Unsymmetrical Short Circuit

Submitted By:
Santosh Kumar Gupta
Assistant Professor
EE Department
SIT Sitamarhi
FaultAnalysis
• Fault types:
– balanced faults (<5%)
• three‐phase to ground
• Three‐phase
– unbalanced faults
• single‐line to ground (60%‐75%)

• double‐line to ground (15%‐25%)

• line‐to‐line faults (5%‐15%)

2
Example impact offault
The second largest blackout in the history of TEPCO
(The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.) hit central
Tokyo area at about 7:38 a.m. on August 14, 2006. It
was caused by a floating crane on a barge going
upstream on a river on the eastern edge of the city.

The workers on the boat did not realize that the 33

meter crane was raised too high, so it hit TEPCO's
275 kV double circuit transmission lines that run
across the river.

As a result of the accident the transmission

lines were short‐circuited and the wires
damaged. The relay protection operatedand
tripped both lines

3
Symmetrical Components
• Three phase voltage or current is in a balance condition if it has
the following characteristic:
– Magnitude of phase a,b, and c is all the same
– The system has sequence ofa,b,c
– The angle between phase is displace by 120 degree
• If one of the above is character is not satisfied, unbalanced
occur. Example:

4
Symmetrical Components
• For unbalanced system, power system analysis cannot be
analyzed using per phase as in Load Flow analysis or
Symmetrical fault ‐>Symmetrical components need to be used.

• Symmetrical component allow unbalanced phase quantities

such as current and voltages to be replaced by three separate
balanced symmetrical components.

5
Symmetrical Components

6
Symmetrical Components
By convention, the direction of rotation of the phasors is taken
to be counterclock‐wise.

Positive sequence:
I 1 = I 10 = I 1
a a a

(10.1)
I 1 = I 1240 = a 2 I 1
b a a

I 1 = I 1120 = aI 1
c a a

Where we defined an operator a that causes a counterclockwise rotation of 120

degree, such that:
a = 1120 = cos 120 + j sin 120 = −0.5 + j0.866 (10.2)
a 2 = (1120)  (1120) = 1240 = −0.5 − j0.866 1 + a + a2 = 0
a3 = 1360 = 1 + j0
(10.3)

7
Symmetrical Components
Negative sequence:
I 2 = I 20
a a

I 2 = I 2120 = aI 2 (10.4)
b a a

I 2 = I 2240 = a 2 I 2
c a a

Zero sequence:

I a0 = I 0b = I 0c
(10.5)

8
Symmetrical Components
Consider the three‐phase unbalanced current of I a , I b , I c

I = I 0 + I1 + I 2
a a a a
(10.6)
I =I +I +I
0 1 2
b b b b
I =I +I +I
0 1 2
c c c c

Based on (10.1), (10.4) and (10.5), (10.6) can be rewrite all in terms of phase a
components

I = I 0 + I1 + I 2  I0a
a a a a I a  1 1 1
I = I + a I + aI 2
0 2 1
(10.7)  I = 1 a 2 a  I 1  (10.8)
b a a a  b   a 
I = I + aI 1 + a 2 I
0 2
 1 a
Ic  a2  
 a 
I 2
c a a a

9
Symmetrical Components
Equation 10.8 can be writtenas:

Iabc = AI012
a
(10.9)

Where A is known as symmetrical components transformation matrix,

which transforms phasor currents Iabc into components currents I012
a
and
1 1 1 
A = 1 a 2 a  (10.10)

1 a a 2 

Solving (10.9) for the symmetrical components of currents:
I012
a
= A − Iabc (10.11)

The inverse of A is givenby: 1 1 1

A − = 1 a a2  (10.12)
1
3 
1 a 2 a 

10
Symmetrical Components
From (10.10) and (10.12), we concludethat
1
A − = A* (10.13)
3

Substituting for A‐1 in (10.11), we have:

I0a 1 1 1  I a
 I1  1   
a 2  I b  (10.14)
 a = 3  1 a 
 I2a  1 a2
 a Ic
 

or in component form, the symmetrical components are:

1
I a0 = (I a + I b + I c )
3
1 (10.15)
I a1 = (I a + aI b + a 2 Ic )
3
1
I a2 = (I a + a 2 I b + aIc )
3

11
Symmetrical Components
Similar expressions exists forvoltage:
V = V 0 +V1 +V 2
a a a a

Vb = Va0 + a 2Va1 + aV a2 (10.16) V abc = AV 012

a
(10.17)
V = V 0 + aV 1 + a2V 2
c a a a

The symmetrical components in terms of unbalanced voltages are:

1
Va0 = (Va + Vb + Vc )
3
1
Va1 = (Va + aVb + a Vc )
2
(10.18) Va012 =A− Vabc (10.19)
3
1
Va2 = (Va + a Vb + aVc )
2

12
Symmetrical Components
The apparent power may also be expressed in terms of the symmetrical
components.
abcT abc*
S(3 ) = V I (10.20)

Substituting (10.9) and (10.17) in (10.20), weobtain:

S = (AV012 )T (AI012 )*
(3 ) a a
(10.21)
=V 012 T *
T * 012
a AA I a

Since A T = A, A T A * = 3 complex powerbecomes

012T 012*
S(3 ) = 3(V I )
= 3Va0Ia 0 + 3Va1Ia1 + 3Va2I2 a
* * *
(10.22)

Total power for unbalance 3‐phase system can be obtained from the sum of
symmetrical components powers.

13
Example1
One conductor of a three‐phase line is open. The current flowing to delta‐
connected load through line a is 10 A. With the current in line a as
reference and assuming that line c is open, find the symmetrical
components of the linecurrents.

1
I a = 100A I a0 = (I a + I b + I c )
a 3
1
I a1 = (I a + aI b + a 2 Ic )
3
1
I b = 10180A I a2 = (I a + a 2 I b + aI c )
b 3

I c = 0A
c

14
Solution
The line current are:

I a = 100 I b =10180 Ic = 0 1
I a0 = (I a + I b + I c )
3
From (10.15): 1
I a1 = (I a + aI b + a 2 Ic )
1 3
0 Sequence I a(0) = (100 + 10180 + 0) = 0 1
3 I a2 = (I a + a 2 I b + aI c )
1 3
I a(1) = (100 + 10(180 +120) + 0)
+ Sequence 3
=5 − j2.89 = 5.78 − 30A

1
I a(2) = (100 + 10(180 + 240  ) + 0)
‐ Sequence 3
=5 + j2.89 = 5.7830A

I b(0) = 0 I c(0) = 0
From (10.4)
I b(1) = 5.78 −150 A I c(1) = 5.7890A

I c(2) = 5.78 − 90A

I (2)
b = 5.78150A

15
Example2

16
Exercise1
Show that :
(1+ a)
(a) 2
=1120
(1+ a )
(1− a)2
(b) 2
= 3−180
(1+ a)

17
Exercise2
Obtain the symmetrical components for the set of unbalanced voltages
Va = 300  − 120 ,Vb = 200 90,Vc = 100  − 30
1
Va0 = (Va + Vb + Vc )
V 012 = 3
42.2650  − 120  1
Va1 = (Va + aVb + a2Vc )
193 .1852  − 135  3
1
86.9473  − 84.8961  Va2 = (Va + a2Vb + aVc )
3
The symmetrical components of a set of unbalanced three‐phase currents are
I 0 = 3 − 30, I 1 = 590, I 2 = 430
a a a

Obtain the original unbalancedphasors. I = I 0 + I1 + I 2

a a a a
Iabc = I = I + a I + aI 2
0 2 1
b a a a
8.1854 42.2163
4 − 30
I = I + aI 1 + a 2 I
0 2
c a a a
8.1854  − 102 .2163 

18
Exercise3
The line‐to‐line voltages in an unbalanced three‐phase supply are
Vab = 1000 0,Vbc = 866 .0254  − 150 ,Vca = 500 120 

Determine the symmetrical components for line and phase voltages, then find the
phase voltages Van, Vbn, andVcn.

VL 012 = Va 012 = Vabc =

0.030 0.00 440 .9586  − 19.1066 
763 .7626  − 10.8934  440 .9586  − 40.8934  600 .9252  − 166 .1021 
288 .675130  166.6667 60 333 .3333 60

19
 SequenceImpedance
• The impedance of an equipment or component to the
current of different sequences.

• positive‐sequence impedance (Z1): Impedance that

causes a positive‐sequence current toflow

• negative‐sequence impedance (Z2): Impedance that

causes a negative‐sequence current toflow

• zero‐sequence impedance (Z0): Impedance that causes

a zero‐sequence current toflow

20
Sequence Impedance of
Y‐ConnectedLoad Line to ground voltages are:
Va = Z s I a + Z m I b + Z m I c + Z n I n
Vb = Z m I a + Z s I b + Z m I c + Z n I n (10.23)

Vc = Z m I a + Z m I b + +Z s I c + Z n I n
Kirchhoff’ current law:
In = Ia + Ib + Ic (10.24)

Substituting In into (10.23):

Va (Zs + Z n ) Z m +Z n Z m + Z n  Ia
 V= Z   (10.25)
 b   m + Zn (Z s + Z n ) Z m + Z n  bI 
 Z m + Z n
 Vc Z m +Z n (Z s + Z n ) Ic


V abc = Zabc Iabc (10.26)

21
Sequence Impedance of
Y‐ConnectedLoad
(Zs + Z n ) Zm + Zn Zm + Zn 
Zabc =  Z m + Z n (Z s + Z n ) Z m + Z n  (10.27)

Z m +Zn Zm + Zn (Z s + Z n 
)

Writing Vabc and Iabc in terms of their symmetrical components:

AV 012
a
= Zabc AI012
a (10.28)
Multiplying (10.28) by A‐1 :
Va012 = (A − Zabc A)I012
a
(10.29)
= Z012 I012
a

where Z012 = A − Zabc A (10.30)

Substituting for Zabc,A and A‐1 from (10.27), (10.10) and (10.12):

1 1 1  (Zs + Zn ) Zm + Zn Z m + Zn  1 1 1
a 2  Z m + Z n
(10.31)
Z 012 = 1 1 a (Z s + Z n ) Z m + Z n 1 a 2 a
3   
1 a 2 a  Z m + Zn 
Z m + Z n (Z s+ Z n) 1 a 2
a 

22
Sequence Impedance of
Y‐ConnectedLoad
Performing the multiplication in (10.31):

(Zs + 3Zn +2Z m ) 0 0 

012
Z 
= 0 (Z s− Z )m 0  (10.32)

 0 0 (Z s − Z m )


When there is no mutual coupling, Zm = 0, and the impedance matrix becomes

(Zs + 3Z n ) 0 0
Z012 
= 0 (Z s ) 0 (10.33)

 0 0 (Z s )


23
Sequence Impedance of
TransmissionLines
For sequence impedance transmission line, Z1 = Z2, whereas Z0 is different
and larger approximately 3 times than positive and negative sequence.

Sequence Impedance of SynchronousMachine

The positive-sequence generator impedance is the value found when positive-
sequence current flows from the action of an imposed positive-sequence set of
voltages.

The negative-sequence reactance is close to the positive-sequence

substransient reactance, i.e : X2 X" d

Zero-sequence reactance is approximated to the leakage reactance, i.e :

X0 Xl

24
 Sequence Impedances ofTransformer
• Series Leakage Impedance.
– the magnetization current and core losses represented by the shunt branch
are neglected (they represent only 1% of the total load current)
– the transformer is modeled with the equivalent series leakage impedance
• Since transformer is a static device, the leakage impedance will notchange
if the phase sequence ischanged.
• Therefore, the positive andnegative sequence impedance are the same;
Z0 = Z1 = Z2 = Zl
• Wiring connection always cause a phase shift. In Y‐Delta or Delta‐Y
transformer:
– Positive Sequence rotates by a +30 degrees from HV to LV side
– Negative Sequence rotates by a ‐30 degrees from HV to LV side
– Zero Sequence does not rotate
• The equivalent circuit for zero‐sequence impedance depends on the
winding connections and also upon whether or not the neutrals are
grounded.

25
Sequence Impedances ofTransformer
Connection diagram Zero‐sequence circuit
Figure (a)

Figure (b)

Figure (c)

Figure (d)

Figure (e)

26
Sequence Impedances ofTransformer
Description of Zero sequence Equivalent Circuit

(a)Y‐Y connections with both neutrals grounded – We know that the zero sequence current
equals the sum of phase currents. Since both neutrals are grounded, there is a path for the zero
sequence current to flow in the primary and secondary, and the transformer exhibits the
equivalent leakage impedance per phase as shown in Fig. (a).

(b)Y‐Y connections with primary the neutral grounded – The primary neutral is grounded, but
since the secondary neutral is isolated, the secondary phase current must sum up to zero. This
means that the zero‐sequence current in the secondary is zero. Consequently, the zero
sequence current in the primary is zero, reflecting infinite impedance or an open circuit as
shown in Fig.(b).

27
Sequence Impedances ofTransformer
c)Y‐Δ with grounded neutral – in this configuration, the primary currents can
flow because the zero‐sequence circulating current in the Δ‐connected
secondary and a ground return path for the Y‐connected primary. Note that no
zero‐sequence current can leave the Δ terminals, thus there is an isolation
between the primary and secondary sides as shown in figure (c)

d)Y‐Δ connection with isolated neutral – in this configuration, because the

neutral is isolated, zero sequence current cannot flow and the equivalent
circuit reflects an infinite impedance or an open as shown in figure (d)

e)Δ‐Δ connection – in this configuration, zero‐sequence currents circulate in

the Δ‐connected windings, but no currents can leave the Δ terminals, and the
equivalent circuit is as shown in figure (e)

Notice that the neutral impedance plays an important part in the equivalent
circuit. When the neutral is grounded through an impedance Zn, because
In=3Io, in the equivalent circuit, the neutral impedance appears as 3Zn in the
path of Io.

28
Sequence Impedances of a LoadedGenerator

A synchronous machine generates balanced three‐phase internal voltages and is

represented as a positive‐sequence set ofphasors

1 
(10.44)
Eabc =  a2E
  a

a 


29
Sequence Impedances of a LoadedGenerator
The machine is supplying a three‐phase balanced load. Applying kirchhoff’s voltage
law to each phase weobtain:

Va = Ea − Z s I a − Zn In
Vb = Eb − Z s Ib − Zn I n (10.45)
Vc = Ec − Z s Ic −Z n I n

Substituting for In = Ia + Ib + Ic into(10.45):

Va  Ea (Zs + Z n ) Zn Zn  Ia 

 V=  E− (Z s + Z n )  I 
 b   b  Zn Zn  b  (10.46)
 Vc
  Ec 
  Z n Zn (Z s + Z n ) Ic


In compact form: V abc = Eabc −Zabc Iabc (10.47)

30
Sequence Impedances of a LoadedGenerator
Transforming the terminal voltages and currents phasors into their symmetrical
components:

AV012
a
= AE012
a
− Zabc AI012
a (10.48)

Multiplying (10.48) byA‐1:

Va012 = E012
a
− (A − Zabc A)I012
a
(10.49)
= E012
a
−Z012I012
a

Where: 1 1 1  (Zs + Z n ) Zn Zn  1 1 1
1
Z 012 = 1 a a 2  Zn (Z s+ Z n) Z n 1 a2 a (10.50)
3   
1
 a
2
a  Zn Zn (Z s+ Z n)1
 a a2 


Performing the above multiplication:

(Z s + 3Z n) 0 0  Z0 0 0
Z012 =  0 Zs

0 =  0 Z1 0
 (10.51)
 
 0 0 Zs
 0 0 Z2 


31
Sequence Impedances of a LoadedGenerator
Since the generated emf is balanced, there is only positive‐sequence voltage, i.e:
0 
E 012 = E a 
 (10.52)
a 
0 


Substituting for E a and Z012 in (10.49):

012

V 0 = 0 − Z 0I 0
V0a 0  Z0 0 0  I0 a a a
 1     1  V = E −Z I
1 1 1
(10.54)
 Va =  Ea −  0 Z1 0 I a  (10.53) or a a a
 2  0 
Va    
0 0  I2a
Z 2  
V = 0 − Z 2I 2
2
a a

32
 Sequence Impedances of a LoadedGenerator
The three equations in (10.54) can be represented by the three equivalent
sequence networks:

• Important observations:
– The three sequences are independent.
– The positive‐sequence network is the same as the one‐line diagram used in
studying balance three‐phase currents andvoltages.
– Only the positive‐sequence network has a source and no voltage source for
other sequences.
– The neutral of the system is the reference for positive‐ and negative‐sequence
networks, but ground is the reference for zero‐sequence networks. Thus, zero
sequence current can only flow if the circuit from the system neutrals to
ground is complete.
– The grounding impedance is reflected in the zero sequence network as 3Zn
– The three‐sequence systems can be solved separately on a per phase basis.
The phase currents and voltages can then be determined by superposing their
symmetrical components of current andvoltage respectively. 33
Single Line‐To‐GroundFault
Three‐phase generator with neutral grounded through impedance Zn and SLGF
occurs at phase a through impedanceZf.

Assuming the generator is initially on no‐load, the boundary conditions at the

fault point are:
Va = Z f I a (10.55)

Ib = Ic = 0 (10.56)

34
Single Line‐To‐GroundFault
Substituting for Ib = Ic =0, the symmetrical components of currents from (10.14)
are:
I 0a  1 1 1  I a
 1 1
 I a = 3  1
a a2 
 0 (10.57)
 
 I2a 
 1 a 2
a 0 
 
 

From the above equation, we findthat: V 0 = 0 − Z 0I 0

a a
1 (10.58) V 1 = E − Z 1I 1
I a0 = I a1 = I a2 = Ia a a a
3
V 2 = 0 − Z 2I 2
a a
Phase a voltage in terms of symmetrical components is :
V = V 0 + V 1 + V2 (10.59)
a a a a

Substituting V 0 ,V 1and V 2 from (10.54) and noting I 0 = I 1 = I 2 :

a a a a a a

V = E − (Z 0 + Z 1 + Z 2 )I 0 (10. 60)
a a a

35
Single Line‐To‐GroundFault
Where Z 0 = Z + 3Z .Substituting for V from (10.55), and noting I = 3I 0 , we get :
s n a a a

3Z I 0 = E − ( Z 0 + Z 1 + Z 2 )I 0 (10.61)
f a a a

or

Ea (10.62)
I a0 =
Z 0 + Z 1 + Z 2 + 3Z f

The fault current is

I = 3I 0 = 3E a (10.63)
a a
Z 0 + Z 1 + Z 2 + 3Z f

In order to obtain symmetrical voltage at the point of fault Equation, (10.63) is

substituted into Eq.(10.54)

36
Single Line‐To‐GroundFault
Eq. (10.58) and (10.62) can be represented by connecting the sequence
networks in series as shown in the following figure.

1 Ea
I a0 = I a1 = I a2 = Ia (10.58) I a0 = (10.62)
3 Z 0 + Z 1 + Z 2 + 3Z f

37
Line‐To‐LineFault
Three‐phase generator with a fault through an impedance Zf between phaseb
and c.
Ia=0

Zs
Ea Va
Eb N

Zs Zs
Ec Ib

Zf Vb
Ic
Vc

Assuming the generator is initially on no‐load, the boundary conditions at the

fault point are:

Vb − Vc = Z f I b (10.64) Ia = 0 (10.66)
Ib + I c = 0 (10.65)

38
Line‐To‐LineFault
Substituting for Ia = 0, and Ic = ‐Ib, the symmetrical components of the currents
from (10.14) are:

I 0a  1 1 1  0 
 1 1
 I a = 3  1
a a 2  I b  (10.67)
 
 I2a 
1 a 2
a  −I b 
 

From the above equation, we findthat:

I a0 = 0 (10.68)

1 (10.69)
I a1 = (a − a2 )I b
3
(10.70)
1
I a2 = (a 2 − a)I b
3

39
Line‐To‐LineFault
Also, from (10.69) and (10.70), we notethat:
I 1 = −I 2 (10.71)
a a

V = V 0 +V1 +V 2
From (10.16), we have: a a a a
V = V + a V + aV 2 (10.16)
0 2 1

V −V = (V 0 + a2V 1 + aV 2 ) − (V 0 + aV 1 + a2V 2 ) b a a a
b c a a a a a a V = V + aV + a V
0 1 2 2

= (a − a)(V −V )
2 1 2 c a a a
a a
(10.72)
= Z f Ib
V 0 = 0 − Z 0I 0
Substituti ng for V 1 and V 2 from (10.54) and noting I 2 = −I 1 , we get : a a
a a a a
V = E −Z I
1 1 1
(10.54)
a a a
(a 2 − a)[E − (Z 1 + Z 2 )I 1 ] = Z I
a a f b
(10.73) V = 0 − Z 2I 2
2
a a

Substituti ng for I b from (10.69), we get :

1
3I 1a I a1 = (a − a2 )I b (10.69)
E − (Z + Z )I = Z
1 2 1
(10.74) 3
(a − a 2 )(a 2 − a)
a a f

40
Line‐To‐LineFault

Since (a − a 2 )(a2 − a) = 3,solving for I 1a results in :

I a1 =
Ea (10.75)
(Z 1 + Z 2 + Z f )

The phase currents are

Ia  1 1 1  0 
(10.76)
 I = 1 a2 a  I a1 
 b   
Ic  1 a a 
2
 −I 
1
a

The fault current is

I = −I = (a 2 − a)I 1 (10.77) or I b = − j 3I a1 (10.78)

b c a

41
Line‐To‐LineFault

Eq. (10.71) and (10.75) can be represented by connecting the positive and negative –
sequence networks as shown in the following figure.

I 1 = −I 2 Ea
a a I a1 =
(Z 1 + Z 2 + Z f )

42
Double Line‐To‐GroundFault
Figure 10.14 shows a three‐phase generator with a fault on phases b and c
through an impedance Zf to ground. Assuming the generator is initially on no‐
load, the boundary conditions at the fault pointare
Vb = Vc = Z f (I b + Ic ) (10.79)
I = I 0 + I1 + I 2 = 0 (10.80)
a a a a

From (10.16), the phase voltages Vb and Vc are

Figure 10.14
Double line‐to‐ground fault

43
Double Line‐To‐GroundFault
V = V 0 + a2V 1 + aV 2 (10.81)
b a a a
V = V + aV + a2V
0 1 2
(10.82)
c a a a

SinceVb = Vc , from above we note that

V 1 = V2 (10.83)
a a

Substituting for the symmetrical components of current in (10.79), we get

V = Z (I 0 + a 2 I 1 + aI 2 + I 0 + aI 1 + a 2 I 2 )
(b ) f a a a a a a

= Z (2 I 0 − I 1 − I 2 )
f a a a

= 3Z f
I a0 (10.84)

44
Substituti ng for V from (10.84) and for V 2 from (10.83) into (10.81), we have :
b a

3Z I 0 = V 0 + (a 2 + a)V 1
f a a a

= V −V
0 1
(10.85)
a a

Substituti ng for the symmetrical components of voltage from (10.54) into (10.85)
and solving for I a0 , we get :

E − Z 1I 1
I a0 = − aa (10.86)
(Z 0 + 3Z f )
Also, substituting for the symmetrical components of voltage in (10.83), we obtain

a − Z Ia (10.87)
1 1
I =− 
E 2
a
Z2
Substituti ng for I 0 and I 2 into (10.80) and solving for I 1 , we get :
a a a

Ea
I a1 = (10.88)
Z 2 (Z 0 + 3Z f )
Z + 1
Z 2 + Z 0 +3Z f

45
Equation (10.86) - (10.88) can be represented by connecting the positive -sequence
impedance in series with the paralel combination of the negative - sequence
and zero - sequence networks as shown in the equivalent circuit of figure 10.15.
The value of I1afound from (10.86) is substitute d in (10.86) and (10.87),
and I0 and I2 are found. The phase current are then found from (10.8).
a a

Finally, the fault current is obtained from

I f = I b + I c = 3I a0 (10.89)

Figure 10.15 Sequence network connection for double line‐to‐groundfault

46
 EXAMPLE

 The one-line diagram of a simple power system is show

in Figure 10.16. The neutral of each generator is
b. A single line-to-ground fault at bus 3 through a faultimpedance Z = j 0.1 per unit
f
grounded through
c. A line-to-line a current-limiting
fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Z = j 0.1reactor
f per unit of 0.25/3
d. A double line-to-ground fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Z = j 0.1 per unit
per unit on a 100-MVA base. The system data expressed f

in per unit Item on Base a common Rated 100-mva X1 base

X2 tabulated
X0 below.
MVA Voltage
The generators
G1 100 are running20-kV on no-load
0.15 0.15 at their 0.05 rated
voltageG2 T1
and 100
rated
100
20 kV
frequency
20/220 kV 0.10
0.15
with 0.15
their
0.10
emfs 0.05
in phase.
0.10
 Determine T2
L12
the
100
100
fault current
20/220 kV 0.10
220 kV
for
0.125
the following
0.10
0.125
0.10
0.30
faults
 a. A balaced
L13 three-phase
100 220 kV fault 0.15 at bus 0,15 3 through 0.35 a fault
L23 100 220 kV 0.25 0.25 0.7125
impedance Z = j 0.1 per unit
f

47
 Figure 10.16

Fault

Item Base Rated X1 X2 X0

MVA Voltage
G1 100 20-kV 0.15 0.15 0.05
G2 100 20 kV 0.15 0.15 0.05
T1 100 20/220 kV 0.10 0.10 0.10
T2 100 20/220 kV 0.10 0.10 0.10
L12 100 220 kV 0.125 0.125 0.30
L13 100 220 kV 0.15 0,15 0.35
L23 100 220 kV 0.25 0.25 0.7125

48
To find Thevenin impedance viewed from the faulted bus (bus 3), we convert the delta
formed by buses 123 to an equivalent Y as shown below

Fig. 10.17Positive-sequence impedance

( j0.125)( j0.15)
Z1S = = j0.0357143
Z 2S =
( j0.125)( j0.25)
= j0.0595238
j0.525
j0.525
( j0.15)( j0.25)
Z 3S = = j0.0714286
j0.525

49
 ( j0.2857143 )( j0.3095238 )
1
Z 33 = + j0.0714286
j0.5952381
= j0.22

50
To find thevenin impedance viewed from the faulted bus (bus 3), we convert the
delta formed by buses 123 to an equivalent Y as shown in figure 10.19(b)

( j0.30)( j0.35)
Z1S = = j0.0770642 j0.077064
j1.3625
( j0.30)( j0.7125)
Z 2S = = j0.1568807
j1.3625
( j0.35)( j0.7125)
Z 3S = = j0.1830257
j1.3625

Fig. 10.19Zero-sequence impedance

51
Combining the parallel branches, the zero‐sequence thevenin impedanceis

( j0.4770642)( j0.2568807)
0
Z 33 = + j0.1830275
j0.7339449
= j0.35

j0.077064

So, the zero‐sequence impedance diagram is show in fig. 10.20

Fig. 10.20
Zero‐sequence network

52
(a) Balanced three‐phase fault at bus3
Assuming the no‐load generated emfs are equal to 1.0 per unit, the fault
current is
a
V3(0) 1.0
I 3(F)= = = -j3.125 pu =820.1 - 90 A
Z133 + Z f j0.22 + j0.1

(b) Single line‐to ground fault at bus3

From (10.62), the sequence component of the fault current are
a
V3(0) 1.0
I =I =I =
0 1 2
= = -j0.9174 pu
3 3 3
Z133 + Z33
2
+ Z033 + 3Z f j0.22 + j0.22 + j0.35 +3(j0.1)

The fault current is:

Ia3 1 1 1  I 03 3I03  −j2.7523

 b   0    
I
 3 = 1 a 2
a I
 3   = 0 =  0 pu

 Ic3 1 a a 2 I30   
    0   0 


53
(c) Line‐to Line fault at bus3
The zero‐sequence component of current is zero,i.e.,
I 03 = 0
The positive‐and negative‐sequence components of the fault currentare
a
V3(0) 1.0
I = −I =
1 2
= = -j1.8519 pu
Z133 + Z33 + Z 33 + Z f j0.22 + j0.22 + j0.1
3 3 2 0

The fault current is

I a3  1 1 1  0   0 
 Ib   a2
   = 1 a 
 − j1.8519 =  − 3.2075  pu
 
3 
 c
I 3  1 a a − j1.8519   −3.2075 
2

(d) Double Line‐to Line‐fault at bus 3

The positive‐sequence component of the fault currentis
a
V3(0) 1.0
I =
1
= = -j2.6017 pu
3
Z332 (Z 033+ 3Z )f j0.22 (j0.35 +j0.3)
Z + 2
1 j0.22 +
Z 33 + Z33
33 0
+ 3Z f) j0.22 + j0.35 + j0.3

54
The negative‐sequence component of current is:
a
V3(0) − Z133I133 1.0 − ( j0.22)(− j2.6017)
I 23 = − =− = j1.9438 pu
Z 233 j0.22

The zero‐sequence component of currentis:

V a
− Z 1 I1
1.0 − ( j0.22)(− j2.6017)
I 03 = − = − = j0.6579 pu
3(0) 33 33

Z033 + 3Z f j0.35 + j0.3

And the phase currents are:
I a3  
1 1 1   j0.6579   0 
 I b   a2
 3 =  1 a  − j2.6017 =  4.058165.93  pu
   
 c  a 
2
 j1.9438   4.05814.07 
I 3  1 a   
And the fault currents is:

I (F ) = I b + I c = 1.973290
3 3 3

55
UNBALANCED FAULTANALYSIS USING BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX

Single Line‐to‐Ground Fault Using Zbus

I 0= I 1= I 2= Vk (0) (10.90)
Z 1kk + Z kk + Z kk + 3Z f
k k k 2 0

Where Z1 , Z2 and Zo are the diagonal elements in the k axis of the corresponding
kk kk kk

bus impedance matrix and Vk (0)is the prefault voltage at bus k.

The fault phase current is :

I kabc = A I 012 (10.91)

k

Line‐to‐Line Fault Using Zbus

I k0 = 0 (10.92)
Vk (0)
I 1k = −I 2
= (10.93)
Z kk1 + Z kk2 +Z
k
f

56
Double Line‐to‐Ground Fault UsingZbus
Vk (0)
I k1 = (10.94)
Z kk2 (Z kk0 + 3Z f )
Z kk + 2
1

Z kk + Z kk0 + 3Z f

Vk(0) − Z kk1 I 1k
I =−
k
2
(10.95)
Z kk2

Vk (0) − Z 1kkI 1k
I =−
0
(10.96)
k
Z kk0 + 3Z f

Where Z1 , and Z 2 , and Z o are the diagonal elements in the k axis of the correspond ing
kk kk kk

bus impedance matrix. The phase currents are obtained from (10.91), and the result current is

I k (F ) = I kb + I kC (10.97)

57
Thank You