Quantitative Research as the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data.

It can be used to find patterns

and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to wider populations.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1.OBJECTIVE. Quantitative research seeks accurate measurement and analysis of target concepts. It is not based on mere
intuition and guesses. Data are gathered before proposing a conclusion or solution to a problem.
2.CLEARLY DEFINED RESEARCH QUESTIONS. The researchers know in advance what they are looking for. The research questions
are well-defined for which objective answers are sought. All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data are
gathered.
3.STRUCTURED RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS. Standardized instruments guide data collection, thus, ensuring the accuracy,
reliability and validity of data. Data are normally gathered using structured research tools such as questionnaires to collect
measurable characteristics of the population like age, socio-economic status, number of children, among others.
4.NUMERICAL DATA. Figures, tables or graphs showcase summarized data collection in order to show trends, relationships or
differences among variables. In sum, the charts and tables allow you to see the evidence collected.
5.LARGE SAMPLE SIZES. To arrive at a more reliable data analysis, a normal population distribution curve is preferred. This
requires a large sample size, depending on how the characteristics of the population vary. Random sampling is recommended
in determining the sample size to avoid researcher’s bias in interpreting the results.
6.REPLICATION.Quantitative methods can be repeated to verify findings in another setting, thus strengthen and reinforcing
validity of findings eliminating the possibility of spurious conclusions.
7.FUTURE OUTCOMES. By using complex mathematical calculations and with the aid of computers, if-then scenarios may be
formulated thus predicting future results. Quantitative research puts emphasis on proof, rather than discovery.
STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
The ADVANTAGES of quantitative research are:
1. Quantitative research can be replicated or repeated.
2. Findings are generalizable to the population.
3. Conclusive establishment of cause and effect
4. Numerical and quantifiable data can be used to predict outcomes
5. Fast and easy data analysis using statistical software.
6. Fast and easy data gathering
7. Very objective
8. Validity and reliability can be established
WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
The DISADVANTAGES of quantitative research are:
1. It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or concept in depth.
2. It does not provide comprehensive explanation of human experiences.
3. Some information cannot be described by numerical data such as feelings, and beliefs.
4. The research design is rigid and not very flexible.
5. The participants are limited to choose only from the given responses.
6. The respondents may tend to provide inaccurate responses.
7. A Large sample size makes data collection more costly.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH seeks to describe the current status of an identified variable. These research projects are designed to
provide systematic information about a phenomenon. The researcher does not usually begin with a hypothesis, but is likely to
develop one after collecting data. The analysis and synthesis of the data provide the test of the hypothesis. Systematic collection
of information requires careful selection of the units studied and careful measurement of each variable.
Examples of Descriptive Research:
• A description of how second-grade students spend their time during summer vacation
• A description of how parents feel about the ten-month school year
• A description of the attitudes of scientists regarding global warming
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH attempts to determine the extent of a relationship between two or more variables using statistical
data. In this type of design, relationships between and among a number of facts are sought and interpreted. This type of
research will recognize trends and patterns in data, but it does not go so far in its analysis to prove causes for these observed
patterns. Cause and effect are not the basis of this type of observational research. The data, relationships, and distributions of
variables.
Examples of Correlational Research:
• The relationship between intelligence and self-esteem
• The relationship between diet and anxiety
• The relationship between an aptitude test and success in an algebra course
CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH attempts to establish cause-effect relationships among the variables.
These types of design are very similar to true experiments, but with some key differences. An independent variable is identified
but not manipulated by the experimenter, and effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable are measured. The
researcher does not randomly assign groups and must use ones that are naturally formed or pre-existing groups. Identified
control groups exposed to the treatment.
Examples of Causal-Comparative / Quasi-Experimental Research:
• The effect of preschool attendance on social maturity at the end of the first grade
• The effect of taking multivitamins on a students’ school absenteeism
• The effect of gender on algebra achievement
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH, often called true experimentation, uses the scientific method to establish the cause-effect
relationship among a group of variables that make up a study. The true experiment is often thought of as a laboratory study, but
this is not always the case; a laboratory setting has nothing to do with it. A true experiment is any study where an effort is made
to identify and impose control over all other variables except one. An independent variable is manipulated to determine the
effects on the dependent variables. Subjects are randomly assigned to each variable.
Examples of Experimental Research:
• The effect of a new treatment plan on breast cancer
• The effect of positive reinforcement on attitude toward school
• The effect of teaching with a cooperative group strategy or a traditional lecture approach on students’ achievement
Importance of Quantitative Research
Through research, the quality of man’s life has improved from conventional to modern. It has made life richer and
more meaningful. Through research, people have found ways to augment their income and alleviate poverty. The
following are some of the values of research to people. Research improves quality of life. Research has led man in his
search for ways to improve his life.
It reduces the burden of work. Modern technology gadgets, tools, appliances are all products of research are
available everywhere. Whether they are used at home or in the office, these modern technologies like computer, rice
cooker, washing machine, vacuum cleaner, gas range, cellular phone, web camera, copier machine, fax machines, and
many others all cut the time a person performs his daily tasks.
Research across fields;
Field Contribution/Application Example

 Effects of intervention to group behavior.

The effects of pandemic on social
Social Science  Understanding cultural or racial conflicts.
behavior and economic stability.
 Human satisfaction and stressors

 Investigate the effectiveness of a product

or treatment to illnesses.
Antidiabetic properties of common
Natural and Physical Sciences  Finding or enhancing alternative energy
Philippine herbs.
sources.
 Advancement in material science.
 Increase the yield of crops
The effectiveness of organic and
 Prevention and cure for crops and inorganic fertilizer to vegetable
Agriculture and Fisheries
livestock diseases
production.

Diet and exercise techniques for

Sports  Enhance athletic performance
different kinds of sports.
 Device marketing strategies Effectiveness of Facebook ads on
Business
 Improve marketability sales.
 Relationship between color and
architectural space
The effects of music on learning
Arts and Design  Multimedia use and adaptation for
and behavior.
recreation, business marketing and
lifestyle changes.
The environmental factors
Environmental Science  Causes and effects of climate change
affecting natural calamities

VARIABLES AND ITS NATURE

Independent and Dependent Variables. A way that researchers or experimenters think about study variables has
important implications for a study design. These people make decisions about having them serve as either independent
variables or as dependent variables. This distinction is not something inherent to a variable, it is based on how the
investigator chooses to define each variable. Independent variables are the ones you might think of as the manipulated
“input” variables, while the dependent variables are the ones where the impact or “output” of that input variation would
be observed.
Numerical Variables, are the type of variables used in quantitative research because they are measurable.
 A. Discrete variables are countable whole numbers. It does not take negative values or values between fixed
points. For example: number of students in a class, group size and frequency.
B. Continuous variables take fractional (non-whole number) values that can either be a positive or a negative.
Example: height, temperature.
Numerical data have two levels of measurement, namely:
a. Interval are quantitative variables where the interval or differences between consecutive values are
equal and meaningful but the numbers are arbitrary. For example, the difference between 36 degrees
and 37 degrees is the same as between 100 degrees and 101 degrees. The zero point does not
suggest the absence of a property being measured. Temperature at 0 degree Celsius is assigned as
the melting point of ice. Other examples of interval data would be year and IQ score.
b. Ratio type of data is similar to interval, the only difference is the presence of a true zero value. The
zero point in this scale indicates the absence of the quantity being measured. Examples are age,
height, weight and distance.
Categorical Variables are not expressed in numbers but are descriptions or categories. It can be further divided into
nominal, ordinal or dichotomous.
A. Dichotomous are consisting of only two distinct categories or values. For example, a response to a question
either be a yes or no.

B. Nominal variable simply defines groups of subjects. Here you may have more than 2 categories of equivalent
magnitude. For example, a basketball player’s number is used to distinguish him from other players. It certainly
does not follow that player 10 is better than player 8. Other examples are blood type, hair color and mode of
transportation.

C. Ordinal variable, from the name itself denotes that a variable is ranked in a certain order. This variable can
have a qualitative or quantitative attribute. For example, a survey questionnaire may have a numerical rating as
choices like 1, 2, 3, 4, 5ranked accordingly (5=highest, 1=lowest) or categorical rating like strongly agree,
agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. Other examples or ordinal variable: cancer stage (Stage I,
Stage II, Stage III), Spotify Top 20 hits, academic honors (with highest, with high, with honors).

Basic Guidelines in Make Research Title

A research study title is the very first thing a reader comes across when searching for scientific literature. It is a
concise description of the content of the research study containing the fewest possible words, yet adequate to describe
the contents of the paper for a simple reason that we do not want to mislead the readers. After conceptualizing a most
probable research topic, drafting the title early in the research process helps in keeping your focus on the subject.
The following are the basic guidelines in making a research study title:
1. Use an accurate description of the subject and scope of the study instead of using general terms.
2. Do not use abbreviations except for commonly known ones like DNA and ICT.
3. Do not include words like “The study of,” “analysis of,” “an investigation of” or similar construction as these
would only lengthen the title.
4. Include the main dependent and independent variables.
5. Be mindful of the proper use of grammar and punctuation.
6. Capitalize all nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs as well as the first letter of the first and last
words.
7. State in a declarative form, although you may also see titles in question form from time to time.
8. The year the study has been conducted should not be indicated unless it is a historical study.
9. Use current terminology.
10. Depending on the institutional requirements, 5 to15 words are sufficient to describe the research study.
11. Use the common name instead of chemical formula (e.g., NH4)
12. Write and italicize the full scientific names.
13. Must reflect the tone of the paper. An academic research paper has title which is not casual, or informal, or
does not contain humor.
HOW TO MAKE A GOOD RESEARCH TITLE?
According to Chua (2020), in order to create a good research title, a researcher must consider the following:
1. The title must be timely and relevant to the existing problem in the society, economics, politics, etc.
2. The researcher should be ready on the latest sources relevant to the existing problem of the study.
3. The title, must be relative to the field you are within or to your specialization.
4. The title can be replicated or unique, see to it that it is not exactly the same goal as the goal of your study. In case of
similarity, the place where the data is being gathered should be different.
5. Remember that should identify the dependent and independent variable of the study. Thus, it must consist of 15-20
words in total with no acronyms.
In explaining the short summary of the goals of the study, a good research topic should have a fortified background and
concrete goal why a researcher, should pursue the study.
HOW TO CREATE A GOOD BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
It is different to creating an effective introduction in a qualitative research. In a quantitative research, creating an
introduction is separated to its background and conclusions. Introduction in a quantitative research contains all the
explanations on how is the problem existing in a wider scope. While background of the study contains the explanations
as well as the expositions on how the problem is existing in a specific area of the study. Moreover, the background of
the study will answer the following questions:
1. What is already known about the topic?
2. What is not known about the topic?
3. Why do you need to address those gaps?
4. What is the rationale of your study?