improve your ability to do everyday activities.
-Maintain health care, look after your health by watching what you eat, being physically active,
having an active social life, getting plenty of rest, not drinking too much alcohol and not
smoking. You can take steps to help reduce your risk of disease.
- Manage chronic condition as recommended, if you have a chronic condition that can affect
your peripheral nerves, especially Type 2 diabetes, it’s important to manage it as your healthcare
provider recommends. That can limit the effects of the condition or delay how long it takes to get
worse
- Start with limiting the amount of time spent sitting. Interrupt your sitting time by standing up
and moving around briefly every 20 to 30 minutes.
- You don’t need to do it alone. Talk to your health-care team for information about services and
support available in your community.
- Limiting your diet quality of cholesterol and saturated fat.
- Engage in social activities
- Get enough rest and properly handle situation